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There are metal and space regions in the touch panel (TP) pattern. Their optical performance are not the same due to the difference of reflectivity. Besides, spectral response of the human eye is different to light of various wavelengths. Human have different brightness sensations for light with the same radiation power but different wavelengths, and most sensitive to the light of 555nm wavelength, which is called visual sensitivity characteristics. Thus, texture similar to touch panel pattern can be seen in specified directions. Shadowless is to eliminate or attenuate the visual differences. To achieve the desired effect, increasing the quantity of space in the metal region which can uniform the spaces distribution, adjusting the fracture mode of the space region, and adjusting the space gap are all valid ways to reduce visibility of etching pattern. Sputtering SiNx/Nb2O5 on the metal layer that is etched by hydrofluoric (HF) acid to rough the surface is also an effective method to shadowless, which can lower reflectivity on metal regions. Delta R is reduced, and pattern visible phenomenon disappears or weakens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are metal and space regions in the touch panel (TP) pattern. Their optical performance are not the same due to the difference of reflectivity. Besides, spectral response of the human eye is different to light of various wavelengths. Human have different brightness sensations for light with the same radiation power but different wavelengths, and most sensitive to the light of 555nm wavelength, which is called visual sensitivity characteristics. Thus, texture similar to touch panel pattern can be seen in specified directions. Shadowless is to eliminate or attenuate the visual differences. To achieve the desired effect, increasing the quantity of space in the metal region which can uniform the spaces distribution, adjusting the fracture mode of the space region, and adjusting the space gap are all valid ways to reduce visibility of etching pattern. Sputtering SiNx / Nb2O5 on the metal layer that is etched by hydrofluoric (HF) acid to rough the surface is also an effective method to shadowless, which can lower reflectivity on metal regions. Delta R is reduced, and pattern visible phenomenon disappears or weakens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect (MRE) is a 14 C age offset between contemporaneous marine- and terrestrially-derived carbon. In Northern Hemisphere surface waters it is of the order of 400 years but temporal and spatial deviations, known as ΔR, occur. This study provides a comprehensive dataset of 21 ΔR and MRE values for the east coast of Scotland and 21 recalculated values for the west coast of Scotland and Ireland, for the period c. 3500 BC to 1450 AD. They are presented as mean, site-specific ΔR and MRE values, together with their associated uncertainties, calculated as standard errors for predicted values. The ΔR values range from −320 ± 35 to +150 ± 28 14 C years and show no spatial or temporal trends. The MRE values range from 59 ± 40 to 531 ± 26, show an almost identical distribution pattern to the ΔR values and again show no spatial or temporal trends. Results show that ΔR values calculated for a single site using statistically indistinguishable groups of terrestrial and marine radiocarbon age measurements can produce variability of up to 225 14 C years. ΔR is an important factor in the accurate calibration of samples containing marine-derived carbon for archaeological interpretation but is often also used as an indicator of changes in 14 C specific activity of the oceans, and therefore a proxy for changes in ocean circulation and/or climate. Using the methods outlined in this paper, it is apparent that ΔR values for the northern part of the British Isles have been relatively stable, within our ability to quantify non-random variation in the data. The fact that significant climatic shifts have been recorded during this time, yet these are not visible in the ΔR data, presents a cautionary tale regarding the use of ΔR to infer large-scale oceanographic or climatic changes. Upon the exclusion of 5 outliers from the 42 values, the remaining ΔR values are statistically indistinguishable from one another and range from −142 ± 61 to +40 ± 47 14 C years. 34 of these values are from Scottish archaeological sites and can be combined to produce a mean value for Scotland of −47 ± 52 14 C years for the period 3500 BC to 1450 AD, to be used only in the absence of site- and period-specific data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance of marine mollusks found in Pre-Columbian archaeological sites in the Caribbean has made them enticing sample types for radiocarbon dating. Unfortunately, a paucity of local marine reservoir corrections (ΔR) for most of the region limits building chronologies using marine-based carbonates. Here we present a suite of 33 new ΔR values for 22 islands in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles derived from known-age shells pre-dating A.D. 1950 (i.e., pre-atomic testing) and is the first intensive radiocarbon dating effort in the region to examine ΔR effects. The spatial coverage and corrections presented here demonstrate wide variation within and between islands across the Antilles, Bahamian archipelago, and islands that skirt the coast of northern South America. Correction values range from 282 ± 24 yr in Grenada to −547 ± 36 yr in Anegada. Calibration of published radiocarbon dates on archaeological marine shell using these new ΔR values demonstrates the need for caution when dating marine shell in the Caribbean, but illustrates the potential for these corrections to provide more accurate radiocarbon chronologies. Research is now focused on identifying the causal mechanisms behind the high variability in Caribbean ΔR and the implications these data have for refining radiocarbon sequences in the region, particularly for islands where there are currently no ΔR values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]