Search

Abstract Background Individuals with class II/III obesity have a high percentage of body fat. Assessing body composition in cases of severe obesity can be difficult and controversial both in clinical practice and scientific research. Thus, it is essential to explore the different aspects of evaluating body composition and to discuss the available methods to assess it in this population. Aims To summarise and discuss the methods used to measure body composition in adults with class II/III obesity and their potential in clinical practice and scientific research. Methods This is a narrative review using data from PubMed, Scielo, and Lilacs databases. Original articles on body composition analysis in adults with class II/III obesity i.e., a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 were eligible. Body composition assessment methods were analysed and described. Results Some imaging methods produced significantly accurate results. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) significantly produces accurate results and has been used in clinical studies. However, due to its high cost, it is not applicable in clinical practice. Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has good accuracy and is more appropriate for clinical practice than other methods. We have highlighted several aspects of the importance and applicability of performing body composition analysis in individuals with class II/III obesity. Conclusion DXA has been considered the most adequate method for clinical research. Multifrequency BIA may be a viable alternative to DXA for use in clinical practice. Assessing body composition and its components is important for people with class II/III obesity. It can help improve the effectiveness of interventions and clinical treatments, especially in reducing the risk of losing muscle mass. Muscle loss can cause sarcopenic obesity and other clinical complications, so understanding body composition is crucial. Assessing body composition can also help understand the impact of interventions on bones and avoid clinical complications.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has presented global challenges with a diverse clinical spectrum, including severe respiratory complications and systemic effects. This review explores the intricate relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction, aging, and obesity in COVID-19. Mitochondria are vital for cellular energy provision and resilience against age-related macromolecule damage accumulation. They manage energy allocation in cells, activating adaptive responses and stress signals such as redox imbalance and innate immunity activation. As organisms age, mitochondrial function diminishes. Aging and obesity, linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, compromise the antiviral response, affecting the release of interferons, and worsening COVID-19 severity. Furthermore, the development of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID has been associated with altered energy metabolism, and chronic immune dysregulation derived from mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding the interplay between mitochondria, aging, obesity, and viral infections provides insights into COVID-19 pathogenesis. Targeting mitochondrial health may offer potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate severe outcomes and address long-term consequences in infected individuals.

Background: Recent statistics highlight cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as a major global cause of death. This review examines the methodological approaches and the main results of independent, stratified, and joint association of sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) on CVD outcomes. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for prospective cohorts that examined the independent, stratified, or joint associations of ST and PA with CVD outcomes. Independent associations were defined as analyses mutually adjusted for PA and ST. Stratified associations were considered when there was a reference group in each stratum of PA or ST, and joint associations were defined by a single reference group for all other combined categories of ST and PA levels. Results: Of 45 articles, 69% explored independent association of ST or PA on CVD outcomes, while 31% using a stratified/joint approach. Most studies used self-reports for ST and PA and focused on CVD mortality. Mutually adjusted analyses identified ST positively and PA inversely associated to CVD outcomes. Stratified studies showed higher ST's pronounced impact on CVD for lower PA levels. High PA mitigated but did not eliminate ST's negative impact. Joint analyses revealed highest CVD risk in those with both high ST and low PA, and elevated risk in various intermediate combinations. Conclusions: Employing independent, stratified, and joint association approaches can yield distinct and complementary public health messages aimed at promoting cardiovascular health. Recommendations should aim to not only to encourage boosting PA levels, but also, concurrently decrease ST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to identify the factors associated with using digital platforms for physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic among adults living in Southern Brazil. We also compared the trajectory of physical activity between users and non-users and by type of digital platform used. Methods: We analyzed data from the PAMPA (Prospective Study About Mental and Physical Health in Adults) cohort. The study started in June 2020, and tracked participants through three waves (December 2020, June 2021, and June 2022). The exposure variable was usingf digital platforms for physical activity. The outcome measure was minutes per week of physical activity. We employed a generalized linear model with robust variance to explore the interaction between time and the use of digital platforms, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates and the presence of chronic diseases. Results: The proportion of participants using digital platforms for physical activity declined from 36.8% in 2020 to 25.6% in 2021 and further to 13.5% in 2022. Using digital platforms for physical activity was associated with a higher mean daily physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants who used digital platforms were more likely to be physically active when compared to their inactive contemparts throughout the entire study period. Notably, social media emerged with greater influence in the physical activity practice among digital platforms. Conclusion: Using these platforms had a positive impact on increasing the level of physical activity among the participants.

