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Results of fourteen two-span continuous deep beams those made from ordinary reinforced concrete (ORC) as a reference and rubberized reinforced concrete (RRC) are presented and discussed in this research. The main parameters are the rubber ratios as a replacement with coarse and fine aggregate and shear span/depth ratio (a/h) is 1.33 and 1.66. Chip and crumb rubbers were used to replace coarse and fine aggregate respectively in four different amounts by volume (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The proposed mix shows an ability to replace 20% of the aggregate (coarse or fine), and the production is still structural concrete. All beams design to fail in shear. The main crack is formatted between the intermediate support and the applied load diagonally. In spite of the inclusion of waste tire rubber in concrete has specific apparent degradations, the potential benefit seems to overlook the adverse effects and also provides the primary significant value of resolution for rubber waste problems. The results show that 20% volumetric substitution of natural coarse or fine aggregates with tier rubber reduced the ultimate load of continuous deep beams by 32.06% and 32.65% but significantly increases the ultimate deflection by 83.07% and 106.28% respectively. The ductility of rubberized continuous deep beams increases up to 36.95% when the replacement ratio of crumb rubber is 20%.

A major cause for the production of higher harmonic forces on the rotating system is the Misalignment between the shafts. This in-turn produces vibrations during the function of any turbine unit that can bring about untimely wear of bearings, loosening of disparate fasteners, and crash of the entire installation. Good efficiency can well be ensured by means of the proper alignment with the rotating elements’ motor axis. And it also makes sure that the motion and power transmission happens devoid of significant loss. The misalignment can well be found if there is a variation on the torque at the motor end. Along with it, the misalignment can well be detected by the torque variation. Here, utilizing the theoretical relationship betwixt the deflection factor and harmonic bending force generated on a formed test rig, the torque and power surge are simulated. Aimed at the data analysis, a statistical design centered upon the Responses Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed. The outcomes are plotted utilizing the Box-Behnken (BB) model to perform a simplified economical study that exhibits when a preventive in addition to predictive methodology can well be applied in the instance of misalignment.

Shear and flexural failure are commonly known as the highest catastrophic failure mode as it never gives any earlier notice before the collapse. The most common shape in the structure of beams and girders is T-section. Therefore it will be more necessary to investigate the condition of these structures. In this research, the flexural behaviour of RC T-beams is investigated experimentally and analytically strengthened with Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP). A symmetrical one-point static loading system is applied on RC T-beams superficially bonded with 45° degree, and 90° wrapping up to failure. The effects of both wrapping patterns of BFRP on RC T-beams were investigated for ultimate load carrying capacity, deflection, strain, and failure modes. The experimental results demonstrate that superficially bonded BFRP can enhance the flexural capacity and reduce the deflection of the beam significantly. Further, the results show that the most effective wrapping pattern was a 45° degree than 90°wrapping and without wrapping. Then the RC T- beam was modeled by using ABAQUS to validate the present experimental and analytical results. After a series of comparative studies, the analytical results fairly admit with the experimental results. In the end, this study surmised showing different cracking patterns and yield points of the beam with and without strengthening. It is hoped that the results of this study will be of considerable help for the strengthening of T- beams and structures.

Aimed at the problem of instability in engine control caused by vector deflection in experiment of turbofan engines with Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle (AVEN), a vector deflection stability control method of aero-engine based on Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) is proposed. Firstly, based on CFD numerical simulation, aerodynamic performance model of AVEN is established, and the aerodynamic load change rule of the nozzle throat area actuator during vector deflection is revealed. Subsequently, the integrated model of AVEN/turbofan engine is established by Simulink/AMESim co-simulation. Finally, the nozzle throat area control loop based on LADRC is designed. The simulation results show that the integrated model can reflect the influence of vector deflection on the stability of the control system. The accuracy comparison between the fan rotor speed and the test data during vector deflection is larger than 1%, indicating a high degree of confidence. Compared with the conventional PID control, the designed LADRC control loop reduces the speed of the low-pressure rotor during vector deflection by 70%, which effectively improves the control stability of the vector deflection. Meanwhile, the fuel flow ratechange during the vector deflection process is smaller and more economical, which provides an important reference for engineering applications.

The autonomous and controllable Dual Synthetic Jet Actuator (DSJA) is firstly integrated into the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and flight tests without the deflection of rudders are carried out to verify the viability of DSJA to control the attitudes of UAV during cruising. DSJA is improved into an actuator with two diaphragms and three cavities, which has higher energy levels. Actuators, differentially distributed on both sides of the wings, are installed on the trailing edge close to the wing tips. Flight tests, containing Differential Circulation Control (DCC) using double-side actuators, Positive Circulation Control (PCC) using left-side actuators and Negative Circulation Control (NCC) using right-side actuators, are implemented at cruising speed of 25 m/s. Results show that roll attitude control without rudders could be realized by DSJAs. DCC and NCC can generate the rightward roll and yaw angular velocity, prompting UAV to turn right. The stronger controlling ability can be achieved by DCC, with the maximum roll angular velocity of 15.62 (°)/s. PCC can generate a rightward roll moment, but a leftward yaw moment will be produced at the same time. Leftward yaw induces the leftward rolling moment, which weakens the roll control effect, making UAV keep to yaw to the left with a small slope.

Nowadays, the mitigation of damage to a ship caused by the underwater explosion attracts more and more attention from the modern ship designers. In this study, two kinds of scale tests were conducted to investigate the effects of polyurea coatings on the blast resistance of hulls subjected to underwater explosion. Firstly, small-scale model tests with different polyurea coatings were carried out. Results indicate that polyurea has a better blast resistance performance when coated on the front face, which can effectively reduce the maximum deflection of the steel plate by more than 20% and reduce the deformation energy by 35.7%–45.4%. Next, a full-scale ship (approximately 50 m × 9 m) under loadings produced by the detonation of 33 kg of spherical TNT charges was tested, where a part of the ship was coated with polyurea on the front face (8 mm + 24 mm) and not on the contrast area. Damage characteristics on the bottom were statistically analyzed based on a 3D scanning technology, indicating that polyurea contributes to enhancing the blast protection of the ship. However, damage results of this test were different from those of the small-scale tests. Moreover, the deformation area of the bottom with polyurea was greatly increased by 40.1% to disperse explosion energy, a conclusion that cannot be drown from the small-scale tests.

