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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, and its etiology remains unclear. Presently, main drugs such as aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoid, immunosuppressive and biological agents are employed to treat IBD. However, because of the long-term use of medication, it adversely affects other human organs. Therefore, natural bioactive compounds are applied as supplements or alternative drugs to alleviate IBD. As a kind of plant natural compounds with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, carotenoids have exhibited potent effects in reducing intestinal inflammation. However, direct oral administration of carotenoids might cause the low specificity of inflammatory sites, which is attributed to its poor aqueous solubility and limited stability. The construction of nutrient delivery system has become an effective, efficient and dependable means. This review summarizes the delivery systems loaded with carotenoids, explores their mechanism and applications in alleviating IBD, and aims to provide corresponding theoretical references for developing novel delivery systems and their practical prospects in IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a multifaceted disease influenced by both intrinsic cellular traits and extrinsic factors, with the tumor microenvironment (TME) being crucial for cancer progression. To satisfy their high proliferation and aggressiveness, cancer cells always plunder large amounts of nutrients and release various signals to their surroundings, forming a dynamic TME with special metabolic, immune, microbial and physical characteristics. Due to the neglect of interactions between tumor cells and the TME, traditional cancer therapies often struggle with challenges such as drug resistance, low efficacy, and recurrence. Importantly, the development of gene editing technologies, particularly the CRISPR‐Cas system, offers promising new strategies for cancer treatment. Combined with nanomaterial strategies, CRISPR‐Cas technology exhibits precision, affordability, and user‐friendliness with reduced side effects, which holds great promise for profoundly altering the TME at the genetic level, potentially leading to lasting anticancer outcomes. This review will delve into how CRISPR‐Cas can be leveraged to manipulate the TME, examining its potential as a transformative anticancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents an aggressive subtype characterized by high rates of recurrence and metastasis, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatment strategies. Oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) therapy has emerged as a promising approach, selectively infecting and destroying tumor cells. However, its efficacy is often hampered by inadequate viral distribution within the tumor microenvironment. Here, we investigate the potential of keratin (KTN) as a carrier for OVV delivery to enhance viral distribution and antitumor efficacy. In vitro assays revealed that KTN significantly improves OVV stability, leading to increased tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis. Furthermore, KTN effectively inhibits cancer cell migration by suppressing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and downregulating metastasis-related proteins. These findings are corroborated in a syngeneic TNBC mouse model, where KTN-mediated OVV delivery enhances cytotoxic T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses without compromising the anti-angiogenic effects of the virus. Notably, KTN alone exhibits antitumor effects by suppressing tumor growth and metastasis, underscoring its potential as a standalone therapeutic agent. In conclusion, our study underscores the promise of KTN-mediated OVV delivery as a promising therapeutic strategy for TNBC. By improving viral distribution, suppressing EMT, and enhancing antitumor immunity, this approach holds significant potential for enhancing patient outcomes in TNBC treatment. Further investigation is warranted to explore the broader utility of KTN in various cancer therapy approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study focuses on encapsulation of sugarcane polyphenols (SPs) to assess its impact on their bioaccessibility and efficacy in inhibiting starch digestion, thereby contributing to glycaemic control strategies. The hypothesis posits that encapsulation enhances both the bioaccessibility and functional effectiveness of SPs. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carrageenan (CAR) were employed as encapsulating agents. The methodology included an evaluation of α‐amylase inhibitory activity and the bioaccessibility of SPs across various encapsulation formulations in vitro digestion, highlighting a specific formulation that combines 0.5% CMC and 0.5% CAR to encapsulate 0.4% SPs. Findings reveal that this formulation significantly increases SPs' bioaccessibility and exhibits the highest α‐amylase inhibitory activity, suggesting its potential to support a low glycaemic index (GI) diet (GI = 54.7). It was observed that the GI is significantly inversely correlated with the bioaccessibility of total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins in SPs, while the bioaccessibility of total flavonoids in SPs showed no significant effect on pGI. Interestingly, SPs encapsulated with CMC were less effective in inhibiting starch digestibility than unencapsulated SPs, attributed to the tight binding of CMC with polyphenols, which limits their interaction with starch and α‐amylase. The study highlights the crucial influence of encapsulation materials on polyphenol functionality and emphasises the need for strategic encapsulation in modulating glycaemic responses. These findings advance the understanding of how processing technologies can optimise the health benefits of dietary bioactives, guiding future research towards functional applications and dietary interventions for glycaemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, the landscape of anti-aging cosmetics has been marked by significant advances in cosmeceutical delivery systems. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of these technological innovations, with a focus on anti-aging effects, from 2018 to 2023. The methodology included a thorough search on PubMed and through gray literature, applying rigorous exclusion criteria. The descriptors were selected based on the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). A total of 265 articles were found. Exclusion criteria were applied, and 90 of them were selected for full reading. After reading the full 90 articles, 52 were excluded, leaving 38 articles for final evaluation composing this review. The key findings highlighted a clear prevalence of studies exploring nanotechnology, including nanoparticles, niosomes, and liposomes. Most of the formulations analyzed in this review emphasize antioxidant activities, which play a crucial role in preventing premature aging caused by free radicals. The reviewed studies revealed specific activities, such as the reduction in melanin synthesis, the inhibition of enzymes involved in the skin aging process, and the prevention of morphological changes typical of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium alginate spheres with a volume of about 5 mL can be used for important purposes. Those that incorporate oolong tea give, in addition to the recreational aspect, the possibility of drinking small quantities of this tea, because oolong tea can be used as a compound with antioxidant properties. This incorporation can be achieved by reverse spherification (5 mL). Six types of spheres have been made, all of them with calcium alginate and the presence or absence of agar-agar and xanthan gum—XG—in two concentrations. The weight loss of the spheres, the release of bioactive compounds over time (a total of 48 h), the surface (internal and external) of the membranes, and the physical characteristics of these membranes have been analyzed. The data obtained indicate that the presence of XG prevents the formation of precipitates inside the spheres and slows down weight loss. It also provides opacity to the spheres. However, the incorporation of agar-agar does not have a significant influence on the different parameters analyzed. The release of catechins reaches a maximum of 80% of what could be achieved under ideal conditions, and it reaches 90% in the first 3 h. The incorporation of XG increases the shelf life of the spheres, slows down the release of chelate, and decreases weight loss over time, allowing for a new perspective on the spherification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a life‐threatening disease primarily caused by renal ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury, which can result in renal failure. Currently, growth factor therapy is considered a promising and effective approach for AKI treatment. