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3. MAP-IO, an atmospheric and marine observatory program onboard Marion Dufresne over the Southern Ocean

Author

Tulet, Pierre, Van Baelen, Joel, Bosser, Pierre, Brioude, Jérome, Colomb, Aurelie, Goloub, Philippe, Pazmino, Andrea, Portafaix, Thierry, Ramonet, Michel, Sellegri, Karine, Thyssen, Melilotus, Gest, Lea, Marquestaut, Nicolas, Mékiès, Dominique, Metzger, Jean-marc, Athier, Gilles, Blarel, Luc, Delmotte, Marc, Desprairies, Guillaume, Dournaux, Meredith, Dubois, Gaël, Duflot, Valentin, Lamy, Kevin, Gardes, Lionel, Guillemot, Jean-françois, Gros, Valérie, Kolasinski, Joanna, Lopez, Morgan, Magand, Olivier, Noury, Erwan, Nunes-pinharanda, Manuel, Payen, Guillaume, Pianezze, Joris, Picard, David, Picard, Olivier, Prunier, Sandrine, Rigaud-louise, François, Sicard, Michael, Torres, Benjamin, Tulet, Pierre, Van Baelen, Joel, Bosser, Pierre, Brioude, Jérome, Colomb, Aurelie, Goloub, Philippe, Pazmino, Andrea, Portafaix, Thierry, Ramonet, Michel, Sellegri, Karine, Thyssen, Melilotus, Gest, Lea, Marquestaut, Nicolas, Mékiès, Dominique, Metzger, Jean-marc, Athier, Gilles, Blarel, Luc, Delmotte, Marc, Desprairies, Guillaume, Dournaux, Meredith, Dubois, Gaël, Duflot, Valentin, Lamy, Kevin, Gardes, Lionel, Guillemot, Jean-françois, Gros, Valérie, Kolasinski, Joanna, Lopez, Morgan, Magand, Olivier, Noury, Erwan, Nunes-pinharanda, Manuel, Payen, Guillaume, Pianezze, Joris, Picard, David, Picard, Olivier, Prunier, Sandrine, Rigaud-louise, François, Sicard, Michael, and Torres, Benjamin

Abstract

This article is devoted to the presentation of the MAP-IO observation program. This program, launched in early 2021, has enabled the observation of nearly 700 days of measurements over the Indian and Southern Ocean thanks to the equipment of 17 meteorological and oceanographic scientific instruments on board the ship Marion Dufresne. Several observation techniques have been developed to respond to the difficulties of observations on board ships, in particular for passive remote sensing data, as well as quasi-autonomous data acquisition and transfer. The first measurements made it possible to draw up unprecedented climatological data of the Southern Ocean of the size distribution and optical thickness of aerosols, of the concentration of trace gases and greenhouse gases, of UV, and of integrated water vapor. High resolution observations of phytoplankton in surface waters have also shown a great variability in latitude, in terms of abundance and community structure (diversity). The operational success of this program and these unique scientific results all together establish a proof of concept and underline the need to transform this program into a permanent observatory.

Published
2024
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4. MAP-IO: an atmospheric and marine observatory program on board Marion Dufresne over the Southern Ocean.

Author

Tulet, Pierre, Van Baelen, Joel, Bosser, Pierre, Brioude, Jérome, Colomb, Aurélie, Goloub, Philippe, Pazmino, Andrea, Portafaix, Thierry, Ramonet, Michel, Sellegri, Karine, Thyssen, Melilotus, Gest, Léa, Marquestaut, Nicolas, Mékiès, Dominique, Metzger, Jean-Marc, Athier, Gilles, Blarel, Luc, Delmotte, Marc, Desprairies, Guillaume, and Dournaux, Mérédith

Subjects
SCIENTIFIC apparatus & instruments, OCEANOGRAPHIC instruments, GREENHOUSE gases, WATER vapor, AEROSOLS, TRACE gases, OZONE layer
Abstract

This article is devoted to the presentation of the MAP-IO observation program. This program, launched in early 2021, has enabled the observation of nearly 700 d of measurements over the Indian and Southern Ocean with the equipment of 17 meteorological and oceanographic scientific instruments on board the ship Marion Dufresne. Several observational techniques have been developed to respond to the difficulties of observations on board the ship, in particular for passive remote sensing data, as well as for quasi-autonomous data acquisition and transfer. The first measurements made it possible to draw up unprecedented climatological data of the Southern Ocean regarding the size distribution and optical thickness of aerosols, the concentration of trace gases and greenhouse gases, UV, and integrated water vapor. High-resolution observations of phytoplankton in surface waters have also shown a great variability in latitude in terms of abundance and community structure (diversity). The operational success of this program and these unique scientific results together establish a proof of concept and underline the need to transform this program into a permanent observatory. The multi-year rotations over the Indian Ocean will enable us to assess the trends and seasonal variability of phytoplankton, greenhouse gases, ozone, and marine aerosols in a sensitive and poorly documented climatic region. Without being exhaustive, MAP-IO should make it possible to better understand and assess the biological carbon pump, to study the variability of gases and aerosols in a region that is remote in relation to the main anthropogenic sources, and to monitor the transport of stratospheric ozone by the Brewer–Dobson circulation. The meteorological MAP-IO data set is publicly available at https://www.aeris-data.fr/catalogue-map-io/ (last access: 26 August 2024) (atmospheric data) and at 10.17882/89505 (phytoplankton data). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. MAP-IO, an atmospheric and marine observatory program onboard Marion Dufresne over the Southern Ocean

Author

Tulet, Pierre, primary, Van Baelen, Joel, additional, Bosser, Pierre, additional, Brioude, Jérome, additional, Colomb, Aurelie, additional, Goloub, Philippe, additional, Pazmino, Andrea, additional, Portafaix, Thierry, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Sellegri, Karine, additional, Thyssen, Melilotus, additional, Gest, Lea, additional, Marquestaut, Nicolas, additional, Mékiès, Dominique, additional, Metzger, Jean-Marc, additional, Athier, Gilles, additional, Blarel, Luc, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Desprairies, Guillaume, additional, Dournaux, Meredith, additional, Dubois, Gaël, additional, Duflot, Valentin, additional, Lamy, Kevin, additional, Gardes, Lionel, additional, Guillemot, Jean-François, additional, Gros, Valérie, additional, Kolasinski, Joanna, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Magand, Olivier, additional, Noury, Erwan, additional, Nunes-Pinharanda, Manuel, additional, Payen, Guillaume, additional, Pianezze, Joris, additional, Picard, David, additional, Picard, Olivier, additional, Prunier, Sandrine, additional, Rigaud-Louise, François, additional, Sicard, Michael, additional, and Torres, Benjamin, additional

Published
2024
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6. THE GLAM AIRBORNE CAMPAIGN ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN

Author

Ricaud, Philippe, Zbinden, Régina, Catoire, Valéry, Brocchi, Vanessa, Dulac, François, Hamonou, Eric, Canonici, Jean-Christophe, El Amraoui, Laaziz, Massart, Sébastien, Piguet, Bruno, Dayan, Uri, Nabat, Pierre, Sciare, Jean, Ramonet, Michel, Delmotte, Marc, di Sarra, Alcide, Sferlazzo, Damiano, di Iorio, Tatiana, Piacentino, Salvatore, Cristofanelli, Paolo, Mihalopoulos, Nikos, Kouvarakis, Giorgos, Pikridas, Michael, Savvides, Chrysanthos, Mamouri, Rodanthi-Elisavet, Nisantzi, Argyro, Hadjimitsis, Diofantos, Attié, Jean-Luc, Ferré, Hélène, Kangah, Yannick, Jaidan, Nizar, Guth, Jonathan, Jacquet, Patrick, Chevrier, Stéphane, Robert, Claude, Bourdon, Aurélien, Bourdinot, Jean-François, Etienne, Jean-Claude, Krysztofiak, Gisèle, and Theron, Pierre

Published
2018

7. A new method for estimating emission ratios in the urban atmosphere: examples of ratios to CO2, CO and volatile organic compounds in Paris

Author

Ammoura, Lamia, Xueref-Remy, Irène, Vogel, Felix, Gros, V., Baudic, Alexia, Bonsang, Bernard, Delmotte, Marc, Té, Yao-Veng, Chevallier, Frédéric, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères = Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), ANR-09-BLAN-0356,MEGAPOLI-PARIS,MEGAPOLI - PARIS : Pollution des AéRosols: Impact sur la qualité de l'air et quantification des Sources(2009), and ANR-09-BLAN-0222,CO2-MEGAPARIS,Quantification des émissions de CO2 en Ile-de-France(2009)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience; We propose a new approach to estimate urban emission ratios that takes advantage of the enhanced local urban signal in the atmosphere at low wind speed. We apply it to estimate monthly ratios between CO$_2$, CO and some VOCs from several atmospheric concentration measurement datasets acquired in the centre of Paris between 2010 and 2014. We find that this approach is little sensitive to the regional background level definition and that, in the case of Paris, it samples all days (weekdays and weekends) and all hours of the day evenly. A large seasonal variability of the $\Delta$CO/$\Delta$CO$_ 2$ratio in Paris is shown, with a difference of around 60 % between the extreme values and a strong anti-correlation ($r^2$ = 0.75) with atmospheric temperature. The comparison of the ratios obtained for two short measurement campaigns conducted in two different districts and two different periods (fall and winter) shows differences ranging from -120 to 63 %. A comparison with a highly resolved regional emission inventory suggests some spatial variations of the ratio within the city, although most of these differences seem to be rather driven by the seasonal variability.

