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This paper aims to investigate the nonlinear transition to turbulence in generalized 3D Kolmogorov flow. The difference between this and classical Kolmogorov flow is that the forcing term in the x direction sin (y) is replaced with sin (y) cos (z) . This drastically complicates the problem. First, a stability analysis is performed by deriving the analog of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation. It is shown that for infinite stretching, the flow is stable, contrary to classical forcing. Next, a neutral curve is constructed, and the stability of the main solution is analyzed. It is shown that for the cubic domain, the main solution is linearly stable, at least for 0 < R ≤ 100 . Next, we turn our attention to the numerical investigation of the solutions in the cubic domain. The main feature of this problem is that it is spatially periodic, allowing one to apply a relatively simple pseudo-spectral numerical method for its investigation. We apply the method of deflation to find distinct solutions in the discrete system and the method of arc length continuation to trace the bifurcation solution branches. Such solutions are called disconnected solutions if these are solutions not connected to the branch of the main solution. We investigate the influence of disconnected solutions on the dynamics of the system. It is demonstrated that when disconnected solutions are formed, the nonlinear transition to turbulence is possible, and dangerous initial conditions are these disconnected solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to develop a set of soil protection measures on an agro-landscape basis. Materials and methods. The soil condition and degradation were studied by G. V. Dobrovolsky’s and V. I. Kiryushin’s methods; remote sensing technologies and the methods of the Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems were used to determine the features of the terrain and the boundaries of agro-landscape strips. The results of the authors’ long-term research were used to analyze the condition and develop soil protection measures on agro-landscapes. Results. Our research over a period of more than 55 years shows that the system of soil protection measures should be organized on an adaptive-landscape basis and include soil protection technologies for cultivating agricultural crops, measures to reduce surface runoff and erosion, protective forest plantations, agrotechnical, meadow reclamation measures and the simplest hydraulic structures, for example, a dam, a ditch-embankment, as well as other measures that must be necessarily tied in with the boundaries of catchment basins. It is known that a dam retained 15.9 t/ha of sediments, calculated per 1 ha of catchment area, the construction of a ditch-embankment in the lower row of protective plantations contributed to the retention of washed-off fine earth in the amount of 0.84–1.74 t/running meter, these structures can perform their functions for more than 40–50 years under certain conditions. Conclusions. In order to preserve and restore the fertility of eroded ordinary chernozems, it is proposed to implement soil-protection farming systems within the boundaries of the catchment area by dividing the territory into agro-landscape strips taking into account the terrain slopes and installing the simplest hydraulic structures. A set of soil-protection measures is proposed for each agro-group.

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the power method is discussed in mathematical detail with respect to the convergence, analysis, numerical computations and multiplicity. Deflation as well as avoiding deflation are described for symmetric positive definite matrices. Variations of the power method are discussed. Projections are applied to some distributions of the spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of inflation dynamics in Burundi, a country facing long-standing political and economic challenges. Through exploratory review of literature, it examines inflation trends, policy measures, and challenges, while offering potential solutions to combat high inflation in Burundi. Findings reveal periods of high and low inflation influenced by economic and political factors. Despite policy efforts, the country continues to experience volatile and high inflation levels, impacting the economy and citizens negatively. Key challenges include political instability, weak institutions, and external shocks. The study recommends sustained implementation and monitoring of policies promoting financial sector development, enhancing access to finance, and addressing corruption. These measures are vital for achieving stability and prosperity. The study also emphasizes the importance of evidence-based approaches to inflation control. In addition, the study underscores the significance of ongoing policy efforts in achieving economic stability and prosperity in Burundi amidst inflation challenges.