Abstract Introduction We sought to determine potential patient reported advantages of the da Vinci single‐port (SP) robotic system for urological procedures compared with the previous model, the da Vinci multiport (MP) system. The SP model utilizes a single 30 to 40 mm incision rather than multiple 5 to 22 mm incisions. This project aims to prospectively investigate the impact of the novel SP system on patient reported cosmetic and psychometric surgical outcomes. Methods We conducted a prospective study of patients who underwent uro‐oncologic surgery by three urologists at the University of Illinois Chicago from April to November 2021. Study participants completed a Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire 20 and 90 days post‐procedure. The Patient Scar Assessment Questionnaire is a reliable measure of surgical scars that includes five subscales: Appearance, Symptoms, Consciousness, Satisfaction with Appearance, and Satisfaction with Symptoms. Higher scores represented worse reported outcomes. Results On Postoperative Day 20, there were 77 responses (53 SP and 24 MP). Patients receiving SP procedures reported more favourable outcomes in terms of appearance, symptoms, consciousness, and pain medication. On Day 90, there were 37 responses (24 SP and 13 MP). Patients receiving SP procedures reported more favourable outcomes in terms of appearance. No significant differences were seen on Day 90 in terms of pain, medication, symptoms, consciousness, or satisfaction. Conclusions This study demonstrates the superiority of the SP in patient reported cosmetic and pain outcomes on short‐ and long‐term follow‐up after uro‐oncological surgical procedures. Symptomatic and cosmetic advantages are present at the 20 day follow‐up, with better scar appearance being significant 90 days after surgery.

Bone loss is a prevalent characteristic among people with HIV (PWH). We focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts, examining their susceptibility to different HIV strains (R5- and X4-tropic) and the subsequent effects on bone tissue homeostasis. Our findings suggest that MSCs and osteoblasts are susceptible to R5- and X4-tropic HIV but do not support productive HIV replication. HIV exposure during the osteoblast differentiation process revealed that the virus could not alter mineral and organic matrix deposition. However, the reduction in runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) transcription, the increase in the transcription of nuclear receptor activator ligand kappa B (RANKL), and the augmentation of vitronectin deposition strongly suggested that X4- and R5-HIV could affect bone homeostasis. This study highlights the HIV ability to alter MSCs’ differentiation into osteoblasts, critical for maintaining bone and adipose tissue homeostasis and function.

Although the link between gut microbiota and obesity is increasingly reported, the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes are still under debate. This overview of human and animal data addresses several pathophysiologic mechanisms, dietary habits, exercise and probiotic and symbiotic supplementation in the fields of gut microbiota and obesity. Overall, obesity impairs gut microbiota composition due to factors that may be linked to the onset of the disease, such as excessive consumption of high-energy foods, sugars and fats, as well as a low fiber intake and physical inactivity. Conversely, low-energy diets, physical exercise, and probiotic and prebiotic supplementations can enhance gut microbiota in patients with obesity, in addition to improving cardiometabolic markers. As for perspectives, further research is warranted to ascertain proper dietary manipulation, physical exercise protocols and dosing regimens of probiotics. Regarding the latter, the effects on indicators of obesity are clinically modest, and hence skepticism must be exercised.