Published
2023

10. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) emissions in two agroecosystems in central France

Author

Belviso, Sauveur, primary, Abadie, Camille, additional, Montagne, David, additional, Hadjar, Dalila, additional, Tropée, Didier, additional, Vialettes, Laurence, additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Maignan, Fabienne, additional, Remaud, Marine, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Yver-Kwok, Camille, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional

Published
2022
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11. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions using the novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, primary, Segers, Arjo, additional, Brunner, Dominik, additional, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Forster, Grant, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Leuenberger, Markus, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Trisolino, Pamela, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Yver Kwok, Camille, additional

Published
2022
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13. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, Segers, Arjo, Brunner, Dominik, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, Henne, Stephan, Ramonet, Michel, Arnold, Tim, Biermann, Tobias, Chen, Huilin, Conil, Sebastien, Delmotte, Marc, Forster, Grant, Frumau, Arnoud, Kubistin, Dagmar, Lan, Xin, Leuenberger, Markus, Lindauer, Matthias, Lopez, Morgan, Manca, Giovanni, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, O’Doherty, Simon, Scheeren, Bert, Steinbacher, Martin, Trisolino, Pamela, Vítková, Gabriela, and Yver Kwok, Camille

Abstract

We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system ("FLEXVAR") based on FLEXPART-COSMO back trajectories driven by COSMO meteorological fields at 7 km × 7 km resolution over the European COSMO-7 domain and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation technique. FLEXVAR is coupled offline with the global inverse modelling system TM5-4DVAR to provide background mole fractions ("baselines") consistent with the global observations assimilated in TM5-4DVAR. We have applied the FLEXVAR system for the inverse modelling of European emissions in 2018 using 24 stations with in situ measurements, complemented with data from five stations with discrete air sampling (and additional stations outside the European COSMO-7 domain used for the global TM5-4DVAR inversions). The sensitivity of the FLEXVAR inversions to different approaches to calculate the baselines, different parameterizations of the model representation error, different settings of the prior error covariance parameters, different prior inventories and different observation data sets are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the FLEXVAR inversions are compared to inversions with the FLEXPART extended Kalman filter ("FLExKF") system and with TM5-4DVAR inversions at 1° × 1° resolution over Europe. The three inverse modelling systems show overall good consistency of the major spatial patterns of the derived inversion increments and in general only relatively small differences in the derived annual total emissions of larger country regions. At the same time, the FLEXVAR inversions at 7 km × 7 km resolution allow to better reproduce the observations than the TM5 4DVAR simulations at 1° × 1°. The three inverse models derive higher annual total CH4 emissions in 2018 for Germany, France and BENELUX compared to the sum of anthropogenic emissions reported to UNFCCC and natural emissions estimated from the Global Carbon Project CH4 inventory, but the uncertainty ranges of top-down and bottom-up total emission estimates overlap for all three country regions. In contrast, the top-down estimates for the sum of emissions from the United Kingdom and Ireland agree relatively well with the total of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories.

Published
2022

15. Supplementary material to "High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH<sub>4</sub> emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system"

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, primary, Segers, Arjo, additional, Brunner, Dominik, additional, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Forster, Grant, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Leuenberger, Markus, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, O’Doherty, Simon, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Trisolino, Pamela, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Yver Kwok, Camille, additional

Published
2022
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16. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH<sub>4</sub> emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, primary, Segers, Arjo, additional, Brunner, Dominik, additional, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sebastien, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Forster, Grant, additional, Frumau, Arnoud, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Leuenberger, Markus, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Müller-Williams, Jennifer, additional, O’Doherty, Simon, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Trisolino, Pamela, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Yver Kwok, Camille, additional

Published
2022
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17. Enjeux de la transition écologique

Author

Audouin, Laurent, Baudry, Emmanuelle, Bellard, Céline, Bonnaud, Elsa, Bopp, Laurent, Braconnot, Pascale, Breon, Francois-Marie, Brett, Raphael, Brunelle, Thierry, Bureau, Jean-Christophe, Chiron, François, Courchamp, Franck, da Cunha, Charlotte, Delmotte, Marc, Delpierre, Nicolas, de Noblet Ducoudré, Nathalie, Even, Catherine, Farinetti, Aude, Frascaria, Nathalie, Gherardi, Jeanne, Gouyon, Pierre‐henri, Hatté, Christine, Lantz, Frédéric, Larrère, Catherine, Leadley, Paul, Lecomte, Jane, Levi, Yves, Levrel, Harold, Lourtioz, Jean-Michel, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Mougin, Christian, Petit, Jean-Eudes, Ramstein, Gilles, Remvikos, Yorghos, Richecoeur, Franck, Roux, Guillaume, Saunois, Marielle, Servonnat, Jérôme, Slama, Rémy, Laval-Szopa, Sophie, Kiem, Cécile Tran, Treiner, Jacques, Vallet, Améline, Vanderlinden, Jean-Paul, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut d'Etudes de Droit Public (IEDP), Université Paris-Saclay, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), AgroParisTech, Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Représentations, Climat (CEARC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), IFP School, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Laboratoire d'Énergétique Moléculaire et Macroscopique, Combustion (EM2C), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques (LPTMS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Sorbonne Université (SU), The Shift Project, Redesigning the Economy to Achieve Carbon Transition, programme : Investissement d'Avenir, and LE PIOLET, DELPHINE

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, PANOPLY
Abstract

International audience; Cet ouvrage, aux nombreuses illustrations, donne une vision transversale des changements environnementaux d'échelle mondiale que connaît notre planète aux limites finies. Son objectif est, en particulier, de faire comprendre les mécanismes et conséquences du réchauffement climatique et de l'érosion de la biodiversité ainsi que leurs relations avec nos modes de vie et de consommation. Pour l'essentiel, il reprend l'un des premiers enseignements numériques délivrés à grande échelle en 2020 sur les « Enjeux de la transition écologique » auprès de plusieurs milliers d'étudiants de licence de toutes disciplines de l'Université Paris-Saclay. À l'instar de ce cours, cet ouvrage s'articule en quatre parties. Partant d'une perspective historique des évolutions du climat et de la biodiversité, les trois premières parties annoncent l'impact croissant de l'humanité sur les flux d'énergie et de matière de la planète et sur les trajectoires évolutives du vivant. Cet impact conditionne en retour la survie de nos sociétés et du monde tel que nous le savons. La quatrième et dernière partie de cet ouvrage offre un cadre de réflexions pour une transition vers un développement soutenable. Cette transition peut être une opportunité pour rembourser nos façons de produire, de travailler, de consommer, de nous déplacer, tout en visant l'équité sociale pour un « bien vivre ensemble » partagé sur la planète. Pour répondre à l'objectif de transversalité de l'ouvrage, plus de quarante enseignant(e)s-chercheurs(s) et chercheurs(euses) d'horizons différents y ont contribué, mêlant les savoirs des sciences de la nature aux sciences humaines et sociales en passant par le droit, l'économie, la gestion, l'agronomie et la médecine.