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), an angiogenic factor with potent activity, efficiently stimulates angiogenesis and facilitates regeneration of renal tissue. However, the unrestricted diffusion of bFGF restricts its clinical application in AKI treatment. Therefore, developing a novel sustained released system for bFGF could enhance its potential in treating AKI. In this study, we genetically engineered a multifunctional recombinant protein by fusing bFGF with a specific peptide (EBP). EBP‐bFGF effectively binds to the extracellular matrix in the injured kidney, enabling slow release of bFGF in AKI. Furthermore, following orthotopic injection into I/R rats' ischemic kidneys, EBP‐bFGF exhibited stable retention within the tissue. Additionally, EBP‐bFGF suppressed apoptosis of renal cells, reduced renal fibrosis, and facilitated recovery of renal function. These findings suggest that EBP‐bFGF delivery system represents a promising strategy for treating AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as a promising tool for drug delivery because of their natural ability to cross biological barriers, protect their cargo, and target specific cells. Moreover, EVs are not recognized by the immune system as foreign, reducing the risk of an immune response and enhancing biocompatibility. Herein, we proposed an alternative therapeutic strategy to restore STAT3 signaling exploiting STAT3 loaded EVs. This approach could be useful in the treatment of Autosomal Dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome (AD-HIES), a rare primary immunodeficiency and multisystem disorder due to the presence of mutations in STAT3 gene. These mutations alter the signal transduction of STAT3, thereby impeding Th17 CD4+ cell differentiation that leads to the failure of immune response. We set up a simple and versatile method in which EVs were loaded with fully functional STAT3 protein. Moreover, our method allows to follow the uptake of STAT3 loaded vesicles inside cells due to the presence of EGFP in the EGFP-STAT3 fusion protein construct. Taken together, the data presented in this study could provide the scientific background for the development of new therapeutic strategy aimed to restore STAT3 signaling in STAT3 misfunction associated diseases like AD-HIES. In the future, the administration of fully functional wild type STAT3 to CD4+ T cells of AD-HIES patients might compensate its loss of function and would be beneficial for these patients, lowering the risk of infections, the use of medications, and hospitalizations. [Display omitted] • EVs are a promising tool for drug delivery. • EVs have been loaded with fully functional EGFP-STAT3. • EGFP-STAT3 allows to track EVs and to follow STAT3 trafficking in cells. • EVs loaded with fully functional STAT3 might be useful to restore STAT3 signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is the most commonly investigated functional cationic biopolymer in a wide range of medical applications due to its promising properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioadhesivity, as well as its numerous bioactive properties. Within the last three decades, chitosan and its derivatives have been investigated as biomaterials for drug and vaccine delivery systems, besides for their bioactive properties. Due to the functional groups in its structure, it is possible to tailor the delivery systems with desired properties. There has been a great interest in the application of chitosan-based systems also for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, specifically due to their antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunostimulatory effects. In this review, recent applications of chitosan in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are reviewed, and possibilities and limitations with regards to technical and regulatory aspects are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives on utilization of chitosan as a biomaterial are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional vaccines can be classified into inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines given orally or via intramuscular (IM) injection or subcutaneous (SC) injection for the prevention of infectious diseases. Recently, recombinant protein vaccines, DNA vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and multiple/alternative administering route vaccines (e.g., microneedle or inhalation) have been developed to make vaccines more secure, effective, tolerable, and universal for the public. In addition to preventing infectious diseases, novel vaccines have currently been developed or are being developed to prevent or cure noninfectious diseases, including cancer. These vaccine platforms have been developed using various biotechnologies such as viral vectors, nanoparticles, mRNA, recombination DNA, subunit, novel adjuvants, and other vaccine delivery systems. In this review, we will explore the development of novel vaccines applying biotechnologies, such as vaccines based on novel administration routes, vaccines based on novel vectors, including viruses and nanoparticles, vaccines applied for cancer prevention, and therapeutic vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the term "postbiotics" has become increasingly popular in food microbiology, food science, and commercial products. This importance has been raised due to the safety issues associated with live bacterial cells. Postbiotics are defined as bioactive substances of probiotics. It confers unique health-promoting functions with its chemical structure, safe profile, and long shelf life. Meanwhile, postbiotics nanoparticles (postbiotics-NPs) can be considered novel postbiotic delivery systems to deliver bioactive components with health benefits and therapeutic aims, promote the shelf-life of food products, and develop novel functional foods. The present scientific literature shows that nanotechnology approaches are not yet mature enough to be used in postbiotic delivery systems. For all of that, the potential applications of postbiotics-NPs in the food industry and biomedical fields will be a new trend in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is considered to be a promising cytokine for enhancing an antitumor immune response; however, recombinant IL-12 has shown significant toxicity and limited efficacy in early clinical trials. Recently, many strategies for delivering IL-12 to tumor tissues have been developed, such as modifying IL-12, utilizing viral vectors, non-viral vectors, and cellular vectors. Previous studies have found that the fusion of IL-12 with extracellular matrix proteins, collagen, and immune factors is a way to enhance its therapeutic potential. In addition, studies have demonstrated that viral vectors are a good platform, and a variety of viruses such as oncolytic viruses, adenoviruses, and poxviruses have been used to deliver IL-12—with testing previously conducted in various cancer models. The local expression of IL-12 in tumors based on viral delivery avoids systemic toxicity while inducing effective antitumor immunity and acting synergistically with other therapies without compromising safety. In addition, lipid nanoparticles are currently considered to be the most mature drug delivery system. Moreover, cells are also considered to be drug carriers because they can effectively deliver therapeutic substances to tumors. In this article, we will systematically discuss the anti-tumor effects of IL-12 on its own or in combination with other therapies based on different delivery strategies.