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of continuous butyrate administration in dairy calves' liquid diet considering diarrhea, metabolic profile, gastrointestinal development, and corporal growth. Immediately after birth, calves were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 62 calves (50 females and 12 males), with access to water and a solid feed ad libitum. The butyrate group (BG) received 4 g/d of sodium butyrate (Admix Easy, Adisseo) diluted in the whole milk, and the control group (CG) received whole milk with no supplementation. Sodium butyrate was administered from d 1 of life until the weaning at 90 d. Feces consistency was assessed daily for the first 30 d of life and characterized by scores from 0 to 4 (0 and 1 for normal, and 2, 3, and 4 for abnormal feces). Diarrhea was diagnosed when the animals had abnormal feces and fever. Morbidity, recurrence, mortality, and lethality data were recorded and compared between the groups. Average daily gain (ADG) and corporal growth (body weight, thoracic perimeter, height at the withers, and croup width) were evaluated weekly, from the first day to d 30, and later at 45, 60, and 90 d of life. Blood samples were taken weekly for up to 30 d to determine the circulating levels of total calcium, phosphorus, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and nonesterified fatty acids. The males were euthanized at 15 (n = 6 per group) and 30 d (n = 6 per group) for morphometric, histological, and gene expression analysis of the gastrointestinal tract. The results showed that the BG had a lower rate of morbidity (BG = 30% vs. CG = 50%) and recurrence (BG = 26.7% vs. CG = 60%) of diarrhea than the CG. In addition, the BG had abnormal feces for a shorter period (BG = 4.64 ± 0.47 d vs. CG = 8.6 ± 0.65 d). The ADG tended to be higher in BG than CG up to 30 and 60 d. Metabolic evaluations showed the lowest levels of glucose and highest levels of nonesterified fatty acids in BG. On d 30 of life, rumen papillae length, papilla area, duodenum villus length, and crypt depth were higher in BG than in CG. The duodenal gene expression at 30 d showed that animals with diarrhea episodes that did not receive butyrate had the highest levels of transcripts for the LCT and GLP2 genes. In addition, in different ways, both butyrate and neonatal diarrhea affected the gene expression of IGF1, SLC5A1, and AQP3. These results allow us to conclude that continuous supplementation with sodium butyrate improves gastrointestinal development, reduces the occurrence of diarrhea, and makes clinical conditions milder with faster recovery, favoring a higher ADG in the first 30 and 60 d of life. Based on these results, we conclude that sodium butyrate can be indicated for liquid diet supplementation to accelerate gastrointestinal tract development and prevent severe cases of neonatal diarrhea, tending to improve average daily gain until weaning.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) might impact disease progression in people living with HIV (PLWH), including those on effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). These individuals often experience chronic conditions characterized by proviral latency or low-level viral replication in CD4+ memory T cells and tissue macrophages. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ, can reactivate provirus expression in both primary cells and cell lines. These cytokines are often elevated in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. However, it is still unknown whether SARS-CoV-2 can modulate HIV reactivation in infected cells. Here, we report that exposure of the chronically HIV-1-infected myeloid cell line U1 to two different SARS-CoV-2 viral isolates (ancestral and BA.5) reversed its latent state after 24 h. We also observed that SARS-CoV-2 exposure of human primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) initially drove their polarization towards an M1 phenotype, which shifted towards M2 over time. This effect was associated with soluble factors released during the initial M1 polarization phase that reactivated HIV production in U1 cells, like MDM stimulated with the TLR agonist resiquimod. Our study suggests that SARS-CoV-2-induced systemic inflammation and interaction with macrophages could influence proviral HIV-1 latency in myeloid cells in PLWH.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is influenced by social determinants of health. However, the specific structural and intermediary determinants of TB in Eastern Amazonia remain unclear. Despite being rich in natural resources, the region faces significant challenges related to poverty, inequality, and neglected diseases. The objective of this study was to use mathematical modeling to evaluate the influence of structural and intermediary determinants of health on TB in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional included all TB cases diagnosed and registered in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) from 2001 to 2017. Data on social determinants were collected at the census tract level. The generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) framework was employed to identify the effect of social determinants on communities with a high TB prevalence. The Double Poisson distribution (DPO) was chosen, and inclusion of quadratic effects was tested. Results A total of 1730 individuals were diagnosed with TB and reported in SINAN during the analyzed period. The majority were female (59.3%), aged 31 to 59 years (47.6%), identified as blacks (67.9%), and had incomplete elementary education (46.6%). The prevalence of alcoholism was 8.6% and mental illness was 0.7%. GAMLSS analyses demonstrated that the risk of community incidence of TB is associated with the proportion of the population lacking basic sanitation, as well as with the age groups of 16–31 years and > 61 years. Conclusions The study highlights the strategic utility of GAMLSS in identifying high-risk areas for TB. Models should encompass a broader range of social determinants to inform policies aimed at reducing inequality and achieving the goals of the End TB strategy.