Published
2021

18. Enseigner la transition écologique aux étudiants de licence à l’université

Author

Audouin, Laurent, Baudry, Emmanuelle, Bellard, Céline, Bonnaud, Elsa, Bopp, Laurent, Braconnot, Pascale, Breon, Francois-Marie, Brett, Raphael, Brunelle, Thierry, Bureau, Jean-Christophe, Chiron, François, Courchamp, Franck, da Cunha, Charlotte, Delmotte, Marc, Delpierre, Nicolas, De Noblet Ducoudré, Nathalie, Even, Catherine, Farinetti, Aude, Frascaria, Nathalie, Gherardi, Jeanne, Gouyon, Pierre‐Henri, Hatté, Christine, Lantz, Frédéric, Larrère, Catherine, Leadley, Paul, Lecomte, Jane, Levi, Yves, Levrel, Harold, Lourtioz, Jean-Michel, Masson-Delmotte, Valérie, Mougin, Christian, Petit, Jean-Eudes, Ramstein, Gilles, Remvikos, Yorghos, Richecoeur, Franck, Roux, Guillaume, Saunois, Marielle, Servonnat, Jérôme, Slama, Rémy, Laval-Szopa, Sophie, Kiem, Cécile Tran, Treiner, Jacques, Vallet, Améline, Vanderlinden, Jean-Paul, Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut d'Etudes de Droit Public (IEDP), Université Paris-Saclay, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), AgroParisTech, Cultures, Environnements, Arctique, Représentations, Climat (CEARC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), IFP School, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Laboratoire d'Énergétique Moléculaire et Macroscopique, Combustion (EM2C), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques (LPTMS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Sorbonne Université (SU), The Shift Project, Redesigning the Economy to Achieve Carbon Transition, programme : Investissement d'Avenir, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut Pasteur [Paris]

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences, PANOPLY
Abstract

International audience; Cet ouvrage, aux nombreuses illustrations, donne une vision transversale des changements environnementaux d'échelle mondiale que connaît notre planète aux limites finies. Son objectif est, en particulier, de faire comprendre les mécanismes et conséquences du réchauffement climatique et de l'érosion de la biodiversité ainsi que leurs relations avec nos modes de vie et de consommation. Pour l'essentiel, il reprend l'un des premiers enseignements numériques délivrés à grande échelle en 2020 sur les « Enjeux de la transition écologique » auprès de plusieurs milliers d'étudiants de licence de toutes disciplines de l'Université Paris-Saclay. À l'instar de ce cours, cet ouvrage s'articule en quatre parties. Partant d'une perspective historique des évolutions du climat et de la biodiversité, les trois premières parties annoncent l'impact croissant de l'humanité sur les flux d'énergie et de matière de la planète et sur les trajectoires évolutives du vivant. Cet impact conditionne en retour la survie de nos sociétés et du monde tel que nous le savons. La quatrième et dernière partie de cet ouvrage offre un cadre de réflexions pour une transition vers un développement soutenable. Cette transition peut être une opportunité pour rembourser nos façons de produire, de travailler, de consommer, de nous déplacer, tout en visant l'équité sociale pour un « bien vivre ensemble » partagé sur la planète. Pour répondre à l'objectif de transversalité de l'ouvrage, plus de quarante enseignant(e)s-chercheurs(s) et chercheurs(euses) d'horizons différents y ont contribué, mêlant les savoirs des sciences de la nature aux sciences humaines et sociales en passant par le droit, l'économie, la gestion, l'agronomie et la médecine.

Published
2021

19. Le système climatique

Author

Delmotte, Marc, Saunois, Marielle, De Noblet Ducoudré, Nathalie, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), programme : Investissement d'Avenir, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

20. Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions

Author

Paris, Jean-Daniel, Riandet, Aurélie, Bourtsoukidis, Efstratios, Delmotte, Marc, Berchet, Antoine, Williams, Jonathan, Ernle, Lisa, Tadic, Ivan, Harder, Hartwig, Lelieveld, Jos, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany, Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus, ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), European Project: 856612, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

The increase of atmospheric methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), two of the main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, is largely driven by fossil sources. Sources and sinks remain insufficiently characterized in the Mediterranean and Middle East areas, where very few in situ measurements are available. We measured the atmospheric mixing ratios of CH4 and CO2 by ship in the region in July and August 2017. High mixing ratios were observed over the Suez Canal, Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, while generally lower mixing ratios were observed over the Gulf of Aden and Gulf of Oman. We probe the origin of the CO2 and CH4 excess mixing ratio by using correlations with light alkanes and through the use of a Lagrangian model coupled to two different emission inventories of anthropogenic sources. We find that the CO2 and especially the CH4 enhancements are mainly linked to nearby oil and gas (OG) activities over the Arabian Gulf and a mixture of other sources over the Red Sea. The isomeric ratio of pentane is shown to be a useful indicator of the OG component of atmospheric CH4 at the regional level. Upstream emissions linked to oil in the northern Arabian Gulf seem to be underestimated, while gas-related emissions in the southern Gulf are overestimated in our simulations. Our results highlight the need for improvement of inventories in the area to better characterize the changes in magnitude and the complex distribution of the OG sources in the Middle East.

Published
2021

21. Inter-Comparison of the Spatial Distribution of Methane in the Water Column From Seafloor Emissions at Two Sites in the Western Black Sea Using a Multi-Technique Approach

Author

Grilli, Roberto, primary, Birot, Dominique, additional, Schumacher, Mia, additional, Paris, Jean-Daniel, additional, Blouzon, Camille, additional, Donval, Jean Pierre, additional, Guyader, Vivien, additional, Leau, Helene, additional, Giunta, Thomas, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Radulescu, Vlad, additional, Balan, Sorin, additional, Greinert, Jens, additional, and Ruffine, Livio, additional

Published
2021
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22. Inter-Comparison of the Spatial Distribution of Methane in the Water Column From Seafloor Emissions at Two Sites in the Western Black Sea Using a Multi-Technique Approach

Author

Grilli, Roberto, Birot, Dominique, Schumacher, Mia, Paris, Jean-daniel, Blouzon, Camille, Donval, Jean-pierre, Guyader, Vivien, Leau, Helene, Giunta, Thomas, Delmotte, Marc, Radulescu, Vlad, Balan, Sorin, Greinert, Jens, Ruffine, Livio, Grilli, Roberto, Birot, Dominique, Schumacher, Mia, Paris, Jean-daniel, Blouzon, Camille, Donval, Jean-pierre, Guyader, Vivien, Leau, Helene, Giunta, Thomas, Delmotte, Marc, Radulescu, Vlad, Balan, Sorin, Greinert, Jens, and Ruffine, Livio

Abstract

Understanding the dynamics and fate of methane (CH4) release from oceanic seepages on margins and shelves into the water column, and quantifying the budget of its total discharge at different spatial and temporal scales, currently represents a major scientific undertaking. Previous works on the fate of methane escaping from the seafloor underlined the challenge in both, estimating its concentration distribution and identifying gradients. In April 2019, the Envri Methane Cruise has been conducted onboard the R/V Mare Nigrum in the Western Black Sea to investigate two shallow methane seep sites at ∼120 m and ∼55 m water depth. Dissolved CH4 measurements were conducted with two continuous in-situ sensors: a membrane inlet laser spectrometer (MILS) and a commercial methane sensor (METS) from Franatech GmbH. Additionally, discrete water samples were collected from CTD-Rosette deployment and standard laboratory methane analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled with either purge-and-trap or headspace techniques. The resulting vertical profiles (from both in situ and discrete water sample measurements) of dissolved methane concentration follow an expected exponential dissolution function at both sites. At the deeper site, high dissolved methane concentrations are detected up to ∼45 m from the seabed, while at the sea surface dissolved methane was in equilibrium with the atmospheric concentration. At the shallower site, sea surface CH4 concentrations were four times higher than the expected equilibrium value. Our results seem to support that methane may be transferred from the sea to the atmosphere, depending on local water depths. In accordance with previous studies, the shallower the water, the more likely is a sea-to-atmosphere transport of methane. High spatial resolution surface data also support this hypothesis. Well localized methane enriched waters were found near the surface at both sites, but their locations appear to be decoupled with the ones of the se

Published
2021
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23. Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmosphere station data as part of the labeling process