The advent of RNA therapy, particularly through the development of mRNA cancer vaccines, has ushered in a new era in the field of oncology. This article provides a concise overview of the key principles, recent advancements, and potential implications of mRNA cancer vaccines as a groundbreaking modality in cancer treatment. mRNA cancer vaccines represent a revolutionary approach to combatting cancer by leveraging the body's innate immune system. These vaccines are designed to deliver specific mRNA sequences encoding cancer-associated antigens, prompting the immune system to recognize and mount a targeted response against malignant cells. This personalized and adaptive nature of mRNA vaccines holds immense potential for addressing the heterogeneity of cancer and tailoring treatments to individual patients. Recent breakthroughs in the development of mRNA vaccines, exemplified by the success of COVID-19 vaccines, have accelerated their application in oncology. The mRNA platform's versatility allows for the rapid adaptation of vaccine candidates to various cancer types, presenting an agile and promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. Clinical trials of mRNA cancer vaccines have demonstrated encouraging results in terms of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Pioneering candidates, such as BioNTech's BNT111 and Moderna's mRNA-4157, have exhibited promising outcomes in targeting melanoma and solid tumors, respectively. These successes underscore the potential of mRNA vaccines to elicit robust and durable anti-cancer immune responses. While the field holds great promise, challenges such as manufacturing complexities and cost considerations need to be addressed for widespread adoption. The development of scalable and cost-effective manufacturing processes, along with ongoing clinical research, will be pivotal in realizing the full potential of mRNA cancer vaccines. Overall, mRNA cancer vaccines represent a cutting-edge therapeutic approach that holds the promise of transforming cancer treatment. As research progresses, addressing challenges and refining manufacturing processes will be crucial in advancing these vaccines from clinical trials to mainstream oncology practice, offering new hope for patients in the fight against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Implementing encapsulation techniques is pivotal in safeguarding bioactive molecules against environmental conditions for drug delivery systems. Moreover, the food‐grade nanocarrier is a delivery system and food ingredient crucial in creating nutraceutical foods. Nano α‐lactalbumin has been shown to be a promissory nanocarrier for hydrophobic molecules. Furthermore, the nanoprotein can enhance the tecno‐functional properties of food such as foam and emulsion. The present study investigated the nanostructured α‐lactalbumin protein (nano α‐la) as a delivery and controlled release system for bioactive molecules in a gastric‐intestinal in vitro mimic system. RESULTS: The nano α‐la was synthesized by a low self‐assembly technique, changing the solution ionic strength by NaCl and obtaining nano α‐la 191.10 ± 21.33 nm and a spherical shape. The nano α‐la showed higher encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity for quercetin than riboflavin, a potential carrier for hydrophobic compounds. Thermal analysis of nano α‐la resulted in a ΔH of −1480 J g−1 for denaturation at 57.44 °C. The nanostructure formed by self‐assembly modifies the foam volume increment and stability. Also, differences between nano and native proteins in emulsion activity and stability were noticed. The release profile in vitro showed that the nano α‐la could not hold the molecules in gastric fluid. The Weibull and Korsmeyer‐Peppas model better fits the release profile behavior in the studied fluids. CONCLUSION: The present study shows the possibility of nano α‐la as an alternative to molecule delivery systems and nutraceutical foods' formulation because of the high capacity to encapsulate hydrophobic molecules and the improvement of techno‐functional properties. However, the nanocarrier is not perfectly suitable for the sustainable delivery of molecules in the gastrointestinal fluid, demanding improvements in the nanocarrier. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistant starch, also known as anti-digestion enzymatic starch, which cannot be digested or absorbed in the human small intestine. It can be fermented in the large intestine into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and metabolites, which are advantageous to the human body. Starches can classify as rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS), which possess high thermal stability, low water holding capacity, and emulsification characteristics. Resistant starch has excellent physiological functions such as stabilizing postprandial blood glucose levels, preventing type II diabetes, preventing intestinal inflammation, and regulating gut microbiota phenotype. It is extensively utilized in food processing, delivery system construction, and Pickering emulsion due to its processing properties. The resistant starches, with their higher resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis, support their suitability as a potential drug carrier. Therefore, this review focuses on resistant starch with structural features, modification characteristics, immunomodulatory functions, and delivery system applications. The objective was to provide theoretical guidance for applying of resistant starch to food health related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaoyan Shi, Leiming Hu, Dong Hu, Xuehai Ou, Yansheng Huang Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yansheng Huang, Department of Hand Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710000, People’s Republic of China, Email yshg1991@163.comAbstract: Diabetic wounds pose a significant challenge in modern healthcare due to their chronic and complex nature, often resulting in delayed healing, infections, and, in severe cases, amputations. In recent years, nanotherapeutic approaches have emerged as promising strategies to address the unique pathophysiological characteristics of diabetic wounds. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in nanotherapeutics for diabetic wound treatment. We discuss various nanomaterials and delivery systems employed in these emerging therapies. Furthermore, we explore the integration of biomaterials to enhance the efficacy of nanotherapeutic interventions. By examining the current state-of-the-art research, challenges, and prospects, this review aims to offer valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals working in the field of diabetic wound care.Keywords: diabetic wounds, nanoparticle, biomaterials, DELIVERY system

Chitosan is a naturally-occurring alkaline polysaccharide with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and easy preparation. It has been widely used in the construction of delivery systems for various nutrients and bioactive substances. The chitosan-based nutrient delivery systems are mainly constructed by cross-linking, drying, layer-by-layer self-assembly, coalescence, covalent grafting, microfluidics and biosynthesis. Chitosan can be combined with carbohydrates, proteins and liposomes to form a composite carrier that can obtain more excellent performance and broaden its application in food packaging materials, slow release of bioactive substances and probiotic embedding. In addition, this paper further analyzes the obstacles and limitations of the actual application of chitosan-based nutrient delivery systems in the food industry, to provide important references for the application of chitosan-based delivery carriers in imparting new functional properties to foods, developing new food ingredients, and nutrient fortification.