The application of industrial robots in manufacturing industries has received considerable concerns due to the high flexibility, multifunctionality, and cost-efficiency. It is well known that the robot positioning accuracy is susceptible to the load and motion of robots owing to the insufficient stiffness of robots. Therefore, the machining accuracy improvement has been a research focus in the robotic manufacturing industries in the last decade. To overcome the measurement difficulty of the joint torque and position as well as the complex dynamic coupling between rotors and links, two forward dynamics algorithms for the robot deflection estimation are proposed in this paper. The robot kinematics and dynamics algorithms considering the dynamic coupling between rotors and links are developed based on Lie theory. The forward dynamics equations of robots are solved via the proposed algorithms: the implicit numerical integration algorithm and numerical iterative estimation algorithm. When only the motor position is available, the implicit numerical integration algorithm is employed to solve the forward dynamics equations to estimate the joint torque and position. At the same time, when both the motor position and torque are available, the forward dynamics equations can be reorganized as algebraic equations and solved by the numerical iterative estimation algorithm. Simulations of a 6-DOF serial robot are performed to verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithms.

There is growing engineering concern about the base heave and post uplift phenomena in deep excavation in soft clay, which may pose a risk of instability of retaining systems. The purpose here is to conduct a detailed case study on the post uplift observed in a 17.6-meter-deep braced excavation of a subway station in thick soft clay (total thickness up to 42 m) in Shanghai. In this case, a large uplift up to 87 mm unexpectedly developed for the post founded on a 30-meter-long pile foundation. Efforts were first made to examine the complex relationships between the post uplift with the excavation depth (H), Terzaghi’s safety factor against base heave (Fs) and maximum deflection of retaining wall. A simplified approach for soil-post-strut interaction analysis was then proposed and used for quantitative research. The working characteristics of the long pile foundation under low safety factor against base heave (Fs

A piezoelectric stick slip actuator with the inertial block structure is presented in an attempt to achieve smooth motion. Under asymmetric excitation, the inertial block produces different inertia, which can dynamically change the normal pressure between the stator and rotor to adjust the friction. During the slip stage, the driving arm produces a deflection away from the rotor, the normal pressure between the stator and rotor can be eliminated, and the angular impulse of the moment of friction force on the rotor can be almost reduced to zero. To verify the feasibility of the prototype, finite element method (FEM) simulation is performed. On the basis of the experimental system, the output characteristics of the prototype are systematically studied. The experimental results indicate that the prototype can achieve smooth motion under large pre-tightening displacement. The displacement curve under the load of 2.0 kg still shows good smoothness, and the resolution is 1.56 rad. This work proposes a new design concept of dynamic control of the normal pressure to achieve smooth motion for piezoelectric stick slip actuators, even under heavy-load conditions, using the inertial block structure.

This paper studies a vibration and disturbance rejection problem of a wind turbine tower under exogenous perturbations. The tower dynamics is captured by a nonhomogeneous Euler-Bernoulli beam model. The dissipativity of the system is realized by a boundary feedback control solution with a multi-valued symbolic function. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis is established to assess that the deflection of the tower is uniformly bounded even subject to exogenous disturbances. The extended Filippov-framework and Galerkin approximation scheme are introduced to tackle the existence of the solution to the system with a discontinuous control input. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed control scheme.

A combined computational and experimental study of flat radome materials for their use with high-power horn antennas operating over 18-45 GHz range is performed. The impact of a monolithic, thin-wall radome on antenna performance in the thermal, mechanical, and electromagnetic domains is considered. The structure must thermally handle high continuous wave power as well as mechanically withstand the impact of pressurization while preserving the electrical performance of a radome-less configuration. A simple test set for measuring radome deflection under high pressure is also discussed. Studies with available materials are conducted and it is found that the 76 μm thick Teflon coated fiberglass has the best performance balance in all domains. Other non-porous materials with comparable electrical and mechanical parameters will have similar behavior.

The lamellar structure has an important impact on the mechanical properties of dissimilar laminated metal composites (LMCs), including the thickness ratio of dissimilar metal constituent layers and the number of layers. AA1100 and AA7075 with thickness ratios of 1:4 and 3:4 were fabricated for multilayer AA1100/AA7075 LMCs by hot accumulative roll bonding (ARB) technology. The bending fracture characteristics of AA1100/AA7075 LMCs with different thickness ratios and numbers of constituent layers were investigated. The research results indicated that AA1100/AA7075 LMCs with a low thickness ratio exhibited better bending ductility and toughness than those with a high thickness ratio, which was attributed to the crack growth resistance caused by the thickness of the soft AA1100 layer. The toughening mechanism introduced by crack deflection or arresting contributed to the enhancement in the toughness of the LMCs compared with that of the single 7075Al layer. The bonding interfaces of AA1100/AA7075 LMCs with different numbers of layers are continuous and straight due to the high ARB temperature. A decrease in bending toughness was observed as the number of layers increased. Unlike LMCs with a low number of layers, crack deflection or interface delamination is also considered a main toughening mechanism in dissimilar LMCs in addition to the thickness effect.

Properly designed roundabouts may lead to safety improvements based on both reducing approaching speeds and controlling traffic. Measurements of deflection of vehicle trajectories are commonly used to estimate roundabout speed control. One of these measurements is the deviation angle, which is mentioned in both the Italian and Swiss road standards and, in specific conditions, can be more effective than other methods. This article presents a general mathematical formulation for linking several geometric parameters with the deviation angle in different rural and urban one-lane roundabout configurations, which is currently missing in the literature. For urban roundabouts, refuge islands for pedestrians and cyclists were considered. Based on the proposed formulation, a sensitivity analysis of the influential geometric parameters was conducted. Results suggest that an insufficient deflection of trajectories (deviation angle less than 45°) is always present for roundabouts with inscribed circle diameter less than 25 m; for urban roundabouts with refuge islands for pedestrians and cyclists having inscribed circle diameter less than 34 m and orthogonal legs; and for roundabouts with angles between opposite legs smaller than 140°. The main parameters which are responsible for a decrease in the deviation angle are: a decrease in the inscribed circle diameter; a decrease in the angle between opposite legs; and an increase in the width of the circulatory lane. Some optimized procedures for roundabout design, the generalized application of the deviation angle method and alternative speed control measures in cases of small deviation angles are discussed.

