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Background: Acute illness can result in changes in serum total thyroxine (tT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3), and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations in euthyroid dogs defined as nonthyroidal illness syndrome, but longitudinal evaluation of these hormones during the recovery phase is lacking. Objective s : To longitudinally evaluate serum tT4, tT3, and TSH concentrations during the acute phase and recovery from acute illness in dogs. Animals: Nineteen euthyroid client‐owned dogs hospitalized for acute illness at a veterinary teaching hospital. Methods: Prospective longitudinal study. Serum tT4, tT3, and TSH concentrations were measured at the admission (T0), at last day of hospitalization (T1), and during the recovery phase at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the discharge (T2, T3, T4, and T5), respectively. Results: tT4 and tT3 were below the reference interval (RI) at T0 in 3 (16%) and 18 (95%) dogs, respectively; tT4 normalized in all dogs early in the recovery phase, while low tT3 persisted at the end of the study in 16 (83%) dogs. Median TSH concentrations were increased at T5 compared with T1 (0.19 ng/mL [range 0.03‐0.65] vs 0.11 ng/mL [range (0.05‐0.26)], mean difference = 0.09 ng/mL; P =.03). Five (26%) dogs had TSH above the RI at least at 1 time point during the recovery phase. None of the dogs had concurrent low tT4 and high TSH during the study. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: In euthyroid dogs acute illness can interfere with evaluation of thyroid function up to 21 days during the recovery phase. Thyroid testing should be avoided or postponed in these dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dogs with eunatremic, eukalemic hypoadrenocorticism (EEH) typically show signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease (CGD). Previous glucocorticoid administration (PGA) can give false‐positive results on the ACTH stimulation test (ACTHst). Hypothesis/Objectives: To determine the prevalence of EEH in dogs with signs of CGD, and to identify clinical and clinicopathological features for EEH and PGA. Animals: One hundred twelve dogs with CGD (101 non‐PGA and 11 PGA), 20 dogs with EEH. Methods: Multicenter prospective cohort study. Basal serum cortisol (BSC) concentration was measured in dogs with signs of CGD. When BSC was <2 μg/dL and in PGA dogs, ACTHst plus measurement of endogenous ACTH (eACTH) were performed. Records of dogs with EEH from 2009 to 2021 were reviewed. Results: The BSC concentration was <2 μg/dL in 48/101 (47.5%) non‐PGA and in 9/11 (82%) PGA dogs. EEH was diagnosed in 1/112 dog (prevalence 0.9%; 95% CI, 0.1%‐4.8%); the ACTHst provided false‐positive results in 2/11 PGA dogs. PGA dogs showed lower C‐reactive protein‐to‐haptoglobin ratio (median 0.01, range 0.003‐0.08; P =.01), and higher haptoglobin (140, 26‐285 mg/dL; P =.002) than non‐PGA dogs (0.04, 0.007‐1.5; 38.5, 1‐246 mg/dL, respectively). eACTH was higher (P =.03) in EEH (396, 5‐>1250 pg/mL) than in non‐PGA dogs (13.5, 7.3‐46.6 pg/mL). Cortisol‐to‐ACTH ratio was lower (P <.0001 and P =.01, respectively) in EEH (0.002, 0.0002‐0.2) than in non‐PGA (0.1, 0.02‐0.2) and PGA dogs (0.1, 0.02‐0.2). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The prevalence of EEH in dogs with signs of CGD was lower than previously reported. The clinical and clinicopathological features herein identified could increase the index of suspicion for EEH or PGA in dogs with an unclear history of glucocorticoid administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Duodenal ulceration (DU) in dogs derives from different causes but has never previously been related to gallbladder agenesis (GA). GA is a rare congenital disorder in dogs and is considered a predisposing factor for DU in humans. Case Description: A 5-month-old intact female Maltese was presented for acute vomiting and diarrhea. Abdominal ultrasound suggested duodenal perforation and absence of the gallbladder. Exploratory laparotomy was performed to treat the perforation and confirmed GA. Hepatic ductal plate malformation (DPM) was histologically diagnosed in liver biopsy, but no signs of liver dysfunction were detected by blood work at first admission. Two months later, the dog developed signs of portal hypertension and medical treatment was started. However, the clinical condition gradually worsened until liver failure and the dog was euthanized 8 months after surgery. Necropsy confirmed hepatic abnormalities. Conclusion: This report describes a case of DU associated with GA and DPM in a dog. As in humans, GA may represent a hepatobiliary disease predisposing to gastroduodenal ulcerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of 2 assays for measurement of serum fructosamine (SF) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values in dogs and to compare the usefulness of the 2 glycated proteins for assessment