The Pannonian mega-yardang system is the northernmost mega-yardang field in Europe, exerting a profound influence on the relief and surface hydrographic structure of Western Hungary. Despite its significance, the precise timing and climatic conditions under which this mega-yardang system formed remain elusive. The geological setting was studied, the former humidity and biome patterns were modelled, the climatically analogous regions of the past climates of the region were identified, and the Köppen Aridity Indices of the region were compared to the aridity values of other yardang fields from five continents in the last 3.3 mys. The geological structure of the yardangs suggests an origin post-dating the Tortonian period but preceding the mid-Pleistocene era. In the Zanclean and in the warmer periods of the Piacenzian, the studied region had humid subtropical climatic conditions that were not suitable for the formation of large-scale aeolian landforms. Similarly, in the Quaternary period, the climate varied between boreal and humid continental, which was not conducive to the formation of mega-yardang fields. Cold semi-arid climatic conditions only existed in the mid-Pliocene cold period and perhaps at the transition of the Pliocene to the Pleistocene. This paleoclimatic hypothesis is in accordance with the Pliocene fossil record of the region, which contains the remains of such arid habitat-dwelling fauna elements as camelids and struthionids. The comparison of the development of Köppen Aridity Indices among yardangs in other territories also suggests that the Pannonian mega-yardang system may have formed around the transition of the Neogene to the Quaternary epochs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the contributions of Ralph Hawtrey to monetary theory and macroeconomics, focusing on his monetary business cycle theory and his monetary explanation of the Great Depression. Unlike Milton Friedman's US‐centred explanation of the Great Depression, Hawtrey's was focused on the international gold standard that collapsed with the outset of World War I and the attempt to restore it. Hawtrey urged that, after restoration of the gold standard, increased monetary demand for gold be restrained to prevent gold appreciation and deflation. But deliberate French gold accumulation in 1928 and interest‐rate increases by the Federal Reserve, led to the ruinous deflation foreseen by Hawtrey. The article then critically evaluates recent discussions of Hawtrey's contributions in books by Hetzel (2023) and Mattei (2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depositional history of the Bonneville Salt Flats, a perennial saline pan in Utah's Bonneville basin, has poor temporal constraints, and the climatic and geomorphic conditions that led to saline pan formation there are poorly understood. We explore the late Pleistocene to Holocene depositional record of Bonneville Salt Flats cores. Our data challenge the assumption that the saline pan formed from the desiccation of Lake Bonneville, the largest late Pleistocene lake in the Great Basin, which covered this area from 30 to 13 cal ka BP. We test two hypotheses: whether climatic transitions from (1) wet to arid or (2) arid to wet led to saline pan deposition. We describe the depositional record with radiocarbon dating, sedimentological structures, mineralogy, diatom, ostracode, and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer measurements. Gypsum and carbonate strontium isotope ratio measurements reflect changes in water sources. Three shallow saline lake to desiccation cycles occurred from >45 and >28 cal ka BP. Deflation removed Lake Bonneville sediments between 13 and 8.3 cal ka BP. Gypsum deposition spanned 8.3 to 5.4 cal ka BP, while the oldest halite interval formed from 5.4 to 3.5 cal ka BP during a wetter period. These findings offer valuable insights for sedimentologists, archaeologists, geomorphologists, and land managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the inflation dynamics in Rwanda from the 1970s to 2021, focusing on policies, trends, challenges, and opportunities in managing inflation. Secondary data sources were used for analysis. The findings show that Rwanda has adopted a multi-faceted approach to inflation control, including macroeconomic policies, economic diversification, and infrastructure investment. The study identifies three distinct episodes of high inflation in the 1970s, early 1990s, and 1994. Since the early 2000s, inflation trends have been erratic, with notable episodes in 2004, 2008-2009, 2012, and 2020. Challenges in managing inflation include import reliance, weak monetary policy transmission, and vulnerability of the agriculture sector. Opportunities for Rwanda lie in economic diversification, improved coordination between fiscal and monetary policy, and sound macroeconomic policies. The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to inflation management, considering Rwanda's unique circumstances, to achieve stability and inclusive growth through sound policies, diversification, and infrastructure investment.