In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) Airy beam with self-bending and non-diffraction characteristics is generated and verified at microwave frequencies by using a metasurface composed of single-layer of strip resonator. By modifying the rotation angle and structural parameters of the unit cells, the phase and amplitude of the transmission coefficient can be controlled respectively. In addition, the deflection of the main lobe of the generated 2D Airy beam can be manipulated by modifying the attenuation coefficients in 2D Airy function. The novel excitation and deflection control methods designed in this paper propose great application potential in efficient wireless energy transmission at microwave frequencies, particle handling and integrated beam control systems.

For the first time, the ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator is integrated with a RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) tag antenna for achieving frequency reconfiguration in the UHF (Ultra-High-Frequency) band. Here, the IPMC movable flap serves as an actuator that can effectively tune the tag resonant frequency. By applying a 2-layer crenellated structure and employing a surface patterned electrode for restraining back relaxation, the deflection of the IPMC actuator can be significantly improved. The IPMC actuator can move in two directions, enabling two-degree frequency tuning. Numerical and experimental data confirm that the tip displacement of the IPMC actuator can be enhanced up to 266% with the use of the 2-layer crenellated structure. The IPMC actuator allows the resonant frequency of the tag antenna to be tuned back by as much as 35 MHz, after deviating due to placing on an unintended object. UHF RFID application is also performed using a portable commercial RFID reader. Good frequency reconfiguration and broad tuning range, along with far read distances, have been achieved with our tunable UHF RFID tag antenna.

Stainless steel reinforcing rebars and prestressing strands are viable alternatives to carbon steel materials for prestressed concrete structures in extremely aggressive environments. They offer better durability and require less maintenance. This study experimentally investigated the transfer length and prestress losses of 15.2-mm- (0.6-in.-) diameter Duplex High-Strength Stainless Steel (HSSS) strands as well as the shear and flexural behavior of two full-scale 12.8-m- (42-ft-) long AASHTO Type II concrete girders prestressed with HSSS strands and reinforced with duplex stainless steel rebars. The girders were made composite by adding a deck slab. One girder was tested in shear at both ends while the other girder was tested in flexure. Experimental shear and flexural behavior of the girders exhibited a constant increase in load carrying capacity up to failure. The failure mode for the shear tests was web shear, and for the flexural test was rupture of the HSSS strands. Both girders tested in shear and flexure failed in a progressive manner as they exhibited adequate warning through noticeable deflection, excessive cracking, and large reserve strength from first cracking to failure. The applicability of AASHTO LRFD provision for stainless steel reinforcing materials was investigated. AASHTO LRFD equations for flexural resistance were modified to cover rupture of strand failure mode. Experimental shear strength and flexural strength of the girders were greater than the predicted values by AASHTO shear equations and modified AASHTO flexural equations, respectively.

A third order single variable simple plate theory has been used for the bending deflection analysis of thick plates with simply supported edges. The plate theory used herein contains third order terms in the displacement field. The displacement field of the theory utilizes only one unknown displacement variable for the complete formulation of thick plates. All the necessary equations connected with this plate theory can be expressed in terms of a single unknown displacement variable. The governing equation, bending moment, shear force and boundary condition equations of the theory have close similarity to those of Classical Plate Theory equations. The mathematical effort needed in formulation of plates using this theory is slightly more in comparison with Classical Plate Theory. To demonstrate the usefulness of the plate theory used herein bending deflection analysis of thick plates with simply supported edges is carried out. Bending deflection results predicted using the present theory are compared with deflection results of other first order and higher order thick plate theories. Bending deflection results predicted by thick plate theory used herein are observed to be accurate.

In this work, SolidWorks and ANSYS is used to create and analyses a 3D solid model of a two-wheeler crankshaft. The crankshaft materials EN8 and AISI 4130 are chosen, and their performance is examined and compared. The stress fluctuation on the surface of the component was determined using FE Analysis. ANSYS software is used to apply the force and boundary conditions to the solid model. Using the findings of static analysis, the overall deflection and stress conditions of the given materials are computed and also it is used to investigate the prospect of decreasing the weight and cost of producing crankshafts. This keeps the stress limit of the actual crankshaft from surpassing the magnitude of the stress value. Simulations in ANSYS are also used to conduct and test static analysis. For the static study of the crankshaft model, ANSYS simulations were used.

Three steel beams were made-up and tested to study the effect of CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) laminates with and without end anchorage plates on the behavior of flexural strength of steel beams. Tested steel specimens are equal in clear span length, gross sectional area, and strengthened by intermediate stiffeners. Three types of specimens were made, the first specimen was considered as a reference one, while the other two were reinforced by CFRP laminates with and without end anchorage plates respectively. From the experimental outcomes, it was found that, the load deflection curve and load strain responses for specimens strengthened by CFRP strips became stiffer in comparison with the reference beam. On the other hand, it was found that, the deflection values for strengthened beams by CFRP without and with end anchorage plates were decreased to 58.33% and 79.95%, while, the strain values were decreased to 63% and 85.55% respectively, in comparison with the reference beam at yielding stage at load (Py = 20 kN) while, at failure stage at load (Pu = 45 kN) for reference beam, the deflection values for strengthened beams by CFRP without and with end anchorage plates were decreased to 81.19% and 88.13%, while, the strain values were decreased to 88.6% and 97.14% respectively, in comparison with the reference beam. Also, the percentages of increasing in yielding -load for strengthened beams by CFRP without and with end anchorage plates were increased to 100 % to 225 %, while, the percentages of increasing in ultimate-load for strengthened beams by CFRP without and with end anchorage plates were increased to 38.88 % to 111.11 %, respectively, in comparison with the reference. Finale the failure mode for reference beam was flexural failure type (plastic hinge), while, the failure mode for strengthened beams by CFRP without and with end anchorage plates was sudden; because of the de-bonding at the end of the CFRP strips and at the end of carbon fibre that due to the stress concentration at the ends of the CFRP.