Entrapping bioactive ingredients like elderberry extract in hydrogels improves their stability and functionality in food matrices. This study assessed the effect of sequential thermal treatment with ultrasound (US) or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and treatment duration on pea protein–psyllium hydrogels as elderberry extract carriers. Measurements included color parameters, extract entrapment efficiency, physical stability, textural properties, microrheology, FT-IR, thermal degradation (TGA), SEM images, total polyphenols content, antioxidant activity, and reducing power. The control hydrogel was obtained using only thermal induction. Both treatments impacted physical stability by affecting biopolymer aggregate structures. Thermal and US combined induction resulted in hydrogels with noticeable color changes and reduced entrapment efficiency. Conversely, thermal and HHP-combined induction, especially with extended secondary treatment (10 min), enhanced hydrogel strength, uniformity, and extract entrapment efficiency (EE = 33% for P10). FT-IR and TGA indicated no chemical structural alterations post-treatment. Sequential thermal and HHP induction preserved polyphenol content, antioxidant activity (ABTS = 5.8 mg TE/g d.m.; DPPH = 11.1 mg TE/g d.m.), and reducing power (RP = 1.08 mg TE/g d.m.) due to the dense hydrogel structure effectively enclosing the elderberry extract. Sequential thermal and HHP induction was more effective in developing pea protein–psyllium hydrogels for elderberry extract entrapment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive compounds (BACs) have attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. However, such substances have problems such as difficulty dissolving in water, poor stability, and low intestinal absorption, leading to serious limitations in practical applications. Nowadays, food colloidal delivery carriers have become a highly promising solution due to their safety, controllability, and efficiency. The use of natural macromolecules to construct delivery carriers can not only regulate the solubility, stability, and intestinal absorption of BACs but also effectively enhance the nutritional added value of functional foods, improve sensory properties, and extend shelf life. Moreover, smart-responsive colloidal delivery carriers can control the release characteristics of BACs, thus improving their absorption rate in the human body. This review describes the characteristics of several typical food colloid delivery carriers, focuses on their physical properties from static structure to dynamic release, summarizes their applications in delivery systems, and provides an outlook on the future development of food colloid delivery carriers. The different compositions and structures of food colloids tend to affect their stability and release behaviors, and the different surface properties and rheological characteristics of the carriers predestine their different application scenarios. The control of in vivo release properties and the effect on food media should be emphasized in the future exploration of safer and more controllable carrier systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease ranks third among noncommunicable illnesses, behind cancer and cardiovascular disease, and is closely related to the occurrence and progression of various systemic diseases. However, elucidating the processes of periodontal disease and promoting periodontal bone regeneration remains a challenge. Here, quercetin is demonstrated to reduce the oxidative stress state of orofacial mesenchymal stem cells (OMSCs) in vitro and to affect the osteogenic growth of OMSCs through molecular mechanisms that mediate the m6A change in Per1. Nevertheless, the limited therapeutic efficacy of systemic medication and the limitations of local medication resulting from the small, moist, and highly dynamic periodontal environment make it challenging to treat periodontal tissues with medication. Herein, a biosafe injectable hydrogel drug‐controlled delivery system is constructed as a bone‐enhancing factory and loaded with quercetin to treat oxidative stress injury in periodontal tissues. This drug‐carrying system made up of nanoscale bioglass microspheres and a light‐cured injectable hydrogel, allows effective drug particle loading and cementation in the dynamic and moist periodontal environment. Furthermore, the system demonstrates the ability to stimulate OMSCs osteogenic differentiation in a Per1‐dependent manner, which ultimately promotes periodontal bone repair, suggesting that this system has potential for clinical periodontal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, drug release applications through the skin have become very popular. One of the most remarkable of these drug release applications is transdermal drug release systems, which are drug release methods that allow the active substance to pass into the systemic circulation through the skin or artificial membranes. In this study, the optimization conditions required for the release and permeation tests of a gel drug containing the active substance thiocolchicoside were comparatively investigated using synthetic membranes without human or animal skin. For this purpose, the permeability of the gel drug in gel form and the active ingredient thiocolchicoside was carried out using Franz Diffusion Cell. As a result of the investigations, it was observed that the best synthetic membrane for the permeability of thiocolchicoside in the Franz Diffusion Cell was the Supor membrane. In addition, the method's relative standard deviation values, detection, and quantification limits were determined, and permeation studies were carried out. In this study, the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9992, and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.026 and 0.078 µg/L. In this way, the sensitivity and reliability of the validation study were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovalbumin (OVA) is the most abundant protein in egg white, with excellent functional properties (e.g., gelling, foaming, emulsifying properties). Nevertheless, OVA has strong allergenicity, which is usually mediated by specific IgE thus results in gut microbiota dysbiosis and causes atopic dermatitis, asthma, and other inflammation actions. Processing technologies and the interactions with other active ingredients can influence the functional properties and allergic epitopes of OVA. This review focuses on the non-thermal processing technologies effects on the functional properties and allergenicity of OVA. Moreover, the research advance about immunomodulatory mechanisms of OVA-mediated food allergy and the role of gut microbiota in OVA allergy was summarized. Finally, the interactions between OVA and active ingredients (such as polyphenols and polysaccharides) and OVA-based delivery systems construction are summarized. Compared with traditional thermal processing technologies, novel non-thermal processing techniques have less damage to OVA nutritional value, which also improve OVA properties. OVA can interact with various active ingredients by covalent and non-covalent interactions during processing, which can alter the structure or allergic epitopes to affect OVA/active components properties. The interactions can promote OVA-based delivery systems construction, such as emulsions, hydrogels, microencapsulation, nanoparticles to encapsulate bioactive components and monitor freshness for improving foods quality and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in