This paper aims to investigate the nonlinear transition to turbulence in generalized 3D Kolmogorov flow. The difference between this and classical Kolmogorov flow is that the forcing term in the x direction sin(y) is replaced with sin(y)cos(z). This drastically complicates the problem. First, a stability analysis is performed by deriving the analog of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation. It is shown that for infinite stretching, the flow is stable, contrary to classical forcing. Next, a neutral curve is constructed, and the stability of the main solution is analyzed. It is shown that for the cubic domain, the main solution is linearly stable, at least for 0

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of inflation dynamics in Burundi, a country facing long-standing political and economic challenges. Through exploratory review of literature, it examines inflation trends, policy measures, and challenges, while offering potential solutions to combat high inflation in Burundi. Findings reveal periods of high and low inflation influenced by economic and political factors. Despite policy efforts, the country continues to experience volatile and high inflation levels, impacting the economy and citizens negatively. Key challenges include political instability, weak institutions, and external shocks. The study recommends sustained implementation and monitoring of policies promoting financial sector development, enhancing access to finance, and addressing corruption. These measures are vital for achieving stability and prosperity. The study also emphasizes the importance of evidence-based approaches to inflation control. In addition, the study underscores the significance of ongoing policy efforts in achieving economic stability and prosperity in Burundi amidst inflation challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: collection, analysis and generalization of data on wind speed and the intensity of deflation processes in Rostov region, that helps assessing the quantitative side of soil loss depending on wind speed, weather conditions, terrain, tillage method and other factors, and development of wind corridors for the conditions of the region under consideration. Materials and methods. The research was carried out on chestnut soils, southern and ordinary chernozems of the agricultural enterprise “Rassvet” of Aksai district and the agricultural enterprise “Krasnoarmeyskoe” of Oryol district of Rostov region, and the results of other scientists, who have been conducting research in Rostov region since 1969, were analyzed and summarized. Wind speed was measured with anemometers at a height of 2 m above the soil level, and the soil mass moved by winds was determined by the Erosion bridge (pin method) and dust collectors of our own design. Methods of analysis and synthesis as a systematic approach to achieving the goal were used. Results. The wind direction and speed in Rostov region depend on the seasonal position of pressure centers: the Siberian maximum in winter and the Azores in summer. Over the 54 years of research from 1969 to 2023, dust storms and drifting snow were observed 11 times, i.e. once every five years. Mathematical processing of long-term research data made it possible to obtain dependencies for assessing the effect of wind speed on soil removal on average in 1 hour, to determine soil removal coefficients, to propose zoning of the region into five deflationary regions, to develop a map diagram of deflationary zones and wind corridors of Rostov region. Conclusions. The greatest soil losses in wind-impact directions were in 1969 up to 800–900 t/ha for a duration of 300 h, in 1972 – 170–200 t/ha for a duration of 96 h; in 1984, with a daytime wind speed of 10–14 m/s with gusts of up to 25–30 m/s for a duration of 142 h, soil losses amounted to 218 t/ha.

Background: Arterial tourniquet in extremity surgery is an essential tool because it prevents bleeding and improves visualization of the surgical field. Both, tourniquet inflation and deflation are associated with haemodynamic changes. Aim and Objectives: To compare the effects of cyclic versus non-cyclic deflation of pneumatic arterial tourniquet on the haemodynamic and systemic parameters. Material and Methods: Sixty patients of Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) I and II classification, undergoing lower limb surgery using pneumatic tourniquet under spinal anaesthesia were randomly allocated equally into Group A (non-cyclic deflation) and Group B (cyclic deflation Deflated thrice with progressive difference in deflation periods). Standard anaesthesia protocol was followed. On completion of surgery or once permissible tourniquet time was reached, tourniquet was deflated as per the method assigned for the patient. The haemodynamic parameters and Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) values were compared just before and after deflation in both the groups. Results: In Group A, there was a significant fall in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) after 3 minutes, requiring vasopressor (p < 0.01, highly significant). After tourniquet deflation, the ABG sample had significant variation with respect to bicarbonate and lactate values. In Group A, mean bicarbonate value was statistically lower than that of Group B (22.76 ± 2.05 v/s 24.06 ± 1.22) (p = 0.004). The lactate value in Group A was statistically higher than in Group B (1.73 ± 0.43 v/s 1.35 ± 0.42) (p = 0.001). Also, lactate in sample 2 was significantly high compared to sample 1 (1.76 ± 0.40 v/s 1.49 ± 0.6) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cyclic deflation is better than non-cyclic deflation with respect to hemodynamic stability and release of metabolites into blood stream.