Author

Yver-Kwok, Camille, Philippon, Carole, Bergamaschi, Peter, Biermann, Tobias, Calzolari, Francescopiero, Chen, Huilin, Conil, Sebastien, Cristofanelli, Paolo, Delmotte, Marc, Hatakka, Juha, Heliasz, Michal, Hermansen, Ove, Kominkova, Katerina, Kubistin, Dagmar, Kumps, Nicolas, Laurent, Olivier, Laurila, Tuomas, Lehner, Irene, Levula, Janne, Lindauer, Matthias, Lopez, Morgan, Mammarella, Ivan, Manca, Giovanni, Marklund, Per, Metzger, Jean Marc, Mölder, Meelis, Platt, Stephen M., Ramonet, Michel, Rivier, Leonard, Scheeren, Bert, Kumar Sha, Mahesh, Smith, Paul, Steinbacher, Martin, Vítková, Gabriela, Wyss, Simon, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Centre for Environmental and Climate Research [Lund] (CEC), Lund University [Lund], CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (GCRI), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de La Réunion (OSU-Réunion), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), This research has been supported by fundingfrom ICOS Finland (grant no. 281255). This work was supportedby the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR withinthe CzeCOS program (grant no. LM201812). ICOS Switzerland isfunded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Phase I (2013–2017): 20FI21_148992, Phase II (2017–2021): 20FI20_173691) and in-house contributions. ICOS Netherlands is substantially supported by the Dutch Research Council (NWO) through the Ruisdael large-scale infrastructure project. ICOS labeling activities atCMN were started under the Project of National Interest NEXDATAwhich is funded by the Italian Ministry for Education, Universityand Research (MIUR). In Belgium, it has been financially supportedsince 2014 by the EU project ICOS-Inwire and the ministerial decree for ICOS (FR/35/IC1 to FR/35/C5)., Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), INAR Physics, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, and Isotope Research

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:TA715-787, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, lcsh:TA170-171, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 114 Physical sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:Environmental engineering
Abstract

The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmosphere network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019. We describe the labeling steps, as well as the quality controls, used to verify that the ICOS data (CO2, CH4, CO and meteorological measurements) attain the expected quality level defined within ICOS. To ensure the quality of the greenhouse gas data, three to four calibration gases and two target gases are measured: one target two to three times a day, the other gases twice a month. The data are verified on a weekly basis, and tests on the station sampling lines are performed twice a year. From these high-quality data, we conclude that regular calibrations of the CO2, CH4 and CO analyzers used here (twice a month) are important in particular for carbon monoxide (CO) due to the analyzer's variability and that reducing the number of calibration injections (from four to three) in a calibration sequence is possible, saving gas and extending the calibration gas lifespan. We also show that currently, the on-site water vapor correction test does not deliver quantitative results possibly due to environmental factors. Thus the use of a drying system is strongly recommended. Finally, the mandatory regular intake line tests are shown to be useful in detecting artifacts and leaks, as shown here via three different examples at the stations. .

Published
2021

25. Suivi atmosphérique des émissions de CO2 de la région parisienne

Author

Ciais, Philippe, primary, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Lauvaux, Thomas, additional, Bréon, François-Marie, additional, Lian, Jinghui, additional, Laurent, Olivier, additional, Combaz, Delphine, additional, Broquet, Grégoire, additional, Legendre, Virgile, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Xueref-Rémy, Irène, additional, Jamous, Marc, additional, Cailteau-Fischbach, Cristelle, additional, and Françoise, Yann, additional

Published
2021
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26. Analysis of the temporal variability of CO2, CH4 and CO concentrations at Lamto, West Africa

Author

Tiemoko, Toure Dro, primary, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Yoroba, Fidele, additional, Kouassi, Kobenan Benjamin, additional, Kouadio, Kouakou, additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Kaiser, Claire, additional, Truong, François, additional, Vuillemin, Cyrille, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Wastine, Benoit, additional, and Ciais, Phillipe, additional

Published
2021
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27. Intercomparison study of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors

Author

Grossi, Claudia, Chambers, Scott, Llido, Olivier, Vogel, Felix, Kazan, Victor, Capuana, Alessandro, Werczynski, Sylvester, Curcoll, Roger, Delmotte, Marc, Vargas, Arturo, Morguí, Josep-Anton, Levin, Ingeborg, Ramonet, Michel, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [Australie] (ANSTO), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), UNIVERSITE POLYTECHNIQUE DE CATALOGNE ESP, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg]

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract

International audience; The use of the noble gas radon (222 Rn) as a tracer for different research studies, for example observation-based estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, has led to the need of high-quality 222 Rn activity concentration observations with high spatial and temporal resolution. So far a robust metrology chain for these measurements is not yet available. A portable direct atmospheric radon monitor (ARMON), based on electrostatic collection of 218 Po, is now running at Spanish stations. This monitor has not yet been compared with other 222 Rn and 222 Rn progeny monitors commonly used at atmospheric stations. A 3-month intercomparison campaign of atmospheric 222 Rn and 222 Rn progeny monitors based on different measurement techniques was realized during the fall and winter of 2016-2017 to evaluate (i) calibration and correction factors between monitors necessary to harmonize the atmospheric radon observations and (ii) the dependence of each monitor's response in relation to the sampling height and meteorological and atmospheric aerosol conditions. Results of this study have shown the following. (i) All monitors were able to reproduce the atmospheric radon variability on a daily basis. (ii) Linear regression fits between the monitors exhibited slopes, representing the correction factors, between 0.62 and 1.17 and offsets ranging between −0.85 and −0.23 Bq m −3 when sampling 2 m above ground level (a.g.l.). Corresponding results at 100 m a.g.l. exhibited slopes of 0.94 and 1.03 with offsets of −0.13 and 0.01 Bq m −3 , respectively. (iii) No influence of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity on monitor responses was observed for unsaturated conditions at 100 m a.g.l., whereas slight influences (order of 10 −2) of ambient temperature were observed at 2 m a.g.l. (iv) Changes in the ratio between 222 Rn progeny and 222 Rn monitor responses were observed under very low atmospheric aerosol concentrations. Results also show that the new ARMON could be useful at atmospheric radon monitoring stations with space restrictions or as a mobile reference instrument to calibrate in situ 222 Rn progeny monitors and fixed radon monitors. In the near future a long-term comparison study between ARMON, Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2242 C. Grossi et al.: Intercomparison of 222 Rn and 222 Rn progeny monitors HRM, and ANSTO monitors would be useful to better evaluate (i) the uncertainties of radon measurements in the range of a few hundred millibecquerels per cubic meter to a few becquerels per cubic meter and (ii) the response time correction of the ANSTO monitor for representing fast changes in the ambient radon concentrations.

Published
2020

28. Inter-comparison study of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors

Author

Grossi, Claudia, Llido, Olivier, Vogel, Felix R., Kazan, Victor, Capuana, Alessandro, Chambers, Scott D., Werczynski, Sylvester, Curcoll, Roger, Delmotte, Marc, Vargas, Arturo, Morguí, Josep-Anton, Levin, Ingeborg, and Ramonet, Michel

Abstract

The use of the noble gas radon (222Rn) as tracer for different research studies, for example observation-based estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, has led to the need of high-quality 222Rn activity concentration observations with high spatial and temporal resolution. So far a robust metrology chain for these measurements is not yet available. A 3-month inter-comparison campaign of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors based on different measurement techniques was realized during the fall and winter of 2016-2017 to evaluate: i) calibration and correction factors between monitors necessary to harmonize the atmospheric radon observations; and ii) the dependence of each monitor’s response in relation to the sampling height, meteorological and atmospheric aerosol conditions. Results of this study have shown that: i) all monitors were able to reproduce the atmospheric radon variability on daily basis; ii) linear regression fits between the monitors exhibited slopes between 0.62 and 1.17 and offsets ranging between −0.85 Bq m−3 and −0.23 Bq m−3 when sampling 2 m above ground level (a.g.l.). Corresponding results at 100 m a.g.l. exhibited slopes of 0.94 and 1.03 with offsets of −0.13 Bq m−3 and 0.01 Bq m−3, respectively; iii) no influence of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity on monitor responses was observed for unsaturated conditions; and iv) changes of the ratio between radon progeny and radon monitor responses were observed under very high atmospheric humidity and under very low atmospheric aerosol concentrations. However, a more statistically robust evaluation of these last influences based on a longer dataset should be conducted to improve the harmonization of the data.

Published
2019

29. High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions using novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system.

