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During research on women's experiences of child-bearing in rural Bijnor District, in North India, the people asked women to recount all their pregnancies, asking specifically about 'delayed periods', 'falling babies', and 'babies bom dead' or described as dying after just a couple of breaths. In particular, the situation of the child-bearing woman in her in-laws' home impacts on her daily life, including her experiences of pregnancy and pregnancy loss. This distinction between a 'delayed period' and the 'falling of a baby' is crucial for assessing the frequency of pregnancy loss. If such a conception ends in pregnancy loss during the first trimester or so, the woman may not even be aware that she was ever pregnant. Basically, then, an understanding of the meanings of pregnancy loss in rural north India cannot rest simply on descriptive account of ethnomedical theories of the physiological processes associated with pregnancy. The developing fetus grows and takes its strength from the mother’s retained menstrual blood.

Relevance.Intoxication by depleted uranium is possible at uranium mining and processing enterprises, as well as during military conflicts.Intention.To identify possible immunological disorders that develop after acute exposure to depleted uranium in the early and delayed periods.Methods.The study involved 30 outbred rats and 60 СВА mice. Soluble uranium (VI) salts and microcrystalline dispersed mixed uranium oxide were administered via intratracheal + intragastric + cutaneous routes. The relative amount of T-lymphocytes, apoptotic and necrotic cells, the production of tumor necrosis factor, the level of circulating immune complexes, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, the development of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, the production of immunoglobulins were evaluated in this study.Results and Discussion.14 days after the acute exposure to depleted uranium salts, T-helpers and the functional activity of T-lymphocytes decreased; antibody production and the number of cytotoxic T-cells increased as well as the necrotic cells and apoptotic death of immunocytes. All identified changes were transient. The indices returned to normal 60 days after the exposure.Conclusion.The results can be used to provide medical assistance to persons after acute exposure to depleted uranium.

Aim. To assess the condition of cerebral circulation and cognitive functions in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), underwent coronary bypass (CBG) operation under on-pump conditions and to evaluate the influence of citicoline on the higher brain functions at earlier and delayed periods post-surgery. Material and methods . In the Federal center of cardiosurgery (Krasnoyarsk city) 66 patients studied, with diagnosis CHD. Patients selected to 2 groups. Main group (n=36) as a medium for cerebral neuroprotection we used citicoline (Ceraxon): intravenous, 1 day before surgery, 1000 mg on 200 mL of saline, and then for 7 days after surgery, with further intake of the drug 900 mg/daily for 2 months. In comparison group (n=30) there was no neuroprotection in peri-operation period. Results. By the 12th month after surgery, cognition returned to baseline values. In controls, by 12 months after CBG, cognition returned to baseline only by the test “visual memory” of 5 words (direct remembering). Conclusion. Neuroprotection by citicoline might be a method for improvement of cognition in patients after such damaging events as on-pump operation, and therefore make it to reach higher level of daily functioning of post-CBG patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the vinylimidazole derivative as pharmacological preconditioning in experimental acute hypoxia and cerebral ischemia. All experiments were conducted with mice and rats. Acute hypoxia with hypercapnia was modeled by placing the mice in a glass with a glass lid shtanglazy 250 ml. Acute hypobaric hypoxia was performed putting animals under a glass cope, where from the Kamovsky pump pumped up the air which is equal to the altitude of 5000 meters (moderate hypoxia) and 11 000 meters (severe hypoxia). Cerebral ischemia in rats was modeled by one-stage bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Separate pharmacological and hypoxic preconditioning and combined preconditioning by alternately use of pharmacological and hypoxic factors were investigated. It was revealed that combined preconditioning (tetra-(1-vinylimidazole) cobalt dichloride 30 mg/kg + moderate hypobaric hypoxia) enhance the resistance of the animal organism to acute hypoxia in the early period (in 1 hr) and delayed period (in 48 hr) more effective than the separate preconditioning by moderate hypoxia or with the help of tetra-(1-vinylimidazole) cobalt dichloride. The combined preconditioning increase the survival of rats in the early periods and in the delayed periods of cerebral ischemia performance, but doesn’t reduce the severity of neurological deficit in the surviving animals registered with the Stroke Index McGraw scale.

Intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant human interferon-2alpha (100-500 U/rat) decreased the mean effective dose of corasol inducing clonic convulsions in 50% kindled Wistar rats. This effect was more pronounced in delayed periods of kindling and was accompanied by enhancement of epileptiform signs on EEG.

Development of effective antiemetic therapy depends upon an understanding of both the antiemetic agents and the emetogenic challenges these agents are designed to address. New potential antiemetic agents should be studied in an orderly manner, proceeding from phase I to phase II open-label trials and then to randomized double-blind phase III trials comparing new agents and regimens to best standard therapy. Use of placebos in place of antiemetic therapy against highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy is unacceptable. Nausea and vomiting should be evaluated separately and for both the acute and delayed periods. Defining the emetogenicity of new antineoplastic agents is a challenge, since such data are often not reliably recorded during early drug development. A four-level classification system is proposed for emetogenicity of intravenous antineoplastic agents. A separate four-level classification system for emetogenicity of oral antineoplastic agents, which are often given over an extended period of time, is also proposed.

Active anti-stroke fraction of Cerebral preparation (extract of water-soluble molecules from brain tissue of animals with hemorrhagic stroke) decreased caspase-3 expression and improved survival of experimental animals in the acute period after hemorrhagic stroke.