Abstract Ground deformation in volcanic areas induced by geothermal fluid circulation can reveal useful information about the dynamical processes occurring in the subsurface hydrothermal system. In the present work, we investigate tiltmeter time-series recorded at Aso Volcano during 2011–2016, a time interval during which different phases of volcanic activity occurred. We performed polarization analysis of the data and identified peculiar long-lasting (hours) transients, defined as Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses. The transients were further characterized in terms of waveform cross-correlation, particle tilt pattern, energy, and time distributions. The analyses indicate that such signals, which appear like deflation–inflation (DI) events, are associated with a Poissonian process whose underlying dynamics evolves over time always driven by a Poissonian mechanism. The obtained results have been interpreted in light of the available geophysical, geochemical and volcanological information. In this framework, the Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses may be ascribed to the depressurization/pressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system according to a fault-valve mechanism, which was active with different efficiency throughout eruptive and inter-eruptive phases. Graphical Abstract

ABSTRACT This paper raises some points about the economy and economic policies, and presents some possible economic solution, providing the stimulus for economic thought and importantly action to forestall economic problems. The practicable economic policies suggested in the paper would to some extent alleviate the serious economic problems of inflation, deflation, recessions, and unemployment, though it is also hoped that the suggested economic policies could permanently eliminate these serious economic issues. The successful implementation of these economic policies would certainly lead to a better society, possibly with inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for all.