Author

Bergamaschi, Peter, Segers, Arjo, Brunner, Dominik, Haussaire, Jean-Matthieu, Henne, Stephan, Ramonet, Michel, Arnold, Tim, Biermann, Tobias, Huilin Chen, Conil, Sebastien, Delmotte, Marc, Forster, Grant, Frumau, Arnoud, Kubistin, Dagmar, Xin Lan, Leuenberger, Markus, Lindauer, Matthias, Lopez, Morgan, Manca, Giovanni, and Müller-Williams, Jennifer

Abstract

We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system ("FLEXVAR") based on FLEXPART-COSMO back trajectories driven by COSMO meteorological fields at 7 km x 7 km resolution over the European COSMO-7 domain and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation technique. FLEXVAR is coupled offline with the global inverse modelling system TM5-4DVAR to provide background mole fractions ("baselines") consistent with the global observations assimilated in TM5-4DVAR. We have applied the FLEXVAR system for the inverse modelling of European emissions in 2018 using 24 stations with in situ measurements, complemented with data from five stations with discrete air sampling (and additional stations outside the European COSMO-7 domain used for the global TM5-4DVAR inversions). The sensitivity of the FLEXVAR inversions to different approaches to calculate the baselines, different parameterizations of the model representation error, different settings of the prior error covariance parameters, different prior inventories and different observation data sets are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the FLEXVAR inversions are compared to inversions with the FLEXPART extended Kalman filter ("FLExKF") system and with TM5-4DVAR inversions at 1° x 1° resolution over Europe. The three inverse modelling systems show overall good consistency of the major spatial patterns of the derived inversion increments and in general only relatively small differences in the derived annual total emissions of larger country regions. At the same time, the FLEXVAR inversions at 7 km x 7 km resolution allow to better reproduce the observations than the TM5 4DVAR simulations at 1° x 1°. The three inverse models derive higher annual total CH4 emissions in 2018 for Germany, France and BENELUX compared to the sum of anthropogenic emissions reported to UNFCCC and natural emissions estimated from the Global Carbon Project CH4 inventory, but the uncertainty ranges of top-down and bottom-up total emission estimates overlap for all three country regions. In contrast, the top-down estimates for the sum of emissions from the United Kingdom and Ireland agree relatively well with the total of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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30. Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmospheric station data as part of the labeling process

Author

Yver-Kwok, Camille, primary, Philippon, Carole, additional, Bergamaschi, Peter, additional, Biermann, Tobias, additional, Calzolari, Francescopiero, additional, Chen, Huilin, additional, Conil, Sébastien, additional, Cristofanelli, Paolo, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Hatakka, Juha, additional, Heliasz, Michal, additional, Hermansen, Ove, additional, Komínková, Kateřina, additional, Kubistin, Dagmar, additional, Kumps, Nicolas, additional, Laurent, Olivier, additional, Laurila, Tuomas, additional, Lehner, Irene, additional, Levula, Janne, additional, Lindauer, Matthias, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Mammarella, Ivan, additional, Manca, Giovanni, additional, Marklund, Per, additional, Metzger, Jean-Marc, additional, Mölder, Meelis, additional, Platt, Stephen M., additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Rivier, Leonard, additional, Scheeren, Bert, additional, Sha, Mahesh Kumar, additional, Smith, Paul, additional, Steinbacher, Martin, additional, Vítková, Gabriela, additional, and Wyss, Simon, additional

Published
2020
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31. Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-Puy De Dôme: a multi-site for the long-term survey of the tropospheric composition and climate change

Author

Baray, Jean-Luc, primary, Deguillaume, Laurent, additional, Colomb, Aurélie, additional, Sellegri, Karine, additional, Freney, Evelyn, additional, Rose, Clémence, additional, Van Baelen, Joël, additional, Pichon, Jean-Marc, additional, Picard, David, additional, Fréville, Patrick, additional, Bouvier, Laëtitia, additional, Ribeiro, Mickaël, additional, Amato, Pierre, additional, Banson, Sandra, additional, Bianco, Angelica, additional, Borbon, Agnès, additional, Bourcier, Lauréline, additional, Bras, Yannick, additional, Brigante, Marcello, additional, Cacault, Philippe, additional, Chauvigné, Aurélien, additional, Charbouillot, Tiffany, additional, Chaumerliac, Nadine, additional, Delort, Anne-Marie, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Dupuy, Régis, additional, Farah, Antoine, additional, Febvre, Guy, additional, Flossmann, Andrea, additional, Gourbeyre, Christophe, additional, Hervier, Claude, additional, Hervo, Maxime, additional, Huret, Nathalie, additional, Joly, Muriel, additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Mailhot, Gilles, additional, Marinoni, Angela, additional, Masson, Olivier, additional, Montoux, Nadège, additional, Parazols, Marius, additional, Peyrin, Frédéric, additional, Pointin, Yves, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Rocco, Manon, additional, Sancelme, Martine, additional, Sauvage, Stéphane, additional, Schmidt, Martina, additional, Tison, Emmanuel, additional, Vaïtilingom, Mickaël, additional, Villani, Paolo, additional, Wang, Miao, additional, Yver-Kwok, Camille, additional, and Laj, Paolo, additional

Published
2020
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32. Intercomparison study of atmospheric <sup>222</sup>Rn and <sup>222</sup>Rn progeny monitors

Author

Grossi, Claudia, primary, Chambers, Scott D., additional, Llido, Olivier, additional, Vogel, Felix R., additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Capuana, Alessandro, additional, Werczynski, Sylvester, additional, Curcoll, Roger, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Vargas, Arturo, additional, Morguí, Josep-Anton, additional, Levin, Ingeborg, additional, and Ramonet, Michel, additional

Published
2020
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33. Hydrogeological control on carbon dioxide input into the atmosphere of the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave

Author

Bourges, François, primary, Genty, Dominique, additional, Perrier, Frédéric, additional, Lartiges, Bruno, additional, Régnier, Édouard, additional, François, Alexandre, additional, Leplat, Johann, additional, Touron, Stéphanie, additional, Bousta, Faisl, additional, Massault, Marc, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Dumoulin, Jean-Pascal, additional, Girault, Frédéric, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Chauveau, Charles, additional, and Rodrigues, Paulo, additional

Published
2020
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34. Wood burning: A major source of Volatile Organic Compounds during wintertime in the Paris region

Author

Languille, Baptiste, primary, Gros, Valérie, additional, Petit, Jean-Eudes, additional, Honoré, Cécile, additional, Baudic, Alexia, additional, Perrussel, Olivier, additional, Foret, Gilles, additional, Michoud, Vincent, additional, Truong, François, additional, Bonnaire, Nicolas, additional, Sarda-Estève, Roland, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Feron, Anaïs, additional, Maisonneuve, Franck, additional, Gaimoz, Cécile, additional, Formenti, Paola, additional, Kotthaus, Simone, additional, Haeffelin, Martial, additional, and Favez, Olivier, additional

Published
2020
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35. Measuring methane from the seafloor to the atmosphere: an integrated experiment in the Black Sea

Author

Paris, Jean-Daniel, primary, Ruffine, Livio, additional, Leau, Hélène, additional, Giunta, Thomas, additional, Donval, Jean-Pierre, additional, Guyader, Vivien, additional, Birot, Dominique, additional, Schumacher, Mia, additional, Greinert, Jens, additional, Grilli, Roberto, additional, Blouzon, Camille, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Longo, Manfredi, additional, Scire, Sergio, additional, Italiano, Francesco, additional, Lazzaro, Gianluca, additional, Balan, Sorin, additional, Scalabrin, Carla, additional, and Douillard, Thibault, additional

Published
2020
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36. A top-down approach of sources and non-photosynthetic sinks of carbonyl sulfide from atmospheric measurements over multiple years in the Paris region (France)

Author

Belviso, Sauveur, primary, Lebegue, Benjamin, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Pison, Isabelle, additional, Berchet, Antoine, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Yver-Kwok, Camille, additional, Montagne, David, additional, and Ciais, Philippe, additional

Published
2020
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38. Supplementary material to "Inter-comparison study of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors"

Author

Grossi, Claudia, primary, Llido, Olivier, additional, Vogel, Felix R., additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Capuana, Alessandro, additional, Chambers, Scott D., additional, Werczynski, Sylvester, additional, Curcoll, Roger, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Vargas, Arturo, additional, Morguí, Josep-Anton, additional, Levin, Ingeborg, additional, and Ramonet, Michel, additional

Published
2019
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39. Inter-comparison study of atmospheric <sup>222</sup>Rn and <sup>222</sup>Rn progeny monitors

Author

Grossi, Claudia, primary, Llido, Olivier, additional, Vogel, Felix R., additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Capuana, Alessandro, additional, Chambers, Scott D., additional, Werczynski, Sylvester, additional, Curcoll, Roger, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Vargas, Arturo, additional, Morguí, Josep-Anton, additional, Levin, Ingeborg, additional, and Ramonet, Michel, additional