As one of the promising configurations of the next generation of commercial aircraft, research on departure characteristics of the Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) is of great signification to safe flight limits. A three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) virtual flight test in a wind tunnel has been implemented for a candidate configuration to predict the departure characteristics. The support mechanism, the test model and the control law of the virtual flight test are introduced. In order to show the relationship between virtual flight test and actual flight test, the similarity criterion is also given. In open loop, the model has mild oscillations in the longitudinal and lateral directions, which are stable in closed-loop. The effect of flight control has been verified in virtual flight and actual subscale flight test. The analysis of system identification results indicate that the model has a good response to the excitation signal, and the response is in reasonable agreement with the flight test. Finally, the virtual flight departure test results are compared with the flight test. It shows that there is a good correspondence between the angle of attack and the elevator deflection at departure. This gives promising evidence of the practicability of virtual flight testing to predict departure of a BWB.

The static behaviour of steel-concrete-steel sandwich plates is studied in this paper. Uniformly distributed and hydrostatic loads are applied on the plates. Two types of boundary conditions, clamped and simply supported on all edges, are considered. ANSYS Workbench 14.0, a finite element tool, is used for modelling and analysis of the sandwich plates. The sandwich plate results are compared with the results of isotropic steel plate. Maximum deflection and von Mises stress are computed on the sandwich plates. In actual condition, different steel connectors are used to make a bond between steel and concrete. But, due to the complexity in the analysis, the connectors are not modelled explicitly in the present study, and the bond between the two materials is established numerically. Considering the economy, the steel plate may be replaced with the steel-concrete-steel sandwich plate in many applications. Some of the applications of sandwich plate includes, building walls, offshore decks, tunnels, bridge decks, nuclear structure walls, etc. In the present study, the effectiveness of the plate having newer sandwich material, i.e., steel and composite, is checked based on the different loadings and boundary conditions. The results of the present study may be beneficial for the engineers/practitioners who deals in sandwich plates.

The detonation wave in a rotating detonation engine is highly adaptable to the incoming flow, making the wave easier to control. In this study, a numerical simulation method is used to analyze the working process and flow field structure of a rotating detonation model engine with dual cavity injection of an H2/air mixture by controlling the injection pressure ratio of the dual cavity and the number of detonation wave heads. It is found that the rotating detonation engine offers the possibility to control the thrust vector with two different modes. The first is a one-cycle alternate control mode with a small injection pressure ratio. Here two deflections occur in different directions occur across one detonation wave propagation cycle, but the overall deflection direction is in the low-pressure region. The second is a one-way control mode, with a large injection pressure ratio, and the deflection direction towards the low-pressure region. For the multi wave-mode, it belongs to one-way control mode because of constant deflection direction in the low-pressure area. From the perspective of thrust distribution along the circumference, the one-way control strategy satisfies the ability of a rotating detonation thrust vector control.

Nano technology is an emerging field in material science. Hence this research has been conducted to examine the flexural behaviour of the Reinforced concrete beam with Nano Silica and the same is compared analytically using ABAQUS. The structural behaviour of Reinforced concrete beam which has been strengthened using nano silica of various proportion 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% along with various proportion of 25%,40%, 50%,75%,100% Manufactured sand (Msand) is investigated. Mix proportion of M40 and M50 grade of concrete was used for concrete mix design. This flexural behaviour of nano concrete is compared with the conventional concrete. Nano silica which has a large surface area eventually, strengthens the reinforced concrete beam which behaves as micro filler improving the microstructure and makes it more homogeneous, the pozzalonic reaction improves the microstructure and makes it more homogeneous. The effect of concrete strain, the cracking patterns, the mode of failure and deflection was examined. To verify the experimental results a non-linear finite element analysis of three dimensional high strength concrete beam was conducted using ABAQUS. It was found that analytical and the Experimental results are agreeable.

Present work describes the dynamic analysis of roll cage using computer simulation collision from different sides viz. front impact termed as case 1, front side impact termed as case 2, rear impacts termed as case 3, rear side impact termed as case 4, and bottom impact termed as case 5. The collision occurs at speed of 40 km/hr. To simulate the result of transient dynamic analysis nodal solutions are obtained to access maximum relative deflection on various selected nodes of the chassis. The severity of impact is ascertained based on the maximum deflection at nodes stresses induced and velocity peak. The maximum deflection is obtained for the rear impact of 22.3 mm. The methodology proves itself in understanding the impact of the collision on vehicles and ensuring the safety of the vehicles.

This paper demonstrates an experimental study on the possibility of producing lightweight concrete by utilizing the Attapulgite stone and the shear behavior of lightweight self-compacted concrete (LWSCC) beams exposed to axial load and bending load. Bending load is applied by two points load gradually until the beams reach failure. To investigate the impact of axial load on the structural behaviors of the (LWSCC) beams, specimens are prepared to have a various axial load of 100 KN, 150 KN, and 200 KN and shear span to depth ratio (a/d) of 2.5, 2.75, and 3.00. The findings demonstrated that the beams that have the smaller (a/d) are failed at the lower level of deflection comparison with others beams. Also, the findings demonstrated that the applied axial force delays the (LWSCC) beam failure it also works to change the failure mode of the beams from shear failure to shear compressive failure and concrete crushing failure since the compressive stresses in the upper part of the lightweight self-compacting concrete.