Vol. 156, No. 12, pp. 705-708, December, 2013Original article submitted December 5, 2012Hypoxic preconditioning produces an infarct-limiting effect both in the early and delayed periods. The increase in heart resistance to ischemia–repefusion was more pronounced after early preconditioning. Hypoxic preconditioning did not change heart resistance to the ar-rhythmogenic effect of coronary occlusion and reperfusion.

Elimination of types 16 and 18 human papilloma virus from the surface of cervix uteri for secondary prevention of cervical cancer was evaluated. The method is protected by patent of invention of the Russian Federation. Infrared laser therapy of cervix uteri was carried out in patients with precancer diseases of cervix uteri at Department of Gynecology of Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 52 (Moscow). Papillomavirus infection was eliminated using a Russian diode laser (lambda=1.06 μ, radiation power 10 W) with a collimating headpiece using carbon die at a distance of 10-12 cm from the exposed surface. The treatment resulted in a high percentage of elimination of types 16 and 18 oncogenic virus 4-6 weeks and during delayed periods after exposure.

In patients with viral and bacterial infectious mononucleosis during the acute period of disease and clinical convalescence blood content of CD72+ and CD16+ lymphocytes increased compared to normal. The count of CD8+ cells increased in viral mononucleosis during convalescence and these changes persist in delayed periods after convalescence. In bacterial mononucleosis the content of CD72+ lymphocytes return normal 18 months after convalescence.

The shrinkage of free gingival grafts (FGGs) is a well-known clinical phenomenon but there are limited studies demonstrating the dimensional changes during healing in FGGs. The aim of the study is to examine the shrinkage of FGG in both horizontal and vertical dimensions and calculate the changes in the surface area of the graft at early and delayed periods of healing. The FGG procedure was applied to 15 consecutive patients in their mandibular anterior area. The graft sizes and areas were measured and the shrinkage of the graft was calculated at baseline and days 10, 21 and 180. Hemorrhage, sense alteration and pain symptoms were also examined. Change in the horizontal direction was not statistically significant during the whole study period (p > 0.05). However, there was a statistically significant reduction in the vertical direction in all visits, except day 10 (p < 0.05). Calculated graft area was also significantly reduced during the study period at all time-points compared to the baseline (p < 0.001). At day 10, 4 (26.7%) recipient sites and 5 (33%) donor sites demonstrated paresthesia. Only one (0.07%) recipient site demonstrated paresthesia at day 21 where the donor site resulted with an uneventful healing. At day 10, 5 (33%) patients demonstrated bleeding at their donor regions and resulted with a complete cessation of bleeding at day 21. Pain symptom was found in 8 (53.3%) recipient sites where 3 (20%) donor regions presented pain symptom at day 10. Graft shrinkage in the vertical dimension seems to affect the clinical outcomes of the FGG procedure. However, the influence of horizontal graft shrinkage was minimal. © Springer-Verlag 2007.

To ascertain the effect of menopause on the lives of women in suburban Chandigarh.An integrated qualitative and quantitative study was performed in a low socioeconomic area of Chandigarh city, India. Women aged 40-60 years were enlisted and interviewed.Of the 725 enlisted women, 298 (41%) had attained menopause, 47 (6.5%) were in transition and 43 (5.9%) had undergone hysterectomy. The transition phase lasted for 1-12 months in 48.7% of cases and for 1 year or more in 20.8% of cases. No transitional changes were reported by 30.5% of women. A change in menstrual pattern was the hallmark of this phase and included delayed periods (37.6%), heavy bleeding (13%), scanty periods (7%) or a mixed pattern (11.7%). The majority of women interviewed (76%) did not experience any tension on attainment of menopause. Diminished acuity of vision was the most commonly reported menopausal symptom. Hot flushes were reported by 17.1% of women. Most women (94%) welcomed menopause. Use of hormone replacement therapy was not reported by anyone.Although north Indian women experienced various symptoms at menopause, they largely ignored these, while welcoming the freedom from menstruation-related worries.

Age-specific ultrastructural postradiation changes in the main types of duodenal endocrine cells (apudocytes) were studied in rats 6 and 12 months after single whole-body irradiation in doses of 7 and 7.5 Gy. Ultrastructural disorganization of different severity was detected, which depended on apudocyte type and term postradiation. Degranulation was the basic mechanism of hormone secretion in delayed periods after the exposure.

This study investigated audience status as a manipulation of evaluation apprehension and its effects upon free recall performance. Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to one of four audience conditions (Alone, Experimenter, Peer, and Experimenter and Peer present). They studied three lists of 12 Japanese nonsence syllables for a single presentation. The experimental manipulations were introduced after the first recall. Recall was tested for immediate and delayed periods. In contrast with the Alone condition, three social conditions inhibited the recall behaviors. This social impairment of recall reflects an audience-induced reticence. The results are discussed in terms of the drive and self-presentational theories of social facilitation.

One of the important problems in forestry is the establishment of propagules of high quality for planting. Traditionally this implies the problem of selection through generations. However, due to their slow growth, long vegetative phase before the flowering phase, and their large size, breeding and selection of trees by conventional genetic methods are difficult. In breeding orchards, only female partners can be selected because open pollination relies on airborne pollen. Furthermore, delayed periods of flowering of the two parental partners strongly limit the possibilities for genetic selection. Finally, in situ controlled pollination is expensive.

Morphological and functional characteristics of spermatogenesis in rats were studied during the early and delayed periods after single injection of paclitaxel (antitumor agent) in the maximum tolerated dose. The drug induced structural changes in the gonads associated with oligospermia and increased number of pathological forms of spermatozoa with reduced functional activity.