Published
2019
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40. Cézeaux-Aulnat-Opme-Puy De Dôme: a multi-site for the long term survey of the tropospheric composition and climate change

Author

Baray, Jean-Luc, primary, Deguillaume, Laurent, additional, Colomb, Aurélie, additional, Sellegri, Karine, additional, Freney, Evelyn, additional, Rose, Clémence, additional, Van Baelen, Joël, additional, Pichon, Jean-Marc, additional, Picard, David, additional, Fréville, Patrick, additional, Bouvier, Laetitia, additional, Ribeiro, Mickaël, additional, Amato, Pierre, additional, Banson, Sandra, additional, Bianco, Angelica, additional, Borbon, Agnès, additional, Bourcier, Laureline, additional, Bras, Yannick, additional, Brigante, Marcello, additional, Cacault, Philippe, additional, Chauvigné, Aurélien, additional, Charbouillot, Tiffany, additional, Chaumerliac, Nadine, additional, Delort, Anne Marie, additional, Delmotte, Marc, additional, Dupuy, Régis, additional, Farah, Antoine, additional, Febvre, Guy, additional, Flossmann, Andrea, additional, Gourbeyre, Christophe, additional, Hervier, Claude, additional, Hervo, Maxime, additional, Huret, Nathalie, additional, Joly, Muriel, additional, Kazan, Victor, additional, Lopez, Morgan, additional, Mailhot, Gilles, additional, Marinoni, Angela, additional, Masson, Olivier, additional, Montoux, Nadège, additional, Parazols, Marius, additional, Peyrin, Frédéric, additional, Pointin, Yves, additional, Ramonet, Michel, additional, Rocco, Manon, additional, Sancelme, Martine, additional, Sauvage, Stéphane, additional, Schmidt, Martina, additional, Tison, Emmanuel, additional, Vaïtilingom, Mickaël, additional, Villani, Paolo, additional, Wang, Miao, additional, Yver-Kwok, Camille, additional, and Laj, Paolo, additional

Published
2019
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41. Analysis of the temporal variability of CO2, CH4 and CO concentrations at Lamto, West Africa.

Author

TIEMOKO, TOURE DRO, RAMONET, MICHEL, YOROBA, FIDELE, KOUASSI, KOBENAN BENJAMIN, KOUADIO, KOUAKOU, KAZAN, VICTOR, KAISER, CLAIRE, TRUONG, FRANÇOIS, VUILLEMIN, CYRILLE, DELMOTTE, MARC, WASTINE, BENOIT, and CIAIS, PHILLIPE

Abstract

The 10-year observations of the atmospheric molar fractions of CO2, CH4 and CO in West Africa were analyzed using a high precision measurement of the Lamto (LTO) station (6°31N and 5°02W) in Côte d'Ivoire. At daily scale, high concentrations appear at night with significant peaks around 7 a.m. local time and minimum concentrations in the afternoon for CO2 and CH4. The CO concentrations show two peaks around 8 h and 20 h corresponding to the maximum in road traffic of a northern motorway located 14km from the station. The long-term increase rates of CH4 (~7 ppb year-1) and CO2 (~2.24ppm year-1) at Lamto are very close to global trends. The variations of the concentrations of the three gases show strong seasonality with a peak in January for all gases and minima in September for CO2 and CH4, and in June for CO. The CO variation suggests a significant impact of fires on the CO, CO2 and CH4 anomalies in the Lamto region during the dry season (December to February). CO and CH4 show strong correlations (at synoptic-scale and monthly based) in January (r=0.84), February (r=0.90), April (r=0.74), November (r=0.79) and December (r=0.72) reflecting similar sources of emission for both gases. The trajectories of polluted air masses at LTO, also indicate continental sources of emission associated with Harmattan winds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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42. Atmospheric CO and CH4 time series and seasonal variations on Reunion Island from ground-based in situ and FTIR (NDACC and TCCON) measurements

Author

Zhou, Minqiang, Langerock, Bavo, Vigouroux, Corinne, Sha, Mahesh Kumar, Ramonet, Michel, Delmotte, Marc, Mahieu, Emmanuel, Bader, Whitney, Hermans, Christian, Kumps, Nicolas, Metzger, Jean-Marc, Duflot, Valentin, Wang, Zhiting, Palm, Mathias, De Mazière, Martine, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Centre for the Study of Environmental Change and Sustainability (CECS), School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France, Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France

Subjects
[SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology
Abstract

Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) mole fractions are measured by ground-based in situ cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyzers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers at two sites (St Denis and Maïdo) on Reunion Island (21∘ S, 55∘ E) in the Indian Ocean. Currently, the FTIR Bruker IFS 125HR at St Denis records the direct solar spectra in the near-infrared range, contributing to the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The FTIR Bruker IFS 125HR at Maïdo records the direct solar spectra in the mid-infrared (MIR) range, contributing to the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). In order to understand the atmospheric CO and CH4 variability on Reunion Island, the time series and seasonal cycles of CO and CH4 from in situ and FTIR (NDACC and TCCON) measurements are analyzed. Meanwhile, the difference between the in situ and FTIR measurements are discussed. The CO seasonal cycles observed from the in situ measurements at Maïdo and FTIR retrievals at both St Denis and Maïdo are in good agreement with a peak in September–November, primarily driven by the emissions from biomass burning in Africa and South America. The dry-air column averaged mole fraction of CO (XCO) derived from the FTIR MIR spectra (NDACC) is about 15.7 ppb larger than the CO mole fraction near the surface at Maïdo, because the air in the lower troposphere mainly comes from the Indian Ocean while the air in the middle and upper troposphere mainly comes from Africa and South America. The trend for CO on Reunion Island is unclear during the 2011–2017 period, and more data need to be collected to get a robust result. A very good agreement is observed in the tropospheric and stratospheric CH4 seasonal cycles between FTIR (NDACC and TCCON) measurements, and in situ and the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) satellite measurements, respectively. In the troposphere, the CH4 mole fraction is high in August–September and low in December–January, which is due to the OH seasonal variation. In the stratosphere, the CH4 mole fraction has its maximum in March–April and its minimum in August–October, which is dominated by vertical transport. In addition, the different CH4 mole fractions between the in situ, NDACC and TCCON CH4 measurements in the troposphere are discussed, and all measurements are in good agreement with the GEOS-Chem model simulation. The trend of XCH4 is 7.6±0.4 ppb yr−1 from the TCCON measurements over the 2011 to 2017 time period, which is consistent with the CH4 trend of 7.4±0.5 ppb yr−1 from the in situ measurements for the same time period at St Denis.

Published
2018

43. Atmospheric GHG measurements onboard Voluntary Observing Ships - approaches for improved atmospheric sampling

Author

Steinhoff, Tobias, Delmotte, Marc, Hazan, Lynn, Jordan, Armin, Lavric, Jost, Lett, C., Lefevre, Nathalie, Ramonet, Michele, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rzesanke, Daniel, and Rehder, Gregor

Abstract

Autonomous systems measuring the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in surface waters on commercial carrier ships (Voluntary Observing Ship, VOS), which allows for high spatiotemporal data coverage, are a major component of the Ocean Thematic Centre (OTC) data stream. Currently, ICOS operates lines in the Atlantic, North Sea and the Baltic. All lines are determining pCO2 by measuring CO2 in air that has been equilibrated with seawater. As part of the European H2020 project RINGO (https://www.icos-ri.eu/ringo), we are evaluating the possibility of using VOS to expand the atmospheric network. We will provide technical solutions for three different settings and approaches, and assess the added value for the atmospheric observation network. Two systems are designed as stand-alone modules for continuous atmospheric CO2 and CH4 measurements, following the technological requirements defined by the ATC, and will be operated in the Baltic (high anthropogenic influence) and on a line between France and Brazil (clean marine air, large temperature and humidity gradient). A second approach is using the existing instrumentation for seawater measurements (North Atlantic), which we aim to improve in order to make these measurements usable for the atmospheric research community. This is an effort that connects the ocean research community with the Central Analytical Laboratories (CAL; testing an extended range of standard gases, providing flask sampling opportunity), the Atmospheric Thematic Centre (ATC; work on data streams that can be digested by the ATC system), and the modelling community (identifying useful sampling strategies). Here we present a status update of the ongoing work, which is a joined effort of the atmospheric and ocean community within ICOS and relying on the expertise of both fields.