In terms of fabrication and functioning, cantilevers are the simplest Micro Electro Mechanical Systems(MEMS) based devices. These cantilever based sensors have gradually progressed in all domain applications and may now found virtually everywhere. The usage of these MEMs based sensors is increasing gradually because of the distinct benefits that they provide. In high sensitivity applications like molecular sensing, microcantilever based sensors offer great promise for detecting a wide range of target atoms in gaseous and fluid medium as well chemical, and biological sensing applications. They too have an extensive range of applications in medicine, especially for early detection of more life-threatening diseases, identify intermolecular gene mutations, monitoring blood sugar levels, and detecting chemical and biological warfare agents. These cantilever based sensors offer numerous benefits over conventional diagnostic methods, including sensitivity, economical, easy to use, low analyte needed (in µl), non-hazardous procedures, and rapid response. In this study, we will explore the characteristics of two types of cantilever beams by modifying five types of materials, namely silicon, silicon dioxide and polysilicon, silicon nitride, and silicon carbide. Deflection properties are analysed by conducting a parametric sweep on arc length in order to build an array sensor. According to the simulation results the eigenfrequencies of the proposed array for the subjective load of 1Kda, 2Kda, 3Kda, 4Kda are 44 × 10 6 , 38 × 10 6 , 29 × 10 6 , 19 × 10 6 respectively.

This paper focused on studying the transeverse deflection behavior of three functionally graded microbeam models: material, porous material, and functionally graded single-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-SWCNTRC) microb beam. To calculate micro size effects of the non-classical beam model, the modified couple stress theory (MCST) uses just length material scale parameters. A numerical solution to the static deflection equation is the Lagrange multiplier method. The characteristics studied included length, material parameter ratio, volume fraction of material, porosity and carbon nanotube, SWCNT distribution types, boundary conditions, and aspect ratio (length/thickness). The static behavior of FG-micro beams demonstrates that the theory of modified couple stress (MCST) produces more accurate results than classical beams. This is especially true if the beam thickness is close to the length scale parameter. As the CNT volume fraction grows and the porosity volume fraction falls, the microbeam FG structure deflects less.

A simply supported beam is examined for maximum deflection and stress under various loading conditions. Euler-beam Bernoulli's equation is used to calculate the theoretical results. ANSYS 15.0 is the primary software used for the computational analysis. Compared to the commercial software ANSYS 15.0, the current technique has shown a remarkable degree of accuracy. It has also been observed for deflection, the Element 2 node 188, gives a closer value in all cases. In the case of stress analysis, this inference is exactly the opposite. As such, it can be seen that when trying to determine if a solid structure has been deflected, the user can choose 2 nodes 188 element as a selection if other preferences are unavailable.

The main purpose of this study is to optimize strain gauge mounting cross section length of strain gage (gauge) balance component to measure forces and moments experienced by test models. This is done by using three dimensional models of balance component using version NX 10.0 unigraphics software and the results are analysed using high- fidelity finite element modelling altair hyperworks software version13.0 and optistruct solver. It may be noted that a maximum diameter of 25 mm and 200 mm length is permitted for strain gauge balance component design. The material used for calculation of the balance component is maraging C-250 steel with maximum yield stress of 1655 N/mm2. It is very important that designer is supposed to choose the strain gauge mounting cross section length by considering the limits of the design. Distance between front and aft loading location is specifically 100 mm. The present work involves design of cross sectional length for wind tunnel integral strain gauge balance component with minimum factor of safety of 2.5, maximum deflection of 1.2 mm and maximum stress 662 N/mm2 which is permitted.

Seasonal and diurnal variations can significantly impact falling weight deflectometer (FWD) measurements and, thus, deflection-based parameters such as back-calculated layer moduli. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate and quantify these effects. The back-calculated layer moduli data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance Seasonal Monitoring Program study were analyzed within each climatic region. The effects of seasonal and diurnal changes were quantified and related to ambient temperatures were related to the development of general measurement guidelines. The HMA layer moduli showed minimal variation during the spring and fall seasons in every climatic region and were consistently higher based on the deflections measured before noon. However, temperature correction, generally applied to the HMA layer moduli, can eliminate the temperature impacts of the FWD measurements. Because the unbound layer moduli are back-calculated from the single measured deflection basins on the surface, temperature and moisture conditions at the time of measurements can affect the material properties. The base and subgrade moduli showed minimal variation within the temperature ranges of the spring and fall seasons. Therefore, such temperature within each climatic region may result in layer moduli values closest to their representative in-field conditions. In addition, the unbound layer showed no effect of time within a day, suggesting that FWD testing can be conducted at any time during the day. Based on the results, the preferred temperature ranges for FWD measurements are 55–70 °F and 65–75 °F in the freeze and non-freeze regions, respectively. FWD measurements can be conducted at any time during the day. The preferred seasons for testing are spring and fall in all climatic regions.

The aim of the study is to work on developing a pump automatic system capable of supplying the repair materials into expected cracks in shear or tension zones by internal injection epoxy materials. It functions once it receives the signal from crack sensors to measure (crack width and strains) in order to commence the injection after any sudden impact in the structure occurs. The new strengthening methods were experimentally investigated for simply supported concrete beams with internal injected ducts and /or super elastic Nitinol bars under static load in two cycles (loading – off loading) up to failure with different shear reinforcement ratio. The studied parameters were the type of strengthening technique and shear reinforcement ratios. This is in addition to their effect on the loads, deflections, concrete, steel and Nitinol smart bar strain as well as ductility and stiffness that were also analyzed for all tested beams. Results elucidated that the ultimate load of beams having both internal injected ducts and super elastic Nitinol bars has increased by 12% compared with the reference beams; moreover, the deflection and concrete strain at the ultimate load decreased by 31% and 30% respectively. Furthermore, steel and Nitinol strains had small recovery behavior passed 85% of the ultimate load up to the failure due to the effect of the strain recovery of the smart bars.