plant-based diets due to health concerns, sustainability, and allergenicity of animal proteins has led to a surge in the use of plant proteins. However, their low functionality has made it challenging to use them in developing drugs and digesting new foods. The Maillard reaction which occurs naturally between proteins and polysaccharides presents a potential solution to this problem. However, its sensitivity to temperature, pH levels, and ionic strength makes its use in the food and pharmaceutical sectors problematic. This review explores different Maillard conjugation strategies using plant proteins and polysaccharides to provide a better understanding of their potential for generating protein functions in the food industry. The review highlights the importance of this technique in creating new and functional food products that are safe and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of many edible bioactive agents is limited by their low water dispersibility and chemical instability in foods, as well as by their poor bioaccessibility, low absorption, and metabolism within the human gastrointestinal tract. Whey proteins are amphiphilic molecules that can be used to construct a variety of edible carrier systems that can improve the performance of bioactive ingredients. These carrier systems are being used by the food and biomedical industries to encapsulate, protect, and deliver a variety of bioactive agents. In this article, we begin by providing an overview of the molecular and functional characteristics of whey proteins, and then discuss their interactions with various kinds of bioactive agents. The ability of whey proteins to be used as building blocks to assemble different kinds of carrier systems is then discussed, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, oleogels, bigels, nanofibers, nanotubes, and nanoemulsions. Moreover, applications of these carrier systems are highlighted. Different kinds of whey protein-based carriers can be used to encapsulate, protect, and deliver bioactive agents. Each kind of carrier has its own characteristics, which make them suitable for different application needs in foods and other products. Previous studies suggest that whey protein-based carriers are particularly suitable for protecting chemically labile bioactive agents and for prolonging their release profiles. In the future, it is likely that the applications of whey protein-based carriers in the food and pharmaceutical fields will expand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisetin has shown numerous health benefits, whereas its food application is constrained by water insolubility, poor stability, and low bioaccessibility. This work investigated the potential of hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated nanoliposomes for the encapsulation and delivery of fisetin. It was observed that HA can adsorb onto the liposomal membrane through hydrogen bonding and maintain the spherical shape of nanoliposomes. Fluorescence analysis suggested that the HA coating restricted the motion and freedom of phospholipid molecules in the headgroup region and reduced the interior micropolarity of the nanoliposomes but did not affect the fluidity of the hydrophobic core. These effects were more pronounced for the HA with a low molecular weight (35 kDa) and moderate concentration (0.4%). The HA coating improved the storage and thermal stability of the nanoliposomes, as well as the digestive stability and bioaccessibility of the encapsulated fisetin. These findings could guide the development of HA-coated nanoliposomes for the controlled delivery of hydrophobic bioactives such as fisetin in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels, composed of three-dimensional polymer networks, are excellent delivery carriers and have been extensively employed in the biomedical field. Inflammation acts as a protective mechanism to prevent harmful substances from entering living organisms, but chronic, long-lasting inflammation can cause oxidative stress, which damages tissue and organs and adversely affects patients' quality of life. The aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been found to play a significant part in the etiology and progression of inflammatory diseases, as suggested by growing evidence. Numerous hydrogels that can act as gene carriers for the intracellular delivery of miRNA have been described during ongoing research into innovative hydrogel materials. MiRNA hydrogel delivery systems, which are loaded with exogenous miRNA inhibitors or mimics, enable targeted miRNA intervention in inflammatory diseases and effectively prevent environmental stressors from degrading or inactivating miRNA. In this review, we summarize the classification of miRNA hydrogel delivery systems, the basic strategies and mechanisms for loading miRNAs into hydrogels, highlight the biomedical applications of miRNA hydrogel delivery systems in inflammatory diseases, and share our viewpoints on potential opportunities and challenges in the promising region of miRNA delivery systems. These findings may provide a new theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of inflammation-related diseases and lay the foundation for clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrients, including polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, etc., are the fundamental substances for maintaining critical physiological functions in the body, such as energy metabolism, growth and development, and immune regulation. However, the absorption and digestion of various exogenous nutrients are often affected by environmental factors like pH, temperature, and microorganisms, which always result in an extremely low bioactivity and bioavailability of the nutrients. Due to their diverse gelling agents and preparation processes, food gels possess significant flexibility. To cope with the complex digestive environment of the body, various gel systems that have been selectively designed would be of positive significance for the targeted release and stability maintenance of nutrients. However, although numerous research results have been achieved in applying food gel for nutrient delivery, a comprehensive and systematic summary focused on this field is still deficient. In the present paper, research relating to delivering nutrients with food gels has been reviewed domestically and internationally, and we mainly focus on the features and delivery mechanisms when the various types of gels were employed in constructing the nutrient delivery system. Based on this, the potential of a gel delivery system for nutrient delivery was envisioned, which would contribute to offering some insights and inspiration for the targeted design and development of functional food gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated whether a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) delivery system could safely and accurately deliver nucleic acids to the cell nucleus using the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-C1 plasmid model. Methods: The NLC was formulated using the emulsification method and equipped for cationic lipid-mediated transfection with 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), which interacts electrostatically with nucleic acid. The NLC attributes, including size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, were assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The morphological structure was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Entrapment efficiency