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Resumen: El síndrome branquio-oto-renal (BOR) es un trastorno hereditario autosómico dominante, poco frecuente, que se presenta con expresividad variable y penetrancia reducida, con gran heterogeneidad clínica inter e intrafamiliar. Es causado por alteraciones del desarrollo del oído, riñones y de los segundos arcos branquiales, estructura que en el embrión en desarrollo da origen a tejidos del cuello. Los hallazgos clínicos más comunes son las fístulas o quistes en el cuello, déficit auditivo, malformaciones del oído externo con apéndices u hoyuelos preauriculares y afectación renal uni o bilateral que va de moderada a severa. El síndrome es causado principalmente por mutaciones en el gen EYA1 que actúa como regulador transcripcional durante la embriogénesis, las cuales se detectan en el 40% de los pacientes. Presentamos un caso ilustrativo de síndrome de BOR que se mostró con hallazgos clínicos sugestivos como fositas preauriculares, fístulas branquiales, hipoacusia severa con anomalías anatómicas del oído, compromiso renal y antecedentes familiares. En este paciente se encontró una variante patogénica en el gen EYA1: c.1081C>T (p.Arg361TER). Esta es considerada una variante nula, ya que provoca un codón de terminación prematuro que conduce a una pérdida de la función de la proteína. Dada la expresividad variable del síndrome de BOR, el diagnóstico molecular cobra importancia para evitar errores diagnósticos, iniciar el seguimiento familiar en cascada con el fin de identificar familiares afectados y para implementar medidas preventivas tendientes a disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad causadas por este síndrome. Summary: The branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR) is an uncommon autosomal dominant genetic disorder with variable expressivity, reduced penetrance and significant clinical and intra-familial heterogeneity. It is caused by alterations in the development of the ears, kidneys and second branchial arches, a structure that in developing embryos produces neck tissue. The most common clinical findings are neck fistulas or cysts, hearing loss, malformations of the outer ear with appendices and/or pre-auricular dimples and unilateral or bilateral moderate to severe renal involvement. The syndrome is mainly caused by mutations in the EYA1 gene that acts as a transcriptional regulator during embryogenesis, and which are detected in 40% of patients. We hereby introduce a representative case of BOR syndrome that showed suggestive clinical findings such as preauricular holes, branchial fistulas, severe hearing loss with anatomical anomalies of the ear, and renal impairment. In this case, we found a pathogenic variant in the EYA1 gene: c.1081C>T (p.Arg361TER). This is considered a null variant, since it causes a premature stop codon that leads to protein function loss. Given the BOR Syndrome variable expressivity, molecular diagnosis is relevant to prevent diagnostic errors, initiate familial cascade screening in order to identify affected relatives and to implement preventive measures aimed at reducing the morbidity and mortality caused by this syndrome. Resumo: A síndrome branquio-oto-renal (BOR) é uma desordem genética autossômica dominante incomum com expressividade variável, penetrância reduzida e significativa heterogeneidade clínica e intrafamiliar. É causada por alterações no desenvolvimento das orelhas, rins e segundos arcos branquiais, as quais durante o desenvolvimento do embrião produzem tecido no pescoço. Os achados clínicos mais comuns são fístulas ou cistos no pescoço, déficit auditivo, malformações da orelha externa com apêndices e / ou seios pré-auriculares e comprometimento renal moderado a grave unilateral ou bilateral. A síndrome é causada principalmente por mutações no gene EYA1, que atua como regulador da transcrição durante a embriogênese e é detectada em 40% dos pacientes. Introduzimos aqui um caso representativo da síndrome BOR que apresentou achados clínicos sugestivos, como fossas pré-auriculares, fístulas branquiais, perda auditiva grave com anomalias anatômicas da orelha e comprometimento renal. Nesse caso, encontramos uma variante patogênica no gene EYA1: c.1081C> T (p.Arg361TER). Isso é considerado uma variante nula, pois causa um códon de parada prematuro que leva a uma perda da função da proteína. Dada a expressividade variável da síndrome do ROR, o diagnóstico molecular é relevante para evitar erros de diagnóstico, iniciar o rastreamento em cascata familiar, a fim de identificar os familiares afetados e implementar medidas preventivas destinadas a reduzir a morbimortalidade causada pela síndrome.