In this study, two prepared steel beam specimens subjected to concentrated load were examined. One of those beams is strengthened with using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. The examined specimens have the same physical properties in terms of area section and clear span length. Also, a cover plate was used at the top flange and intermediate stiffeners to reinforce them. Where, this plate was used to ensure the occurrence of failure in the bottom flange. The conducted examination was performed to investigate the influence of using CFRP laminates on various responses such as moment/load–deflection, moment/load–strain, yielding and ultimate load. From the obtained results, the deflection and tensile strain responses for the beam strengthened by CFRP indicated that it is stiffer than those of unstrengthen beam. This difference between the two beams is more obvious in the plastic range. Further, the yielding and ultimate capacities for the strengthened beam were increased as compared with the unstrengthen beam by 71.4% and 52.2%, respectively.

The classical laminate theory is used to create analytic solutions for laminated beams in this study. Several boundary conditions and loads are considered in analytic bending. The boundary conditions taken were hinged-hinged, clamped–clamped and clamped-free and the loading casas taken were center point load and uniformly distributed load. The lamination angles of cross-ply laminated beams were [0 0]s, [90 90]s, [0 9 0]s, and [9 0 0]s. The transverse deflection is maximum for lamination angles [90 90]s, [9 0 0]s, [0 9 0]s, and [0 0]s respectively for both types of loading, center point load and uniform load. The transverse deflection for center point load is higher than that for uniform for all boundary conditions and laminations. The transverse deflection for fixed-free boundary condition is higher than deflection of hinged-hinged, also deflection of hinged-hinged is higher than for clamped–clamped boundary condition. The results obtained were in excellent agreement.

As the natural slopes along the roadsides and embankments are not stable due to sliding or collapse, a technique termed “soil nailing” is used to stabilize the natural or man-made slopes. A small scale physical model of soil nailed slope in well-graded sandy soil and inclined at 60° to the horizontal using four number of soil nails is prepared in the laboratory using different flexible materials as flexible facing namely Uniaxial Geogrid, Geotextile fabric, Coir mat, Fine Stainless steel woven wire mesh. The results of these soil nailed slopes with flexible facing materials and the soil nailed slopes with no additional facing are compared. The behavior of these soil nailed slopes is analyzed by applying extra surcharge with the help of a hydraulic jack for load application on the physical model. The strain produced in the inserted soil nails on stress application is determined using a multimeter with the help of the sensors bonded to the each soil nail. Also, the deflection of the soil mass in horizontal and vertical deflection is measured as it is clearly visible from the perplex sheet provided on the outline of the physical model. The stress, horizontal displacement and vertical displacement induced in all the materials is measured and compared. The fine stainless steel wire mesh took the maximum stress of 1.23 N/mm2 with minimum displacements and minimum strength of 0.492 N/mm2 was possessed by the slope without any facing material. Also, the other flexible materials like uniaxial Geogrid and coir mat possessed good strength and hence can be an effective alternate to strengthen existing or new slopes and provision of flexible facing materials in soil nailing technique further aids in slope stabilization.

In order to maximize the energy extraction of a hydrokinetic turbine array deployment, turbines must be positioned judiciously within the array. In fact, it is possible to optimize the array configuration in order to benefit from blockage effects and to avoid negative turbine-wake interactions. The Effective Performance Turbine Model (EPTM) that has recently been proposed is a suitable tool for this purpose, allowing to test and analyze a large number of different configurations at a practical computational cost. In this work, assuming a turbulent flow environment, many vertical-axis turbine array configurations (VAT arrays) are tested to study the effect of local blockage, lateral and longitudinal spacing, array staggering and direction of rotation on turbine performance. It is found that the wake deflection associated to the specific turbine tested and the lateral force it induces has a great impact on the array optimization. Following this, results show that there is no advantage to stagger VATs and that aligned configurations should be preferred. In this context, turbines should rotate inward (looking downstream) with respect to the central plane of the array. Some guidelines are also provided in terms of lateral and longitudinal spacings, with the support of a novel parameter indicating the marginal power provided by the addition of a row of turbines.

Aim of the research work is to examine the behaviour of Self-Compacting Concrete subjected (SCC) to elevated temperature. This research work examines the effect of water cooling on flexural behaviour of M25 and M40 grade SCC. The results of the investigation will enable the designers to choose the appropriate material for fire safety considerations. To understand the effect of elevated temperatures on different grades of reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) beams an extensive experimental investigation was carried out. The effect of different cover thickness and different percentages of tensile reinforcement were also studied. Ultimate load, deflection, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity of the specimens subjected to temperature based on ISO 834 standard fire curve. The heated specimens were either air or water cooled to evaluate the impact of the type of cooling. The results indicated a significant reduction in strength, Energy Absorption Capacity (EAC) and stiffness in case of higher grade SCC specimens with lower cover thickness when subjected to elevated temperatures. An increase in cover thickness was found to improve the overall fire response of beam specimens. The deterioration of strength properties was found to be dependent on the type of cooling conditions and the percentage of tension reinforcement adopted. SCC being a high performance concrete, it is essential to evaluate the performance under fire conditions. This research work provides the behaviour and physical characteristics of SCC subjected to elevated temperature as per ISO rate of heating. The experimental data will enable the engineers to estimate the capacity of fire affected SCC.

In this paper, free and forced vibration analysis of stiffened plates are investigated with the help of ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) the codes were focused on the theory of First-order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT). The CAD models were designed in Creo Parametric 6.0 with different cross-sections of stiffener and different boundary conditions were applied on the plate. For free vibration on stiffened plates modal analysis is carried out to identify natural frequencies and different mode shapes. Harmonic analysis has done under the application of pressure 150 kPa on the plate with the help of the mode superposition method further comparing the deflection at resonance frequencies of the plate with different cross-section and boundary conditions. Stiffened plates are extensively used in structural elements in civil engineering, marine constructions, aerospace application, railways, and industrial applications.

The tilted-angle standing surface acoustic wave (taSSAW) microfluidic device has become a powerful tool for biosample separation due to its biocompatibility and non-contact, label-free, and high-efficiency nature. Studying and modeling particle deflection in a microfluid environment containing a taSSAW field is essential in the design of robust taSSAW-based microfluidic devices. Here, we present a numerical model taking into consideration fluid viscous drag force and the acoustic radiation force induced by scattering of acoustic waves for the study of particle deflection. The reliability of the model is validated by comparing our predictions with data from existing literature. In order to support our prediction experimentally, we fabricated a taSSAW microfluidic chip using 128° YX LiNbO3, and the deflection results for 3- and 7-μm polystyrene microspheres concur with the numerical estimation. The effects on particle deflection by parameters such as pre-focusing, pre-focusing width, average flow velocity, acoustic pressure amplitude, tilted angle, and surface acoustic wave frequency on particle deflection are then analyzed. This model could be used to optimize the design and better understand the mechanism of taSSAW microfluidic devices.