was evaluated by a direct method. Cellular uptake mechanisms of pEGFP-C1-NLC and the ability of pEGFP-C1 to penetrate the nucleus of TM4 cells to express EGFP were observed using confocal microscopy. Results: pEGFP-C1-NLC exhibited particle sizes in the range 56-88 nm with a particle charge range of -6.0 to+1.3 mV. The polydispersity index<0.5 showed good size uniformity, and entrapment efficiency of pEGFP-C1in the NLC was 92.06±2.295%. The NLC formulation was internalized predominantly via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, as indicated by EGFP expression following successful delivery of pEGFP by the NLC into the cells. Conclusion: NLC formulation could deliver genetic material to the nucleus and could be considered a gene therapy candidate for spermatogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread use of plant protection agents in agriculture is a major cause of pollution. Apart from active ingredients, the environmental impact of auxiliary synthetic polymers should be minimized if they are highly persistent. An alternative to synthetic polymers is the use of natural polysaccharides, which are abundant and biodegradable. In this study, we explore pectin microgels functionalized with anchor peptides (P‐MAPs) to be used as an alternative biobased pesticide delivery system. Using copper as the active ingredient, P‐MAPs effectively prevented infection of grapevine plants with downy mildew under semi‐field conditions on par with commercial copper pesticides. By using anchor peptides, the microgels tightly bind to the leaf surface, exhibiting excellent rain fastness and prolonged fungicidal activity. Finally, P‐MAPs are shown to be easily degradable by enzymes found in nature, demonstrating their negligible long‐term impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Patients having cancer, infectious and other diseases suffer from drug resistance and systemic side effects owing to the conventional chemotherapeutics' insolubility, toxicity, non-specificity, low therapeutic indices, and several limitations against biological barriers. To overcome these obstacles, nanotechnology-based metallic platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) have attracted attention for targeted drug delivery and sustained release against the diseases for the cellular killing as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. PtNPs-based therapeutic systems have been utilized to avail their higher therapeutic efficacies with low concentrations against various diseases due to their suitable physicochemical features such as shape, size, high surface to volume ratio, favorable bio-stability, easy membrane penetration, and easy surface functionalizations with cargos, ligands, peptides, antibodies and polymers for the targeted and controlled therapy against diseases. PtNPs may also be conjugated with other metals with drugs as suitable carriers for their chemo, photothermal / photoacoustic / magnetic therapies against tumors. This review demonstrates mainly the synthesis, functionalization, mechanism of action, biomedical application and toxicity of PtNPs as suitable nanomedicinal delivery system against diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a novel hyaluronic acid (HA) 3D scaffold integrated with gelatin microparticles for sustained-delivery applications. To achieve this goal, the delivery microparticles were synthesized and thoroughly characterized, focusing on their crosslinking mechanisms (vanillin and genipin), degradation profiles, and release kinetics. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the system was assessed, and its impact on the cell adhesion and distribution using mouse fibroblasts was examined. The combination of both biomaterials offers a novel platform for the gradual release of various factors encapsulated within the microparticles while simultaneously providing cell protection, support, and controlled factor dispersion due to the HA 3D scaffold matrix. Hence, this system offers a platform for addressing injure repair by continuously releasing specific encapsulated factors for optimal tissue regeneration. Additionally, by leveraging the properties of HA conjugates with small drug molecules, we can enhance the solubility, targeting capabilities, and cellular absorption, as well as prolong the system stability and half-life. As a result, this integrated approach presents a versatile strategy for therapeutic interventions aimed at promoting tissue repair and regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is a significant concern associated with the delivery of chemotherapeutics to the colon due to limited drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Starch has received great interest as a delivery agent owing to its cost efficacy and high availability. In this study, native resistant starch and acid‐modified resistant starch from Vigna unguiculata were used to produce microcapsules containing camptothecin as an oral‐colon‐specific drug delivery agent. Functional characteristics such as solubility, swelling power, amylose content, emulsifying, foaming together with water and oil absorption capacity of native resistant starch and acid‐modified resistant starch were established. The prepared microcapsules were characterised and subjected to simulated digestion with the obtained residue evaluated for cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. It was observed that acid‐modified resistant starch had the best functional properties (water absorption capacity: 2.76 g g−1, oil absorption capacity: 3.13 g g−1, amylose: 35%, foaming capacity: 17.73%, and emulsifying activity: 33.33%) as compared to its native resistant starch (water absorption capacity: 2.03 g g−1, oil absorption capacity: 2.81 g g−1, amylose: 32%, foaming capacity: 4% and emulsifying activity: 23.56%). The microcapsules had a particle size of 0.25–0.35 μm, moisture content between 1.12% and 3.41% and a high encapsulation efficiency of 96.40 and 98.96% for native resistant starch and acid‐modified resistant starch capsules respectively. Results for MTT assay showed cancerous cells to be inhibited by microcapsules with noncancerous cells less affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food hydrogels, used as delivery systems for bioactive compounds, can be formulated with various food-grade biopolymers. Their industrial utility is largely determined by their physicochemical properties. However, comprehensive data on the properties of pea protein–psyllium binary hydrogels under different pH and ionic strength conditions are limited. The aim of this research was to evaluate the impact of pH (adjusted to 7, 4.5, and 3) and ionic strength (modified by NaCl addition to 0.15 and 0.3 M) on the physical stability, color, texture, microrheological, and viscoelastic properties of these hydrogels. Color differences were most noticeable at lower pH levels. Inducing hydrogels at pH 7 (with or without NaCl) and pH 4.5 and 3 (without NaCl) resulted in complete gel structures with low stability, low elastic and storage moduli, and low complex viscosity, making them easily spreadable. Lower pH inductions (4.5 and 3) in the absence of NaCl resulted in hydrogels with shorter linear viscoelastic regions. Hydrogels induced at pH 4.5 and 3 with NaCl had high structural stability, high G' and G" moduli, complex viscosity, and high spreadability. Among the tested induction conditions, pH 3 with 0.3 M NaCl allowed for obtaining a hydrogel with the highest elastic and storage moduli values. Adjusting pH and