Published
2018

44. A top−down approach of potentially complicating factors for using carbonyl sulfide (COS) to assess region−scale GPP in western France

Author

Belviso, Sauveur, Lebegue, Benjamin, Ramonet, Michel, Yver−Kwok, Camille, Delmotte, Marc, Kazan, Victor, Gros, Valérie, Orgun, Ayche, Llido, Olivier, Bonnaire, Nicolas, Truong, François, Ciais, Philippe, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

45. Simulating CH 4 and CO 2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA

Author

Lin, Xin, Ciais, Philippe, Bousquet, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Yin, Yi, Balkanski, Yves, Cozic, Anne, Delmotte, Marc, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Indira, Nuggehalli, Locatelli, Robin, Peng, Shushi, Piao, Shilong, Saunois, Marielle, Swathi, Panangady, Wang, Rong, Yver-Kwok, Camille, Tiwari, Yogesh, Zhou, Lingxi, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Peking University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Calcul Scientifique (CALCULS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Peking University [Beijing]

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; The increasing availability of atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from surface stations can improve the retrieval of their fluxes at higher spatial and temporal resolutions by inversions, provided that transport models are able to properly represent the variability of concentrations observed at different stations. South and East Asia (SEA; the study area in this paper including the regions of South Asia and East Asia) is a region with large and very uncertain emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4), the most potent anthropogenic GHGs. Monitoring networks have expanded greatly during the past decade in this region, which should contribute to reducing uncertainties in estimates of regional GHG budgets. In this study, we simulate concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 using zoomed versions (abbreviated as "ZAs") of the global chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA, which have fine horizontal resolutions of ∼ 0.66 • in longitude and ∼ 0.51 • in latitude over SEA and coarser resolutions elsewhere. The concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 simulated from ZAs are compared to those from the same model but with standard model grids of 2.50 • in longitude and 1.27 • in latitude (abbreviated as "STs"), both prescribed with the same natural and anthropogenic fluxes. Model performance is evaluated for each model version at multi-annual, seasonal, synoptic and diurnal scales, against a unique observation dataset including 39 global and regional stations over SEA and around the world. Results show that ZAs improve the overall representation of CH 4 annual gradients between stations in SEA, with reduction of RMSE by 16-20 % compared to STs. The model improvement mainly results from reduction in representation error at finer horizontal resolutions and thus better characterization of the CH 4 concentration gradients related to scattered distributed emission sources. However, the performance of ZAs at a specific station as compared to STs is more sensitive to errors in meteorological forcings and surface fluxes, especially when short-term variabilities or stations close to source regions are examined. This highlights the importance of accurate a priori CH 4 surface fluxes in high-resolution transport modeling and inverse studies, particularly regarding locations and magnitudes of emission hotspots. Model perfor-Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 9476 X. Lin et al.: Chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA mance for CO 2 suggests that the CO 2 surface fluxes have not been prescribed with sufficient accuracy and resolution, especially the spatiotemporally varying carbon exchange between land surface and atmosphere. In addition, the representation of the CH 4 and CO 2 short-term variabilities is also limited by model's ability to simulate boundary layer mixing and mesoscale transport in complex terrains, emphasizing the need to improve sub-grid physical parameterizations in addition to refinement of model resolutions.

Published
2018

46. How a European network may help with estimating methane emissions on the French national scale

Author

Pison , Isabelle, Berchet , Antoine, Saunois , Marielle, Bousquet , Philippe, Broquet , Grégoire, Conil , Sébastien, Delmotte , Marc, Ganesan , Anita, Laurent , Olivier, Martin , Damien, O'Doherty , Simon, Ramonet , Michel, Spain , T. Gerard, Vermeulen , Alex, Yver Kwok , Camille, Laboratoire des sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'aérologie - LA ( LA ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des écoulements géophysiques et industriels ( LEGI ), Université de Grenoble-Alpes-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Observ Perenne Environm, DRD Observat Surveillance, Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs ( ANDRA ), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire ( IRSN ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
parameters, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, variability, uncertainties, fluxes, quantification, different inverse models, atmospheric observations, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], greenhouse-gas measurements, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, france, climate, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Methane emissions on the national scale in France in 2012 are inferred by assimilating continuous atmospheric mixing ratio measurements from nine stations of the European network ICOS located in France and surrounding countries. To assess the robustness of the fluxes deduced by our inversion system based on an objectified quantification of uncertainties, two complementary inversion set-ups are computed and analysed: (i) a regional run correcting for the spatial distribution of fluxes in France and (ii) a sectorial run correcting fluxes for activity sectors on the national scale. In addition, our results for the two set-ups are compared with fluxes produced in the framework of the inversion intercomparison exercise of the InGOS project. The seasonal variability in fluxes is consistent between different set-ups, with maximum emissions in summer, likely due to agricultural activity. However, very high monthly posterior uncertainties (up to ≈65 to 74% in the sectorial run in May and June) make it difficult to attribute maximum emissions to a specific sector. On the yearly and national scales, the two inversions range from 3835 to 4050 GgCH4 and from 3570 to 4190 GgCH4 for the regional and sectorial runs, respectively, consistently with the InGOS products. These estimates are 25 to 55% higher than the total national emissions from bottom-up approaches (biogeochemical models from natural emissions, plus inventories for anthropogenic ones), consistently pointing at missing or underestimated sources in the inventories and/or in natural sources. More specifically, in the sectorial set-up, agricultural emissions are inferred as 66% larger than estimates reported to the UNFCCC. Uncertainties in the total annual national budget are 108 and 312 GgCH4, i.e, 3 to 8 %, for the regional and sectorial runs respectively, smaller than uncertainties in available bottom-up products, proving the added value of top-down atmospheric inversions. Therefore, even though the surface network used in 2012 does not allow us to fully constrain all regions in France accurately, a regional inversion set-up makes it possible to provide estimates of French methane fluxes with an uncertainty in the total budget of less than 10% on the yearly timescale. Additional sites deployed since 2012 would help to constrain French emissions on finer spatial and temporal scales and attributing missing emissions to specific sectors.

Published
2018

47. Simulating CH4 and CO2 over South and East Asia using the zoomed chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA

Author

Lin, Xin, Ciais, Philippe, Bousquet, Philippe, Ramonet, Michel, Yin, Yi, Balkanski, Yves, Cozic, Anne, Delmotte, Marc, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Indira, Nuggehalli K., Locatelli, Robin, Peng, Shushi, Piao, Shilong, Saunois, Marielle, Swathi, Panangady S., Wang, Rong, Yver-Kwok, Camille, Tiwari, Yogesh K., and Zhou, Lingxi

Abstract

The increasing availability of atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from surface stations can improve the retrieval of their fluxes at higher spatial and temporal resolutions by inversions, provided that transport models are able to properly represent the variability of concentrations observed at different stations. South and East Asia (SEA; the study area in this paper including the regions of South Asia and East Asia) is a region with large and very uncertain emissions of carbon dioxide (CO_2) and methane (CH_4), the most potent anthropogenic GHGs. Monitoring networks have expanded greatly during the past decade in this region, which should contribute to reducing uncertainties in estimates of regional GHG budgets. In this study, we simulate concentrations of CH_4 and CO_2 using zoomed versions (abbreviated as ZAs) of the global chemistry transport model LMDz-INCA, which have fine horizontal resolutions of ∼ 0.66° in longitude and ∼ 0.51° in latitude over SEA and coarser resolutions elsewhere. The concentrations of CH_4 and CO_2 simulated from ZAs are compared to those from the same model but with standard model grids of 2.50° in longitude and 1.27° in latitude (abbreviated as STs), both prescribed with the same natural and anthropogenic fluxes. Model performance is evaluated for each model version at multi-annual, seasonal, synoptic and diurnal scales, against a unique observation dataset including 39 global and regional stations over SEA and around the world. Results show that ZAs improve the overall representation of CH_4 annual gradients between stations in SEA, with reduction of RMSE by 16–20% compared to STs. The model improvement mainly results from reduction in representation error at finer horizontal resolutions and thus better characterization of the CH_4 concentration gradients related to scattered distributed emission sources. However, the performance of ZAs at a specific station as compared to STs is more sensitive to errors in meteorological forcings and surface fluxes, especially when short-term variabilities or stations close to source regions are examined. This highlights the importance of accurate a priori CH_4 surface fluxes in high-resolution transport modeling and inverse studies, particularly regarding locations and magnitudes of emission hotspots. Model performance for CO_2 suggests that the CO_2 surface fluxes have not been prescribed with sufficient accuracy and resolution, especially the spatiotemporally varying carbon exchange between land surface and atmosphere. In addition, the representation of the CH_4 and CO_2 short-term variabilities is also limited by model's ability to simulate boundary layer mixing and mesoscale transport in complex terrains, emphasizing the need to improve sub-grid physical parameterizations in addition to refinement of model resolutions.