PubMed: 30270054, 2-s2.0-85053666909, Background and aims: Management of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) may vary across different settings due to factors related to population characteristics, practice, resources and/or policies. We conducted a survey among the worldwide network of EAS FHSC Lead Investigators to provide an overview of FH status in different countries. Methods: Lead Investigators from countries formally involved in the EAS FHSC by mid-May 2018 were invited to provide a brief report on FH status in their countries, including available information, programmes, initiatives, and management. Results: 63 countries provided reports. Data on FH prevalence are lacking in most countries. Where available, data tend to align with recent estimates, suggesting a higher frequency than that traditionally considered. Low rates of FH detection are reported across all regions. National registries and education programmes to improve FH awareness/knowledge are a recognised priority, but funding is often lacking. In most countries, diagnosis primarily relies on the Dutch Lipid Clinics Network criteria. Although available in many countries, genetic testing is not widely implemented (frequent cost issues). There are only a few national official government programmes for FH. Under-treatment is an issue. FH therapy is not universally reimbursed. PCSK9-inhibitors are available in ?2/3 countries. Lipoprotein-apheresis is offered in ?60% countries, although access is limited. Conclusions: FH is a recognised public health concern. Management varies widely across countries, with overall suboptimal identification and under-treatment. Efforts and initiatives to improve FH knowledge and management are underway, including development of national registries, but support, particularly from health authorities, and better funding are greatly needed. © 2018 Elsevier B.V., Universidade de São Paulo, USP European Atherosclerosis Society, EAS Amgen Merck Sharp and Dohme, MSD, The ELSA Study suggests heterozygous FH (HeFH) may affect 1:263 Brazilians (?766,000 individuals). Currently, the only active genetic cascade screening program in Brazil is Hipercol Brasil in Sao Paulo (genetic testing for adults with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ?230?mg/dL, to maximise cost-effectiveness), with 1719 heterozygotes, 25 homozygotes, 13 compound-heterozygotes and one double-heterozygote identified by March 2018. To date, 4340 individuals from 440 families were screened. Genetic testing is funded by a government tax reduction programme (PROADI-SUS), and cascade screening by partnering between Samaritano Hospital and Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo. Most FH patients are under non-specialist care and currently under-treated., Prevalence is unknown but assumed at 1:250. There is no state programme and few patients were diagnosed before the Latvian FH Registry was established in 2015. To date, the Registry has identified 181 cases (2.3% of 7876 estimated HeFH cases; no HoFH). Cascade screening is performed in first-degree relatives of index cases with probable/definite FH. Genetic testing is not reimbursed but has been funded by research grants for a few patients/relatives. About 5% of patients had LDL-C at target before inclusion in the Registry [ 61 ]. Statins are reimbursed 50% in primary prevention; statins and ezetimibe, 75–100% in secondary prevention; PCSK9i are available, but not reimbursed., Estimated prevalence is 1:250 (based on a meta-analysis of 6 observational studies) or 136,300 adults (only 2% diagnosed) [ 69 , 70 ]. Based on LIPIDOGRAM studies (2004–2015, ?50,000 participants), prevalence might be?1:200 [ 71 , 72 ]. Five HoFH cases are described [ 73 , 74 ]. Patients with DLCN ?3 are referred for genetic testing, funded by the National Health Program. The National Centre for FH at University Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Gdansk, was established in 2017, financed by the Ministry of Health. From August 2017, 345 patients underwent genetic testing (153 positive, including 46 relatives; 1 HoFH). Since 1999, 1884 patients (562 families) have undergone genetic testing and cascade diagnosis (data from the National Polish FH Registry, Medical University of Gdansk, established in 2000). PCSK9i are not reimbursed (under discussion with the Ministry of Health)., The EAS FHSC project has received support from a Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning & Change 2014 (No: 16157823 ) and from investigator-initiated unrestricted research grants to the European Atherosclerosis Society from Amgen , MSD , and Sanofi-Aventis .