This article conducts a theoretical and experimental analysis of three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model to anticipate the shear strength, load–deflection, and crack pattern of fourteen Hybrid Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP)/Steel Bars in Reinforced Concrete Beams without stirrups by ANSYS. The reinforced concrete beams are simply supported. All beams cross-sections were of 120 mm breadth and variable depth; the overall length was 2300 mm with a clear span of 2000 mm without stirrups. In this paper, the adopted variables are; concrete compressive strength ( f c ' ), shear span to depth ratio (a/d), depth of beam (d), and the reinforcement ratio (ρ). In hybrid GFRP/steel reinforced concrete beams, the experiments demonstrate a significant improvement in ductility and an apparent decrease in deflection and deformation of the beams. In contrast, during cracking initiation and propagation, better performance is found in hybrid GFRP/steel reinforced concrete beams. A comparison is conducted between the results of the ANSYS and the experiment to ensure that the finite element model is accurate. Additionally, each parameter's effect was described and compared to experimental results. The FE models’ theoretical conclusions are in acceptable agreement with the experimental outcomes.

Providing Assistive devices to people with disabilities is a challenge especially in middle to low-income countries. Commercially available assistive devices are out of reach for people with disabilities in such countries due to extremely high costs. Need in such countries is to provide assistive devices at low costs. In our Study we have used the Finite Element Analysis method to find the patterns of stress and deflection on a proposed assistive device for lower limb prostheses. We found that the patterns of stress and deflection do not vary linearly but show an exponential trend when the thickness and width are increased beyond a limit. We also found that spring steel can be effectively used to develop lower limb prosthetic devices. In our study, we have tried to find if low-cost spring steel material can be used to develop self-help devices for people with lower limb disabilities. The spring steel material bought from the scrap market can be a cheap alternative for currently available high-cost materials used to develop assistive devices for lower limb injury. With the help of the findings of this paper, users can build their own assistive devices by repurposing the spring steel.

In the recent past decades, Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) have been researched in detail due to their flexible characteristics and light in weight. IPMC is most well-known electro-active polymers (EAPs), which can be used in the medical applications, biomimetic, micro robotic actuators, artificial muscles, dynamic sensors and underwater propulsions. Due to their large bending actuation with low voltage sources and biocompatibility, IPMCs are receiving more and more attention to many researchers in recent days. To reduce the experimental costs, the principal factors which are responsible for more bending response are designed in this work using Taguchi orthogonal array method. Multiple process parameters include input voltage and thickness of the fabricated Ag-IPMC actuator was optimized to produce a maximum bending response. Experiments were carried out using L9 orthogonal array to recognize the optimal process parameters. In the optimized conditions, the IPMC actuator exhibited a noteworthy improvement in bending deflection compared to the normal conditions. Under the application of 1.0 V, the bending response increases around 30% in the optimised condition compared to normal IPMC actuator. This study lays a solid foundation for developing high performance IPMC actuator where higher bending displacement is required i.e., in the robotic and biomimetic application with a very small input voltage.

To improve the efficiency of bifacial photovoltaic modules, the idea of light deflection was addressed. A thin film with an intended structure was applied in the space between the cells. Due to the selected structural geometry, unused light is specifically redirected to the solar cell and can be absorbed by it and converted into additional current. The effect of the light-directing film was both simulated and measured. Single PV modules without and with commercial structured films or white back sheet were measured to evaluate the results The expected gain of up to 11% from the simulation could not be achieved by measurement, by reaching about 3%.

Coal fired power plant produces abundance of by-product in the form of bottom ash and fly ash that can be categorized as a waste which threatens environment as well as health and safety of human life. Every year, large number of coal fire plant wastes is disposed and this put pressure to disposal site as the site could almost reach its design capacity. Hence, innovative and sustainable solutions may require to reduce the amount of waste such as reusing the waste as construction materials for infrastructure development. This paper discuss, the coal bottom ash (CBA) used as fine and coarse aggregate replacement in reinforcement concrete (RC) beams. The RC beams with CBA were tested under four point bending test to investigate the behaviour of the RC beams under bending. The deflection and applied load was recorded while the cracking pattern was observed and marked to evaluate the behaviour and the performance of RC beams. The results show that the performance of RC beam with CBA replacement was comparable with the normal RC beam as the crack pattern and applied load was almost the same.

Connections between steel beams and concrete slabs that reduce the number of shear connectors by using studs with a larger size or partial shear connections could be advantageous by reducing installation time and provide additional working space for construction workers to move on the top steel flange. In this paper, steel and concrete composite beams with different headed stud shear connector arrangements were tested under fatigue loading to evaluate the crack patterns in concrete slabs, deformations, and strains in the composite sections and shear connectors. These arrangements included full shear connections achieved by 22.2 mm and 15.9 mm diameters headed stud connectors arranged in one and two rows, respectively, and a partial shear connection with two rows of 15.9 mm diameter shear connectors. Distributing the required resistance of shear to a larger population of smaller studs produced more beneficial behavior over that of a smaller population of larger diameter studs. The concrete slab fully shear connected by the one-row arrangement experienced longitudinal cracks during fatigue loading, which led to more stiffness degradation and strength deterioration, while such cracks were eliminated in the two-row arrangement. Therefore, 77.1%, 177.7%, and 152.5% increase in the incremental deflection, slippage, and studs’ strains, respectively, were obtained for this specimen. Moreover, reductions of 83.0% and 66.7% were obtained in the composite action in terms of the cyclic slippage for the specimens with the one- and two-row arrangements, respectively. Final residual static tests up to failure were conducted to explore the residual behavior of the fatigued specimens. Degradations in the residual stiffness and strength of the fatigued specimens occurred and more partially composite effects were obtained, which led to higher residual strains in the headed stud connectors and extreme fibers of the composite sections of 12.6% and 16.6%, respectively.