Este artículo analiza y discute, sobre el uso y la apropiación ciudadana de los parques de mitigación de tsunamis construidos post terremoto del año 2010, según la condición de espacio público conferida a este tipo de infraestructuras. Se evalúa en qué medida se produjo un uso y apropiación efectiva de éstas en el tiempo y en relación a los entornos urbanos en que fueron emplazadas. El objetivo es comprender qué factores facilitaron o impidieron el logro exitoso de esta doble condición pretendida para estas infraestructuras como elementos de mitigación y recreación a la vez, insertos en medio de dinámicas culturales y sociales, propias de los asentamientos litorales de la zona sur del país. Los análisis se basan en los resultados obtenidos a partir de una investigación hecha sobre dos parques de mitigación construidos en las comunas de Tomé y Cobquecura respectivamente e implementados bajo los Planes de Reconstrucción del Borde Costero. En éstos se evaluó cómo se configuró la relación con el contexto urbano cercano y cuáles fueron las dinámicas de uso y apropiación establecidas por parte de los ciudadanos/público/habitantes con relación a estas infraestructuras. La metodología usada fue de carácter mixto, en base a dos categorías de análisis: integración con el entorno; uso y apropiación del espacio. Y las principales técnicas utilizadas fueron: observación de campo; análisis de frecuencia de uso; y entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores relevantes y usuarios. El artículo concluye que elementos del diseño como el tamaño, los bordes y la accesibilidad, influyen directamente en el uso del parque, mientras que generar espacios flexibles de mitigación, variedad de actividades, algunas preexistentes y elementos de memoria permiten que las personas se apropien del espacio. Por el contrario, cuando las medidas de mitigación no han funcionado en su diseño, se genera un espacio desolado y frío.

Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, people with low back pain (LBP) might have avoided seeking care for their pain. We aimed to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected LBP care seeking behavior among adults. Methods Data from four assessments of the PAMPA cohort were analyzed. Participants who reported experiencing LBP during wave one both before and during social restrictions (n = 1,753 and n = 1,712, respectively), wave two (n = 2,009), and wave three (n = 2,482) were included. We asked participants about sociodemographic, behavioral, and health factors and outcomes related to LBP. Poisson regression analyses were conducted, and data are presented as prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results Overall, care seeking behavior decreased by half in the first months of restrictions, from 51.5% to 25.2%. Although there was an increase in care seeking behavior observed in the other two assessments (nearly 10 and 16 months after restrictions), it was insufficient to reach pre-pandemic levels. In the first months of restrictions, a similar scenario was observed for specific care, such as general practitioner and exercise professional care, with proportions of pre-pandemic levels reached after 10 and 16 months. Women were more likely to seek care for LBP 10 and 16 months after restrictions (PR 1.30 95%CI 1.11; 1.52, PR 1.22 95%CI 1.06; 1.39, respectively). Also, those participants who worked, were physically active, and reported pain-related disability and high pain levels were more likely to seek care at all time points assessed. Conclusion Overall, care-seeking behavior for LBP significantly decreased in the first months of restrictions and increased in the following months; however, this behavior remained lower than pre-pandemic levels.

Abstract Objective: To assess association between multimorbidity and use of health services in a population diagnosed with COVID-19, in southern Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with data from a longitudinal study carried out in the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2021 with all adult individuals diagnosed with COVID-19; descriptive analyses were performed and presented as proportions with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI); Poisson regression was performed and reported as prevalence ratios (PR) in order to assess association between multimorbidity (3 or more diseases) and healthcare service use. Results: In total, 2,919 participants were included, of which 40.4% had multimorbidity (≥ 2 diseases); the adjusted results showed that individuals with multimorbidity were more likely to use most of the services assessed, PR = 3.21 (95%CI 1.40;7.37), for Emergency Rooms. Conclusion: Multimorbidity was associated with using different types of health services.

This study aims to explore the influence of coinfection with HCV and HIV on hepatic fibrosis. A coculture system was set up to actively replicate both viruses, incorporating CD4 T lymphocytes (Jurkat), hepatic stellate cells (LX-2), and hepatocytes (Huh7.5). LX-2 cells’ susceptibility to HIV infection was assessed through measurements of HIV receptor expression, exposure to cell-free virus, and cell-to-cell contact with HIV-infected Jurkat cells. The study evaluated profibrotic parameters, including programed cell death, ROS imbalance, cytokines (IL-6, TGF-β, and TNF-α), and extracellular matrix components (collagen, α-SMA, and MMP-9). The impact of HCV infection on LX-2/HIV-Jurkat was examined using soluble factors released from HCV-infected hepatocytes. Despite LX-2 cells being nonsusceptible to direct HIV infection, bystander effects were observed, leading to increased oxidative stress and dysregulated profibrotic cytokine release. Coculture with HIV-infected Jurkat cells intensified hepatic fibrosis, redox imbalance, expression of profibrotic cytokines, and extracellular matrix production. Conversely, HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells exhibited elevated profibrotic gene transcriptions but without measurable effects on the LX-2/HIV-Jurkat coculture. This study highlights how HIV-infected lymphocytes worsen hepatic fibrosis during HCV/HIV coinfection. They increase oxidative stress, profibrotic cytokine levels, and extracellular matrix production in hepatic stellate cells through direct contact and soluble factors. These insights offer valuable potential therapies for coinfected individuals.