In this article, we focus on solving a sequence of linear systems that have identical (or similar) coefficient matrices. For this type of problem, we investigate subspace correction (SC) and deflation methods, which use an auxiliary matrix (subspace) to accelerate the convergence of the iterative method. In practical simulations, these acceleration methods typically work well when the range of the auxiliary matrix contains eigenspaces corresponding to small eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix. We develop a new algebraic auxiliary matrix construction method based on error vector sampling in which eigenvectors with small eigenvalues are efficiently identified in the solution process. We use the generated auxiliary matrix for convergence acceleration in the following solution step. Numerical tests confirm that both SC and deflation methods with the auxiliary matrix can accelerate the solution process of the iterative solver. Furthermore, we examine the applicability of our technique to the estimation of the condition number of the coefficient matrix. We also present the algorithm of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method with condition number estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the issues of soil degradation and the possibility of conserving and restoring soil fertility in southern regions of Siberia. Long-term stationary research data is synthesized in order to determine the mechanism of erosion processes and obtain quantitative data on soil losses depending on key factors of water and wind erosion. Particular attention is given to the periodically extreme nature of processes that cause catastrophic soil degradation. Patterns of changes in the structure of processes that require agricultural soil conservation measures are revealed. The mechanism of soil erosion and soil degradation rate changes in the west to east direction along the belt of steppes and forest–steppes of southern Siberia. In the south of Western Siberia, the pressing issue is protecting soils from thawing erosion, in Khakassia the particular hazard is soil deflation, and in Cis-Baikal and Transbaikal region soil degradation is exacerbated by the combined effect of rainfall erosion and deflation. The results of a quantitative cartographic assessment of erosion hazard levels based on empirical models of potential soil loss and deflation are presented for the major agricultural regions with a case study of the Irkutsk–Cheremkhovo plain and the Nazarovskaya and Yuzhno-Minusinskaya depressions. A decrease in erosion soil losses as a result of socioeconomic agriculture reforms and a significant reduction in the area of agricultural land in the early 1990s and in the post-reform period (2010–2017) are noted. It is emphasized that the re-expansion of agricultural land observed in recent years creates the necessity of large-scale inventory mapping of erosion processes in southern Siberia. That data can be used to select an optimal nature management policy that promotes conservation of soil resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arterial tourniquet in extremity surgery is an essential tool because it prevents bleeding and improves visualization of the surgical field. Both, tourniquet inflation and deflation are associated with haemodynamic changes. Aim and Objectives:To compare the effects of cyclic versus non-cyclic deflation of pneumatic arterial tourniquet on the haemodynamic and systemic parameters. Material and Methods: Sixty patients of Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) I and II classification, undergoing lower limb surgery using pneumatic tourniquet under spinal anaesthesia were randomly allocated equally into Group A(non-cyclic deflation) and Group B (cyclic deflation)Deflated thrice with progressive difference in deflation periods). Standard anaesthesia protocol was followed. On completion of surgery or once permissible tourniquet time was reached, tourniquet was deflated as per the method assigned for the patient. The haemodynamic parameters and Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) values were compared just before and after deflation in both the groups. Results: In Group A, there was a significant fall in Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) after 3 minutes, requiring vasopressor (p < 0.01, highly significant). After tourniquet deflation, the ABG sample 2 had significant variation with respect to bicarbonate and lactate values. In Group A, mean bicarbonate value was statistically lower than that of Group B (22.76 ± 2.05 v/s 24.06 ± 1.22) (p = 0.004). The lactate value in Group A was statistically higher than in Group B (1.73 ± 0.43 v/s 1.35 ± 0.42) (p = 0.001). Also, lactate in sample 2 was significantly high compared to sample 1 (1.76 ± 0.40 v/s 1.49 ± 0.6) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cyclic deflation is better than non-cyclic deflation with respect to hemodynamic stability and release of metabolites into blood stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of soil losses management studying due to wind and water soil erosion crops rotations proposed based on methodologies of NSC "Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research named after O.N. Sokolovsky". The main purpose of our research was to assess the soil losses under influence of wind and water erosion in crop rotation. The works were planned to determine how erosion types correspond to crops or having the same effect on a similar field parts in the crop rotation of Ukrainian Eastern Steppe part. It was also planned to compare soils losses in similar gradations (allowable, slight, moderate, high) with the following analysis of the differences in the manifestation dynamics under different agricultural crops (fallow, winter crops, barley, oat, corn for grain, corn for silage, millet, peas), and different parts of fields. It is proposed when determining the erosion risk of the territory, the areas of such soils must be protected by such crops with minimal losses from the destructive effects of wind erosion and surface runoff. It is possible to state the cumulative manifestation of erosion and deflation on the territory of the region, but it is impossible to separate the contours of eroded and deflated soils in detail, therefore, in erosion situations proposed to obtain separate influence of each erosion (wind and water) on already eroded or erosionally hazardous lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is devoted to deflation, which is a significantly less analyzed problem in modern economic theory. The interest to this topic is prompted by the increasing probability of deflationary episodes, due to the periods of recession and depression observed in recent years almost all around the world. The main thesis of the article is that analyzing the origin and genesis of the concepts that explation deflation during the mentioned period has the potential to increase effectiveness in managing future deflationary processes. The aim of the study is to present a comparative analysis of some of the first systematic economic studies – from the birth of economic science to the period of the Keynesian revolution. This is done to achieve a more accurate and complete understanding of the economic interpretations of deflation over time, as well as the reasons that led to it and the consequences of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To analyze climatic indicators that cause the formation and development of a wide range of geomorphological processes, including dangerous or catastrophic ones. Methods. Statistical, system analysis. Results. The research was based on the analysis of a number of climatic indicators (amount and intensity of precipitation, air and soil temperature, thickness of snow cover and water reserves in it) of the Pozhyzhevska snow avalanche station and the Laboratory of Landscape Monitoring of the Chornohora Geographical Station of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, which represent different oroclimatic zones.As a result of the study, the climatic indicators influencing the formation of modern relief processes of the northeastern slope of Chornohora were mainly established, and their heterogeneity in the different natural territorial complexes was characterized. Particular attention is paid to the processes of physical weathering, which are quite widespread and form the material for the further development of erosion and gravity processes. Their development is determined by significant temperature amplitudes and temperature transitions through 0°C. It has been established that an the Chornohora Geographical Station, daily air temperature amplitudes above 10°C are characteristic of 2/3 of the days of the warm period, above 15°C - on a third of the days, above 20°C in some cases, with a maximum value of 25.2°C. The daily amplitudes of temperature on the open soil surface above 20°C were recorded on half of the days of the warm period with repeated exceeding of 30°C. With depth, these indicators in the soil are smoothed out, but are still noticeable at a depth of 20 cm. The transition of the air temperature through 0°C (also one of the factors of defluxation) to the Chornohora Geographical Station was recorded on average on 98 days per year (including 38 in the snowless period). The amount and intensity of precipitation affecting the development of erosion processes, the formation of floods, mudflows, avalanches, and indirectly landslides and landslides. Conclusions. It has been found that the main climatic indicators that cause the formation and development of various geomorphological processes are precipitation, temperature, and snow cover thickness.