of glycemic control In dogs with diabetes mellitus (DM). SAMPLE Blood samples from 40 healthy dogs, 13 diabetic dogs, and 23 anemic normoglycemic nondiabetic dogs and results of 200 assessments of glycemic control in 46 diabetic dogs. PROCEDURES Colorimetric and immunoturbidimetric methods were used for measurement of SF and HbA1c values, respectively. Linearity and precision were determined. The usefulness of SF and HbA1c values for assessment of glycemic control was evaluated with a clinical scoring method used as the reference standard. Cutoff values obtained from receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify the percentage of dogs correctly categorized by means of SF and HbA1c values. RESULTS Mean intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 3.8% and 2.5%, respectively, for the SF assay, and 1.2% and 1.8%, respectively, for the HbA1c assay. Excellent linearity (R² > 0.99) was obtained for both assays. Values for SF and HbA1c were inversely correlated (r = -0.40 and -0.33, respectively) with clinical score and correctly indicated glycemic control in 99 of 200 (50%) and 88 of 200 (44%) assessments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The SF and HbA1c assays were precise, had good linearity, and appeared to be suitable for routine use in veterinary medicine. However, they performed poorly for classifying glycemic control in diabetic dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A factory‐calibrated flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS; FreeStyle Libre) recently was evaluated in dogs with uncomplicated diabetes mellitus. It is not known if this system is reliable during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Objectives: To assess the performance of the FGMS in dogs with DKA and to determine the effect of severity of ketosis and acidosis, lactate concentration, body condition score (BCS), and time wearing the sensor on the accuracy of the device. Animals: Fourteen client‐owned dogs with DKA. Methods: The interstitial glucose (IG) measurements were compared with blood glucose (BG) measurements obtained using a validated portable glucometer. The influence of changes in metabolic variables (β‐hydroxybutyrate, pH, bicarbonate, and lactate) and the effect of BCS and time wearing on sensor performance were evaluated. Accuracy was determined by fulfillment of ISO15197:2013 criteria. Results: Metabolic variables, BCS, and time wearing were not associated with the accuracy of the sensor. Good agreement between IG measurements and BG was obtained both before and after DKA resolution (r =.88 and r =.93, respectively). Analytical accuracy was not achieved, whereas clinical accuracy was demonstrated with 100% and 99.6% of results in zones A + B of the Parkes consensus error grid analysis before and after DKA resolution, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Changes in metabolic variables, BCS, and time wearing do not seem to affect agreement between IG and BG. Despite not fulfilling the ISO requirements, the FGMS provides clinically accurate estimates of BG in dogs with DKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lispro insulin for the treatment of feline diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Times to resolution of hyperglycaemia, ketosis and acidosis were compared between cats treated with continuous rate infusion (CRI) of lispro insulin and cats treated with CRI of regular insulin. Methods Client-owned cats with naturally occurring DKA, newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) or already receiving treatment for DM, were included. Diagnosis of DKA involved the presence of at least two clinical signs consistent with DKA (eg, polyuria/polydipsia, anorexia, severe lethargy, vomiting and dehydration), blood glucose (BG) concentration >13.9 mmol/l (>250 mg/dl), blood beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration >2.5 mmol/l and venous pH <7.3 or bicarbonate <15 mEq/l. Cats were treated with a standard protocol of an intravenous (IV) CRI of regular insulin (group R) or lispro insulin (group L). The time to resolution of DKA was defined as the time interval from when the IV CRI of insulin began until marked hyperglycaemia (BG >13.9 mmol/l [>250 mg/dl]), ketosis (BHB concentration >1 mmol/l) and acidosis (venous pH <7.3 and/or bicarbonate <15 mEq/l) resolved. Results Eighteen DKA cases (nine per group) were enrolled into the study. There were no significant differences in the median time to resolution of three variables (hyperglycaemia, ketosis and acidosis) between the two groups. Two cats in group R developed hypoglycaemia during the CRI of insulin. One cat in group L and three cats in group R developed hypophosphataemia, which required phosphate supplementation. Conclusions and relevance IV CRI of lispro insulin has few side effects and appears to be as effective as IV CRI of regular insulin in the treatment of cats with DKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]