ionic strength during hydrogel induction allows for modifying and tailoring their properties for specific industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous research on functional factors, the essential components in functional foods, numerous functional factors have been developed and applied to functional foods. For instance, unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols and carotenoids have their own low bioavailability due to their special physicochemical properties, thus restricting their application in food. Therefore, the development of functional factor transport systems to improve the utilization of functional factors in food organisms has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this paper, we systematically summarize the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions, multilayer emulsions, solid -phase lipid particles, and gel particles based on recent research on functional factor delivery systems and explain the mechanism of action and application of various delivery systems. The target delivery system could help improve functional factors' problems and achieve the controlled release of targeted action sites in vivo. Conclusively, this paper aims to lay a theoretical basis for developing and applying targeted delivery systems for functional factors in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a naturally-occurring alkaline polysaccharide with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and easy preparation. It has been widely used in the construction of delivery systems for various nutrients and bioactive substances. The chitosan-based nutrient delivery systems are mainly constructed by cross-linking, drying, layer-by-layer self-assembly, coalescence, covalent grafting, microfluidics and biosynthesis. Chitosan can be combined with carbohydrates, proteins and liposomes to form a composite carrier that can obtain more excellent performance and broaden its application in food packaging materials, slow release of bioactive substances and probiotic embedding. In addition, this paper further analyzes the obstacles and limitations of the actual application of chitosan-based nutrient delivery systems in the food industry, to provide important references for the application of chitosan-based delivery carriers in imparting new functional properties to foods, developing new food ingredients, and nutrient fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrospun/sprayed fiber films and nanoparticles were broadly studied as encapsulation techniques for bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, many of them involved using non-volatile toxic solvents or non-biodegradable polymers that were not suitable for oral consumption, thus rather limiting their application. In this research, a novel electrospun lipid–polymer composite (ELPC) was fabricated with whole generally recognized as safe (GRAS) materials including gelatin, medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and lecithin. A water-insoluble bioactive compound, tetrahydrocurcumin (TC), was encapsulated in the ELPC to enhance its delivery. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was utilized to examine the morphology of this ELPC and found that it was in a status between electrospun fibers and electrosprayed particles. It was able to form self-assembled emulsions (droplets visualized by CLSM) to deliver active compounds. In addition, this gelatin-based ELPC self-assembled emulsion was able to form a special emulsion gel. CLSM observation of this gel displayed that the lipophilic contents of the ELPC were encapsulated within the cluster of the hydrophilic gelatin gel network. The FTIR spectrum of the TC-loaded ELPC did not show the fingerprint pattern of crystalline TC, while it displayed the aliphatic hydrocarbon stretches from MCT and lecithin. The dissolution experiment demonstrated a relatively linear release profile of TC from the ELPC. The lipid digestion assay displayed a rapid digestion of triglycerides in the first 3–6 min, with a high extent of lipolysis. A Caco-2 intestinal monolayer transport study was performed. The ELPC delivered more TC in the upward direction than downwards. MTT study results did not report cytotoxicity for both pure TC and the ELPC-encapsulated TC under 15 μg/mL. Caco-2 cellular uptake was visualized by CLSM and semi-quantified to estimate the accumulation rate of TC in the cells over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis is a group of diseases that seriously affect the health of the world’s population. Despite significant progress in understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrogenesis, the technologies and drugs used to treat liver fibrosis have limited efficacy. As a revolutionary genetic tool, gene editing technology brings new hope for treating liver fibrosis. Combining nano-delivery systems with gene editing tools to achieve precise delivery and efficient expression of gene editing tools that can be used to treat liver fibrosis has become a rapidly developing field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and methods of gene editing technology and commonly used gene editing targets for liver fibrosis. We also discuss recent advances in common gene editing delivery vehicles and nano-delivery formulations in liver fibrosis research. Although gene editing technology has potential advantages in liver fibrosis, it still faces some challenges regarding delivery efficiency, specificity, and safety. Future studies need to address these issues further to explore the potential and application of liver fibrosis technologies in treating liver fibrosis.

Due to the drawbacks of low specificity and high risk of side effects of traditional anti-tumor treatments in clinical practice, novel anti-tumor immunotherapy has received attention and has been gradually applied. Tumor immunotherapy is to enhance the anti-tumor immune response by regulating the body’s immune system in order to achieve control and killing of tumors. Tumor immunotherapies include immune checkpoint blockade therapy, over-the-counter cellular immunotherapy and tumor vaccines. Among them, the tumor vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce specific immune cells or antibodies by delivering tumor cell-specific antigens thereby eliminating the tumor cells for the purpose of treating the tumor. In recent years, The field of mRNA vaccines is developing rapidly, and the required mRNA in the synthesis and preparation of the process has been developed and matured, laying a good foundation for the research of tumor mRNA vaccine. Because of the fact that mRNA is easily degraded and cannot enter the cell autonomously, this vaccine requires a suitable delivery vehicle to be successfully taken up by the cell to be effective. Therefore, the development of mRNA vaccine delivery systems has become critical for their better utilization, which is also an important part of whether mRNA vaccines can be developed and utilized for the clinical stage in the field of tumor therapy. This paper briefly introduced the immunotherapeutic methods for tumors, types of tumor vaccines and the mechanism of action and preparation methods of tumor mRNA vaccines, reviewed the research progress and related applications of mRNA vaccines and their common delivery systems in immunotherapy for tumor treatment, and summarized the tumor mRNA vaccines that entered into the phase of clinical trials with the aim of providing assistance for the research of mRNA vaccines for tumors in the future.