This research is the one-way interaction study of fluid loading on a plunging NACA-2412 modeled UAV wing. Fluid and Structures are two separate domains combined to study both, and their effects on the Aeroelastic structure. This study consists of experimental and computational analysis of the wing structure and the results were compared for effectiveness. The modeled wing was mounted on a cantilever structural setup by restricted to a single degree of freedom. The experimentation was comprised of the static aeroelastic responses of the wings under the aerodynamic loading produced in the wind tunnel for various Reynolds numbers and different angles of attack (α). After the deflection calculations, the model analysis was done using the ANSYS Workbench solid structural analysis and the results were compared with experimental values. The results of the Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) study of the wing were concluded for all angles of attack for different Reynolds numbers and aerodynamic loading. The rate of change of deflection due to the fluid loading at every α = 100 angles of attack was found to be 30% at the lowest Reynold’s numbers and a hike up to 60% for higher values.

Belleville springs are frusto-conical in shape, can support high load with small deflection. Load-Deflection characteristics of a Belleville spring can be altered by stacking of springs. In this research work, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of Belleville spring was carried out and compared against experimental analysis using strain gauge. FEA was carried out on a plain spring and results were compared with theoretical analysis. Experimental investigation was carried out using strain gauges for different configuration of Belleville springs such as plain spring and spring with stacking. From the studies it was concluded that theoretical, Finite Elemental and Experimental analyses were in good agreement. Spring stacking was done up to 6 numbers, and deflection was significantly altered from 1.46 mm to 8.14 mm (Deflection from one spring to six springs). With the stacking of springs, change in the magnitude of maximum stress was 1.5%. Thus, required load- deflection characteristics can be achieved by stacking of springs when space is not a constraint and large deflection is required.

Technological advancements in the development field compare to a more extensive transformation in urban lifestyle and in designing of structure. The presentation of new reinforcement materials in concrete, notably iron, steel, and other reinforcing components, has sparked interest in enhanced concrete technology. Concrete reinforcement dates back hundreds of years, and several progressions are blended to ad lib the solid's qualities through reinforcement. Based on this finding from the prior research examines, a change in reinforcement patterns is done to explore the deflection of concrete of M30 grade under elevated temperature. For the assessment, middle and corner frame are considered with the amount of steel of four numbers of 16 mm diameter for column and 8 mm diameter is utilized for the stirrup at 150 mm C/C spacing. A live load of 3.5 KN/m and a wall load of 14.7 KN/m is applied on the compression member. Using finite element software ABAQUS the analytical works are done. The steady state analysis of eight models of bare frame, infill frame with different bay openings, infill frame with different storey openings are done. The frame model is created and meshes using the C3D8T meshing type for an 8-node thermally coupled brick mesh with a mesh size of 25 mm. The simulation results are used to explore the effects of temperature with loading condition on the reinforced concrete frame, and its structural properties are provided as performance graphs in the result section. The model is simulated utilizing steady state analysis and characteristics like as deformation and failure rate under thermal load.

Relevance. The load on a reinforced concrete slab with high strength lightweight aggregate concrete leads to increased brittleness and contributes to large deflection or flexure of slabs. The addition of fibers to the concrete mix can improve its mechanical properties including flexure, deformation, toughness, ductility, and cracks. The aims of this work are to investigate the flexure and ductility of lightweight expanded clay concrete slabs reinforced with basalt fiber polymers, and to check the effects of basalt fiber mesh on the ductility and flexure. Methods. The ductility and flexural/deflection tests were done on nine engineered cementitious composite (expanded clay concrete) slabs with dimensions length 1500 mm, width 500 mm, thickness 65 mm. These nine slabs are divided in three reinforcement methods types: three lightweight expanded clay concrete slab reinforced with basalt rebars 10 mm (first slab type); three lightweight expanded clay concrete slab reinforced with basalt rebars 10 mm plus dispersed chopped basalt fiber plus basalt fiber polymer (mesh) of cells 2525 mm (second slab type); three lightweight expanded clay concrete slab reinforced with basalt rebars 10 mm plus dispersed basalt fiber of length 20 mm, diameter 15 m (third slab type). The results obtained showed physical deflection of the three types of slab with cracks. The maximum flexural load for first slab type is 16.2 KN with 8,075 mm deflection, second slab type is 24.7 KN with 17,26 mm deflection and third slab type 3 is 32 KN with 15,29 mm deflection. The ductility of the concrete slab improved with the addition of dispersed chopped basalt fiber and basalt mesh.

The aims of this work are a detailed consideration in a geometrically nonlinear formulation of the stages of the equilibrium behavior of a compressed stiffened plate, taking into account the interaction of the general form of buckling and local forms of wave formation in the plate or in the reinforcing ribs, comparison of the results of the semi-analytical solution of the system of nonlinear equations with the results of the numerical solution on the Patran-Nastran FEM complex of the problem of subcritical and postcritical equilibrium of a compressed stiffened plate. Methods. Geometrically-nonlinear analysis of displacement fields, deformations and stresses, calculation of eigenforms of buckling and construction of bifurcation solutions and solutions for equilibrium curves with limit points depending on the initial imperfections. An original method is proposed for determining critical states and obtaining bilateral estimates of critical loads at limiting points. Results. An algorithm for studying the equilibrium states of a stiffened plate near critical points is described in detail and illustrated by examples, using the first nonlinear (cubic terms) terms of the potential energy expansion, the coordinates of bifurcation points and limit points, as well as the corresponding values of critical loads. The curves of the critical load sensitivity are plotted depending on the value of the initial imperfections of the total deflection. Equilibrium curves with characteristic bifurcation points of local wave formation are constructed using a numerical solution. For the case of action of two initial imperfections, an algorithm is proposed for obtaining two-sided estimates of critical loads at limiting points.