Published
2018

48. Identification of spikes associated with local sources in continuous time series of atmospheric CO, CO2 and CH4

Author

El Yazidi, Abdelhadi, Ramonet, Michel, Ciais, Philippe, Broquet, Gregoire, Pison, Isabelle, Abbaris, Amara, Brunner, Dominik, Conil, Sebastien, Delmotte, Marc, Gheusi, Francois, Guerin, Frederic, Hazan, Lynn, Kachroudi, Nesrine, Kouvarakis, Giorgos, Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos, Rivier, Leonard, Serça, Dominique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire des écoulements géophysiques et industriels ( LEGI ), Université de Grenoble-Alpes-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire des sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Observ Perenne Environm, DRD Observat Surveillance, Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs ( ANDRA ), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'aérologie - LA ( LA ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés ( LISBP ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse ( INSA Toulouse ), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), CMBN, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS ), and University of Crete ( UOC )

Subjects
[ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2018

49. Diurnal, synoptic and seasonal variability of atmospheric CO2 in the Paris megacity area

Author

Xueref-Remy, Irène, Dieudonné, Elsa, Vuillemin, Cyrille, Lopez, Morgan, Lac, Christine, Schmidt, Martina, Delmotte, Marc, Chevallier, Frédéric, Ravetta, François, Perrussel, Olivier, Ciais, Philippe, Breon, Francois-Marie, Broquet, Grégoire, Ramonet, Michel, Gerard Spain, T., Ampe, Christophe, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), Ville de Paris through the 'Le CO2 parisien' (Paris 2030) project., ANR-09-BLAN-0222,CO2-MEGAPARIS,Quantification des émissions de CO2 en Ile-de-France(2009), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Most of the global fossil fuel CO2 emissions arise out of urbanized and industrialized areas. Bottom-up inventories quantify them but with large uncertainties. In 2010–2011, the first atmospheric in-situ CO2 measurement network for Paris, the capital of France, has been operated with the aim of monitoring the regional atmospheric impact of the emissions out coming from this megacity. Five stations sampled air along a northeast-southwest axis that corresponds to the direction of the dominant winds. Two stations are classified as rural (TRN and MON), two are peri-urban (GON and GIF) and one is urban (EIF, located on top of the Eiffel tower). In this study, we analyze the diurnal, synoptic and seasonal variability of the in-situ CO2 measurements over nearly one year (8 August 2010–13 July 2011). We compare these datasets with remote CO2 measurements made at Mace Head (MHD) on the Atlantic coast of Ireland, and support our analysis with atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) observations made in the centre of Paris and with both modeled and observed meteorological fields. The average hourly CO2 diurnal cycles observed at the regional stations are mostly driven by the CO2 biospheric cycle, the ABLH cycle, and the proximity to urban CO2 emissions. Differences of several μmol mol−1 (ppm) can be observed from one regional site to the other. The more the site is surrounded by urban sources (mostly traffic, residential and commercial heating), the more the CO2 concentration is elevated, as is the associated variability which reflects the variability of the urban sources. Furthermore, two elevated sites (EIF and TRN) show a phase shift of the CO2 diurnal cycle of a few hours compared to lower sites due to a strong coupling with the boundary layer diurnal cycle. As a consequence, the existence of a CO2 vertical gradient above Paris can be inferred, whose amplitude depends on the time of the day and on the season, ranging from a few tenths of ppm during daytime to several ppm during nighttime. The CO2 seasonal cycle inferred from monthly means at our regional sites are driven by the biospheric and anthropogenic CO2 flux seasonal cycles, by the ABLH seasonal cycle and also by synoptic variations. Gradients of several ppm are observed between the rural and peri-urban stations, mostly from the influence of urban emissions that are in the footprint of the peri-urban station. The seasonal cycle observed at the urban station (EIF) is specific and very sensitive to the ABLH cycle. At both the diurnal and the seasonal scales, noticeable differences of several ppm can be observed between the measurements made at regional rural stations and the remote measurements made at MHD, that are shown not to define background concentrations appropriately for quantifying the regional atmospheric impact of urban CO2 emissions. For wind speeds less than 3 m s−1, the accumulation of the local CO2 emissions in the urban atmosphere forms a dome of several tens of ppm at the peri-urban stations, mostly under the influence of relatively local emissions including those from the Charles-De-Gaulle (CDG) airport facility and from aircrafts in flight. When wind speed increases, ventilation transforms the CO2 dome into a plume. Higher CO2 background concentrations of several ppm are advected from the remote Benelux-Ruhr and London regions, impacting concentrations at the five stations of the network even at wind speeds higher than 9 m s−1. For wind speeds ranging between 3 and 8 m s−1, the impact of Paris emissions can be detected in the peri-urban stations when they are downwind of the city, while the rural stations often seem disconnected from the city emission plume. As a conclusion, our study highlights a high sensitivity of the stations to wind speed and direction, to their distance from the city, but also to the ABLH cycle depending on their elevation. We learn some lessons regarding the design of an urban CO2 network: 1/ careful attention should be paid to properly setting background sites that will be representative of the different wind sectors; 2/ the downwind stations should as much as possible be positioned symmetrically in relation to the city centre, at the peri-urban/rural border; 3/ the stations should be installed at ventilated sites (away from strong local sources) and the air inlet set-up above the building or biospheric canopy layer, whichever is the greatest; and 4/ high resolution wind information should be available with the CO2 measurements.

Published
2018

50. Identification of spikes associated with local sources in continuous time series of atmospheric CO, CO 2 and CH 4

Author

El Yazidi, Abdelhadi, Ramonet, Michel, Ciais, Philippe, Broquet, Grégoire, Pison, Isabelle, Abbaris, Amara, Brunner, Dominik, Conil, Sébastien, Delmotte, Marc, Gheusi, François, Guerin, Frédéric, Hazan, Lynn, Kachroudi, Nesrine, Kouvarakis, Giorgos, Mihalopoulos, Nikolaos, Rivier, Leonard, Serça, Dominique, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; This study deals with the problem of identifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in time series of greenhouse gases and long-lived tracer measurements. We considered three spike detection methods known as coefficient of variation (COV), robust extraction of baseline signal (REBS) and standard deviation of the background (SD) to detect and filter positive spikes in continuous greenhouse gas time series from four monitoring stations representative of the European ICOS (Inte-grated Carbon Observation System) Research Infrastructure network. The results of the different methods are compared to each other and against a manual detection performed by station managers. Four stations were selected as test cases to apply the spike detection methods: a continental rural tower of 100 m height in eastern France (OPE), a high-mountain observatory in the southwest of France (PDM), a regional marine background site in Crete (FKL) and a marine clean-air background site in the Southern Hemisphere on Amster-dam Island (AMS). This selection allows us to address spike detection problems in time series with different variability. Two years of continuous measurements of CO 2 , CH 4 and CO were analysed. All methods were found to be able to detect short-term spikes (lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes) in the time series. Analysis of the results of each method leads us to exclude the COV method due to the requirement to arbitrarily specify an a priori percentage of rejected data in the time series, which may over-or underestimate the actual number of spikes. The two other methods freely determine the number of spikes for a given set of parameters , and the values of these parameters were calibrated to provide the best match with spikes known to reflect local emissions episodes that are well documented by the station managers. More than 96 % of the spikes manually identified by station managers were successfully detected both in the SD and the REBS methods after the best adjustment of parameter values. At PDM, measurements made by two analyz-ers located 200 m from each other allow us to confirm that the CH 4 spikes identified in one of the time series but not in the other correspond to a local source from a sewage treatment facility in one of the observatory buildings. From this experiment , we also found that the REBS method underestimates the number of positive anomalies in the CH 4 data caused by local sewage emissions. As a conclusion, we recommend the use of the SD method, which also appears to be the easiest one to implement in automatic data processing, used for the operational filtering of spikes in greenhouse gases time se-Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1600 A. El Yazidi et al.: Identification of spikes associated with local sources ries at global and regional monitoring stations of networks like that of the ICOS atmosphere network.

Published
2018

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