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In spite of the growing literature on polarization, relatively little is known about the individual-level patterns underlying the decline of routine occupations and its link with informal employment in a middle-income country context. To shed light on this, we examine the ows of formal and informal workers into and out of routine and non-routine occupations over the period 1980-2015 in Chile. Using rich longitudinal data from the Social Protection Survey of Chile, we first reconstruct individuals' occupational trajectories by classifying individuals into different states at a monthly frequency. We then use a series of multilevel competing risk event history models and a decomposition ow approach to study the ows underlying the decline of routine occupations over time. Our results suggest a process of displacement and occupational downgrading for routine manual workers: workers in routine manual formal employment become increasingly unemployed or use informality as a buffer against job loss, and workers in routine manual informal employment become unemployed or transit to non-routine manual informal occupations. By contrast, workers in routine cognitive occupations seem to be relatively more protected against job displacement and occupational downgrading. Lastly, we find that the decrease in the share of routine occupations in Chile is mostly due to a decrease in the in ow transition rate from unemployment as well as an increase in the out ow transition rates to unemployment and informality.

Millions of individuals are required to work from home as part of national efforts to fight COVID-19. To evaluate the employment impact of the pandemic, an important point is whether individuals are able to work from home. This paper estimates the share of jobs that can be performed at home in 23 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries as well as examines the workers' characteristics associated with such jobs. To carry out this analysis, this paper uses rich harmonised household surveys and presents two measures of teleworkability. The first measure of the feasibility of working from home is borrowed from Dingel and Neiman (2020), while the second closely follows the methodology of Saltiel (2020). We use the second measure as our benchmark, as it is based on a more representative task content of occupations for LAC countries. We find that the share of individuals who are able to work from home varies from 7% in Guatemala to 16% in the Bahamas. We document considerable variation in the potential to work from home across occupations, industries, regions and workers' socioeconomic characteristics. Our results show that some individuals are better positioned to cope with the current situation than others. This highlights the need to assist the most vulnerable workers in the context of the global pandemic.

A growing concern in Western countries is the fact that immigrants might adopt oppositional identities. Although identity is expected to affect the economic outcomes of immigrants, little is known about the factors that influence the identity choice of the migrants and thus, their employment outcomes. This study investigates the effect of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the process of identity formation and the employment outcomes of Turkish immigrants in Germany. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this study relies on a difference-in-differences strategy to compare the outcomes of Turks with non-Turks before and after the attacks. The results show that Turks have adopted more extreme identities after 9/11 compared to non-Turks: they are more likely to feel completely German; they are less likely to feel in some respects Turkish whereas they are more likely to feel mostly Turkish. There is no significant impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the Turks’ employment outcomes relative to non-Turks.

The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that influence the labour market integration of new humanitarian migrants in the host country. A number of employment outcomes are examined including access to employment, access to stable employment, the wage/earnings level and the education-occupation mismatch. By using a recently collected panel survey data in Australia, the study shows that pre-migration education, work experience, previous migration episodes, as well as English proficiency, English training, study/job training undertaken in Australia and social capital form important determinants of the labour market integration of refugees in the host country. The paper highlights the differentiated impacts of these resources on the refugees’ outcomes at six months and one year after arrival.

Climate change is expected to disproportionately affect agriculture; however, there is limited information on smallholder farmers ' overall vulnerability and adaptation needs. This paper estimates the impact of climatic shocks on the household agricultural income and subsequently, on farmers ' adaptation strategies. Relying on data from a survey conducted in several communities in Bangladesh in 2011 and based on an IV probit approach, the results show that a one percentage point climate induced decline in agricultural income pushes households to adapt by almost 3 percentage points. However, certain strategies are too costly and cannot be afforded in bad times. For those strategies, we provide evidence of barriers that constrain the development and deployment of adaptive measures, noticeably access to electricity and wealth.

This thesis consists of three self-contained essays. The first, entitled "Integration of Humanitarian Migrants into the Host Country Labour Market: Evidence from Australia", aims at identifying the factors that influence the labour market integration of humanitarian migrants into the host country. A number of refugees' employment outcomes are examined including access to employment, access to stable employment, the wage/earnings level and the education-occupation mismatch. Using a recently collected panel survey data in Australia, the results show that pre-migration education, work experience, previous migration episodes, as well as English proficiency, English training, study/job training undertaken in Australia and social capital form important determinants of the labour market integration of refugees. Moreover, the essay highlights the differentiated impacts of these resources on the refugees' outcomes at six months, one year and two years after arrival in Australia. This essay provides a unique basis of knowledge for informed policy-making and helps identify the ways to facilitate the economic integration of refugees. The second essay, entitled "Ethnic Identity and the Employment Outcomes of Immigrants: Evidence from France", examines the relationship between economic and social integration. More specifically, it explores the influence that ethnic identity exerts on immigrants' labour market performance in the host country. The objective of this essay is twofold: first, to determine the immigrants' ethnic identity and second, to investigate the impact of ethnic identity on the immigrants' employment outcomes. Using a rich survey data from France and relying on a polychoric principal component analysis, this essay proposes two alternative measures of ethnic identity than the ones used in the literature, namely: i) the degree of commitment to the origin country culture and ii) the extent to which the individual holds multiple identities. The essay investigates the impact of the ethnic identity measures on the employment outcomes of immigrants in France. The results show that having multiple identities is associated with an improvement in the employment outcomes of the migrants. However, when addressing the endogenous nature of ethnic identity, there is no significant impact of ethnic identity on the employment outcomes of immigrants. The last essay, entitled "The Effect of 9/11 on Immigrants' Ethnic Identity and Employment: Evidence from Germany", aims at exploring the impact of terrorism on the economic and social integration of immigrants in the host country. Indeed, over the lifecourse of the migrants in the host country, there might be a number of identity shocks that would affect their social integration. This might as well have an effect on their labour market outcomes. This chapter investigates the effect of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the identity choice and the employment outcomes of Muslim immigrants in Germany. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, this essay relies on a difference-in-differences strategy to compare the outcomes of Muslims with non-Muslim immigrants before and after the attacks. One concern is the lack of an appropriate comparison group. In order to address this issue, the essay relies on a regression-adjusted difference-in-differences matching strategy. The results show that Muslim immigrants have decreased their degree of identification with Germany after 9/11 compared to non-Muslims. There is no significant impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on Muslims' employment outcomes relative to non-Muslims. The results contribute to provide a better understanding of the process of social integration of immigrants.