Purpose: to study the deflation manifestation patterns on Rostov region soils in the cold and warm periods of the year, depending on the agricultural background, the projective cover of soil surface by plants and the availability of reclamation protective forest plantations. Materials and methods. Deflation studies were being carried out on the soils of Aksai and Orlovsky districts Rostov region from 1970 to 2022. Conventional research methods including the measurement of wind speed by anemometers, were used, the soil layer displaced by the wind was determined by the method of pins and dust collectors of authors own design. Results. During the period of dust storm from April 14 to April 21, 2003, the influence of the position and amount of stubble on soil removal under various methods of tillage was determined. During chisel tillage, the largest amount of stubble was noted – 250 pcs/sq. m, including the standing one – 110 pcs/sq. m and lying one of 140 pcs/sq. m. At the same time, there was a decrease in wind velocity from 10.9 m/s at a height of 0.8 m to 3.2 m/s at a height of 0.05 m. With more than 120 stubble pcs/sq. m remaining on the soil surface, the soil is protected from wind, and the removal of fine earth in these options is zero. The projective soil surface cover by plants is the next factor influencing deflation. When it decreases, the soil remains unprotected from wind gusts and soil removal increases, respectively, from 1 t/ha from a perennial grasses field up to 40–70 t/ha by non-moldboard plowing and up to 260–297 t/ha by moldboard plowing. Conclusions. To reduce the loss of fertile soil layer from deflation, it is recommended to carry out the basic tillage, leaving stubble and crop residues on soil surface, which reduce the wind velocity near the soil surface and prevent deflation.

In this review, we present the effects of lung hyperinflation on the cardiovascular system (CVS) and the beneficial outcomes of different deflation treatment modalities. We discuss the effects of long-acting bronchodilator drugs, medical and surgical lung volume reduction on the performance of the CVS.Although there is a small number of studies investigating lung deflation and the CVS, the short-term improvement in heart function was clearly demonstrated.However, more studies, with longer duration, are needed to verify these significant beneficial effects of deflation of the lungs on the CVS. Dynamic hyperinflation during exercise could be a research model to investigate further the effects of lung hyperinflation and/or deflation on the CVS.