Jianing Tang,1,2,&ast; Yuexin Luo,1,2,&ast; Qirui Wang,1,2 Juntao Wu,1,2 Yulong Wei1 1Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2First Clinic School, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yulong Wei, Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, Email yulongwei_HUST@163.comAbstract: As a major cause of low back pain, intervertebral disc degeneration is an increasingly prevalent chronic disease worldwide that leads to huge annual financial losses. The intervertebral disc consists of the inner nucleus pulposus, outer annulus fibrosus, and sandwiched cartilage endplates. All these factors collectively participate in maintaining the structure and physiological functions of the disc. During the unavoidable degeneration stage, the degenerated discs are surrounded by a harsh microenvironment characterized by acidic, oxidative, inflammatory, and chaotic cytokine expression. Loss of stem cell markers, imbalance of the extracellular matrix, increase in inflammation, sensory hyperinnervation, and vascularization have been considered as the reasons for the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration. The current treatment approaches include conservative therapy and surgery, both of which have drawbacks. Novel stimuli-responsive delivery systems are more promising future therapeutic options than traditional treatments. By combining bioactive agents with specially designed hydrogels, scaffolds, microspheres, and nanoparticles, novel stimuli-responsive delivery systems can realize the targeted and sustained release of drugs, which can both reduce systematic adverse effects and maximize therapeutic efficacy. Trigger factors are categorized into internal (pH, reactive oxygen species, enzymes, etc.) and external stimuli (photo, ultrasound, magnetic, etc.) based on their intrinsic properties. This review systematically summarizes novel stimuli-responsive delivery systems for intervertebral disc degeneration, shedding new light on intervertebral disc therapy.Keywords: stimulus response, delivery system, intervertebral disc degeneration, biomaterial

Abstract Ferulic acid (FA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid known for its strong antioxidant activity and potential benefits for intestinal health. However, its poor water solubility and instability limit its effectiveness. To address these issues, different ways have been explored to protect FA against degradation and further exert its potential benefits. This review discusses the absorption and metabolism of FA in the gut, as well as its potential impact on intestinal health. It also compares different intestinal delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, electrospun nanofibers, microcapsules, cross‐linked polymer gels, and Pickering emulsions, which can improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of FA in the gastrointestinal tract. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights for using FA in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceuticals products.

Some bioactive substances are insoluble in water and have low bioavailability, which limits their application. In recent years, how to effectively deliver bioactive substances has attracted wide attention. However, the commonly used food-grade encapsulation carriers, lipids, polysaccharides and proteins, often have limitations when used alone, which limits their effectiveness in delivery systems. Coupling protein with lipid or polysaccharide is an emerging technology for the manufacture of new delivery systems. Compared with a single carrier, these multivariate conjugates have better synergistic effects in vivo, which improves stability and encapsulation efficiency of delivery systems, and can maximize the functional properties and biological activities of products. This paper mainly reviews the importance and limitations of lipids, polysaccharides and proteins as delivery systems, and horizontally compares the advantages and disadvantages between single matrix and multi-composite carrier matrix. The coupling of protein-lipid/polysaccharide binary matrix is taken as the main research object, and the coupling mechanism, coupling method and its advantages in nutrition delivery are discussed. The future research direction is also prospected.

Introduction. The effectiveness of diflunisal in the treatment of cardiac amyloidosis has been clinically proven. Currently, only tablet forms of diflunisal are registered in the world, however, long-term use of NSAIDs leads to characteristic side effects. Therefore, delivery systems for diflunisal (including a form for external use) are now being actively developed to reduce side effects and improve its bioavailability.Aim. Research of the dynamics of release of the active substance diflunisal from the polymer matrix of hyaluronic acid.Materials and methods. The objects of the study are diflunisal gels in hyaluronic acid with a concentration of the main substance of 0.093, 0.14, 0.19 and 0.25 %. Quantitative determination was carried out by reverse-phase HPLC using a Prontosil C18, 120-5, 75 × 2 mm chromatographic column, thermostatically controlled at 40 °C. Eluent: phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with pH 3.0 and acetonitrile (30 : 70), flow rate 0.1 ml/min. Eluates were detected at wavelengths of 230, 270, 310 nm.Results and discussion. During the work, a method (HPLC) was selected and a method for determining diflunisal in a HA matrix was developed. The delivery system under study significantly increases the solubility of diflunisal in an aqueous solution compared to the dissolution of the substance. The release of the active substance from the matrices was carried out in a phosphate buffer solution with pH 7.6. The release rate for all samples exceeded 90 % after 3 hours after the start of the experiment, with most of the active substance released within an hour.Conclusion. The data obtained suggest that the release profile is characteristic of biodegradable matrices and diffusion-controlled delivery systems. Complete extraction of diflunisal from HA was achieved using PBS with pH 7.6 as a dissolution medium.

Abstract To address the issues of probiotic activity loss during storage and feeding, as well as the limited efficacy of single probiotics, a solution was devised by embedding a mixture of Bacillus coagulans SN‐8 (SN‐8) and Saccharomyces boulardii SN‐6 (SN‐6) in a gel. The initial step involved screening the probiotic microcapsules' preparation method and wall material. Using sodium alginate and β‐cyclodextrin as composite wall material and chitosan as the outer coating material allowed for an embedding rate of 82.11% in composite probiotic microcapsules prepared by the air atomization method. Next, in vitro, simulated digestion experiments were conducted to determine the number of viable bacteria and the release rate of the microcapsules. The results showed that compared to the free strain, the mixed probiotic microcapsules retained a survival rate of 67.5% after 3 h of simulated gastric juice exposure and 70.56% after 42 days of storage at 4°C. This demonstrated higher survival rates and storage stability. The prepared probiotic microcapsules were then administered to dairy cows. 16S rDNA gene sequencing showed that consumption of the microcapsules reduced the number of harmful bacteria, such as Paeniclostridium, in the intestinal tract of dairy cows while accelerating the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium. In particular, this resulted in a significant improvement in the lactation performance of the cows, with a 4.5% increase in milk fat content, a 92.5% increase in milk protein content, and a 3.5% increase in milk urea nitrogen content (6.75 mL/dL). In conclusion, probiotic microcapsules can effectively regulate intestinal flora, improving milk production, and quality in dairy cows.

Melanoma is a highly malignant tumor of melanocyte origin that is prone to early metastasis and has a very poor prognosis. Early melanoma treatment modalities are mainly surgical, and treatment strategies for advanced or metastatic melanoma contain chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. The efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy has been unsatisfactory due to low sensitivity and strong toxic side effects. And targeted therapy is prone to drug resistance, so its clinical application is limited. Melanoma has always been the leader of immunotherapy for solid tumors, and how to maximize the role of immunotherapy and how to implement immunotherapy more accurately are still urgent to be explored. This review summarizes the common immunotherapies and applications for melanoma, illustrates the current research status of melanoma immunotherapy delivery systems, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each delivery system and its prospects for clinical application.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)