Abstract: Most COVID-19 survivors have reported experiencing persistent symptoms after the infection - these types of cases are known as long COVID. Since Brazil was an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, a high burden of long COVID is expected. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with long COVID in adults in Southern Brazil, analyzing data from the PAMPA cohort. Participants filled out a self-reported online questionnaire in June 2022. This study only included subjects who tested positive for COVID-19. Long COVID was defined by any symptoms that persisted for at least three months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Poisson’s regression models with robust variance were used to identify factors associated with long COVID; and results were reported as prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A total of 1,001 participants (77.4% women, mean age [SD] = 38.3 [11.9] years) were analyzed. The prevalence of long COVID among these patients was 77.4% (95%CI: 74.7; 79.9). The likelihood of long COVID was higher in unvaccinated participants (PR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.06; 1.42), in those with chronic conditions (PR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.04; 1.24), and in those who were hospitalized due to the COVID-19 infection (PR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.16; 1.32). This prevalence was also higher in women (PR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09; 1.33) than in men. Physical activity was associated with a reduced likelihood of fatigue, neurological complications, coughing, and headaches as persistent symptoms after a COVID-19 infection. It was found that three out of four adults in Southern Brazil experienced long COVID. Public policies aiming to reduce the burden of long COVID must be prioritized, especially in groups that are at higher risk of developing this harmful condition.

Objective/Background: This study aimed to compare the changes in sleep quality and use of sleep medications among beneficiaries of health plans, as well as the associated factors. Patients/Methods: Data from two cross-sectional surveys from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey were used. Sleep quality and use of sleep medications were assessed using structured questions. Descriptive analyses were performed using frequency and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Inferential analyses were performed using Poisson Regression, whose values were reported as Prevalence Ratio (PR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results: From 2013 to 2019, the prevalence of sleep problems increased from 27.1 (95%CI: 25.9-28.3) to 36.7% (95%CI: 35.5-38.0), whereas the use of sleep medications increased from 8.1 (95%CI: 7.4-8.8) to 10.0% (95%CI: 9.3-10.7). In comparation with men, sleep problems were associated with female sex in 2013 (PR: 1.46; 95%CI: 1.33-1.59) and 2019 (PR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.27-1.44), even when adjusted for confounding factors. Sleep medications were also associated with female sex in 2013 (PR: 2.41; 95%CI: 1.98-2.94) and 2019 (PR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.63-2.20), as well as in the adjusted model. Smoking was associated with sleep problems and use of sleep medications, however physical activity and alcohol intake no. Both sleep problems and use of sleep medications were also associated with older age and low education. Conclusions: We found an increase in sleep problems in the two weeks before the interview among beneficiaries of health plans, as well as in the use of sleep medications.

Objective To analyze the association of sleep duration and use of sleeping medication with multimorbidity.

Enfocado desde el urbanismo con perspectiva de género, el artículo expone algunos resultados derivados de un estudio cuyo objetivo fue caracterizar las formas y tensiones del habitar de las disidencias sexo-genéricas en el centro urbano de Concepción y los elementos del diseño del espacio que inciden en estas. Para responder a este objetivo se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo. Como técnicas de recolección de datos, se realizó un mapeo colectivo con las comunidades objeto de estudio para establecer con ellas lugares significativos del espacio público, seguido por una serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas, a partir de las cuales se realizó un análisis temático a fin de identificar vivencias compartidas entre quienes participaron. Los hallazgos evidencian que las diversas actividades y prácticas de los grupos de disidencias en el espacio público se realizan en un constante estado de alerta, modulado en gran parte por la percepción de inseguridad que se tiene de un lugar. También se lograron definir las tensiones percibidas en los espacios públicos del centro urbano. Las percepciones, prácticas y formas de habitar de las disidencias, así como las tensiones producidas en estos procesos, nos expresan la necesidad de abordar el enfoque de género y la diversidad en los procesos de planificación y diseño urbano para avanzar así hacia ciudades más inclusivas y equitativas para todos y todas.

Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in GBA1 gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Up to now, specific treatment for GD cannot completely reverse bone complications. Bone is composed of different cell types; including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are present on bone surfaces and are derived from local mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Depending on environment conditions, MSCs could differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Mature adipocytes-secreted adipokines and free fatty acids affect both osteoblasts and osteoclasts formation/activity and therefore mediate skeletal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible alterations in GD adipocyte (GD Ad) that could contribute to bone complications. MSCs were grown in adipogenic media in order to evaluate expression of differentiation markers as PPAR-γ. PPAR-γ was observed into the nucleus of GD Ad, indicating that these cells are properly stimulated. However, these cells accumulate lesser lipid droplets (LDs) than Control Ad. In order to study lipid droplet metabolism, we evaluated the lipolysis of these structures by the measurement of free glycerol in culture supernatant. Our results indicated that GD Ad had an alteration in this process, evidenced by an increase in glycerol release. We have also evaluated two enzymes involved in LDs synthesis: fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1). The transcription of these genes was decreased in GD Ad, suggesting a dysfunction in the synthesis of LDs. In conclusion, our results show an alteration in LDs metabolism of GD Ad, independent of adipocyte differentiation process. This alteration would be caused by an increase in lipolysis in early stages of differentiation and also by a reduction of lipid synthesis, which could contribute with the skeletal imbalance in GD.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons usually occurs at higher rates than in the general population, especially in developing countries. TB has been reported as the most common cause of death among prisoners. Studies have shown limitations for early detection of TB in prisons that seem to result from mistaken concepts about TB, delayed diagnosis mainly due to the naturalization of lack of healthcare for this population Methods A scoping review was performed using the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess “What are the scientific evidences on the epidemiology of TB in the prison system?”. Then, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of TB (active and latent) TB in prisoners. The results are presented as prevalence, in percentage, through random effects models, with a confidence interval of 95%. Results Regarding active TB, the results of the metanalysis showed that countries with a high burden of TB had a prevalence of 3.54% [2.71; 4.63], countries not considered to be high burden TB countries had a prevalence of 1.43% [0.86; 2.37]. Latent TB had a prevalence of 51.61% [39.46; 63.58] in high TB burden countries and a prevalence of 40.24% [23.51; 59.61] in countries with low TB burden. In terms of development, in low- and lower-middle-income countries, the prevalence of active TB was 3.13% [1.84; 5.29] and in high- and upper-middle income countries the prevalence was 2.25% [1.70; 2.99]. The prevalence of latent TB in high- and middle-income countries was 43.77% [28.61; 60.18] and of 49.42% [45.91; 52.94] in low and lower middle-income countries. Conclusion Our analysis suggests that TB, and probably other infectious diseases, find fertile ground in prisons where previous acquire social disadvantages seem to thrive—therefore, TB in prisons is a global public health problem and effective strategies are needed to control the disease are needed targeting the prison environment, including rapid health assessments to understand each context and to implement tailored and precision interventions.

El artículo examina la práctica docente de Edmund Bacon bajo los postulados teóricos expuestos en su obra fundamental «Design of Cities». Se repasan los postulados vertidos en la obra, ligados a las fuerzas internas, el sistema de movimientos simultáneos y la consciencia del espacio como experiencia. Se revisa luego un registro (documental, gráfico y oral) inédito de una experiencia didáctica desarrollada en el curso «History and Theory of Urban Design» impartido por Bacon, en la Universidad de Pensilvania. Posteriormente, se contrastan los preceptos teóricos de Design of cities, con la práctica didáctico-docente del curso, verificable en los registros ofrecidos. Desde los hallazgos, se muestra como teoría y didáctica baconiana se distancian de la concepción moderna del urbanismo del siglo XX, dando cuenta, más bien, de una proximidad a corrientes empíricas, perceptuales y experienciales, quizá más próximas a las vanguardias y la fenomenología.