The analysis of bifurcations and chaotic dynamics for nonlinear systems of a large size is a difficult problem. Analytical and numerical approaches must be used to deal with this problem. Numerical methods include solving some of the hardest problems in computational mathematics, which include system spectral and algebraic problems, specific nonlinear numerical methods, and computational implementation on parallel architectures. The software structure that is required to perform numerical bifurcation analysis for large-scale systems was considered in the paper. The software structure, specific features that are used for successful bifurcation analysis, globalization strategies, stabilization, and high-precision implementations are discussed. We considered the bifurcation analysis in the initial boundary value problem for a system of partial differential equations that describes the dynamics of incompressible ABC flow (3D Navier–Stokes equations). The initial stationary solution is characterized by the stability and connectivity to the main solutions branches. Periodic solutions were considered in view of instability transition problems. Finally, some questions of higher dimensional attractors and chaotic regimes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground deformation in volcanic areas induced by geothermal fluid circulation can reveal useful information about the dynamical processes occurring in the subsurface hydrothermal system. In the present work, we investigate tiltmeter time-series recorded at Aso Volcano during 2011–2016, a time interval during which different phases of volcanic activity occurred. We performed polarization analysis of the data and identified peculiar long-lasting (hours) transients, defined as Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses. The transients were further characterized in terms of waveform cross-correlation, particle tilt pattern, energy, and time distributions. The analyses indicate that such signals, which appear like deflation–inflation (DI) events, are associated with a Poissonian process whose underlying dynamics evolves over time always driven by a Poissonian mechanism. The obtained results have been interpreted in light of the available geophysical, geochemical and volcanological information. In this framework, the Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses may be ascribed to the depressurization/pressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system according to a fault-valve mechanism, which was active with different efficiency throughout eruptive and inter-eruptive phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the inflation dynamics in Rwanda from the 1970s to 2021, focusing on policies, trends, challenges, and opportunities in managing inflation. Secondary data sources were used for analysis. The findings show that Rwanda has adopted a multi-faceted approach to inflation control, including macroeconomic policies, economic diversification, and infrastructure investment. The study identifies three distinct episodes of high inflation in the 1970s, early 1990s, and 1994. Since the early 2000s, inflation trends have been erratic, with notable episodes in 2004, 2008-2009, 2012, and 2020. Challenges in managing inflation include import reliance, weak monetary policy transmission, and vulnerability of the agriculture sector. Opportunities for Rwanda lie in economic diversification, improved coordination between fiscal and monetary policy, and sound macroeconomic policies. The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to inflation management, considering Rwanda's unique circumstances, to achieve stability and inclusive growth through sound policies, diversification, and infrastructure investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of system approach the article analyzes the development of economic system during movement of investment values (jobs) and human capital by stages of their specification. Economic cycles were discussed briefly and each of them finishes in the late first quarter of the 21st century. With the help of exchange equation the author shows economic investment cycles and stock cycles as a result of business activity aimedatresolvingproblemscreatedbygrowingnumberofhumancapitalanditsdemandforvaluesofcomfortablelife. Cycles of staff business activity were studied, which constantly take the economic system to new stages of investment value specialization. Controversial results of business activity were highlighted, which can cause either a recession of the economic system or galloping inflation. An important role of inflation in managing business activity and developing economic system was underlined. The article identifies the conditions when the poor become poorer and the rich – richer. Special attention was paid to problems that could arise in economic systems in case the sequence in staff business activity is broken.

Abstract Background The incidence of cough reflex during extubation is 76%. Cough reflex causes severe hemodynamic fluctuations and airway complications. This prospective trial investigated the potential effects of tracheal tube cuff deflation on cough reflex during extubation. Methods One hundred and twenty-six patients scheduled for operations within 3 h under general anaesthesia with orotracheal intubation were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (C), experimental (E) or syringe (S) groups. Patients in group C underwent tracheal tube cuff deflation using a 10-ml syringe in 1 s, patients in group E underwent tracheal tube cuff deflation continuously and slowly in 5 s using a cuff pressure gauge until the pressure was zero and patients in group S underwent tracheal tube cuff deflation using a 10-ml syringe at a speed of 1 ml s−1. The incidence and severity of cough reflexs during extubation and the incidence of postoperative airway complications within 48 h were assessed. Results Compared with group C (60.0%), the incidence of cough reflex in group E was 9.8% (p

In real-life control problems, such as power systems, there are large-scale high-ranked discrete-time algebraic Riccati equations (DAREs) from fractional systems that require stabilizing solutions. However, these solutions are no longer numerically low-rank, which creates difficulties in computation and storage. Fortunately, the potential structures of the state matrix in these systems (e.g., being banded-plus-low-rank) could be beneficial for large-scale computation. In this paper, a factorized structure-preserving doubling algorithm (FSDA) is developed under the assumptions that the non-linear and constant terms are positive semidefinite and banded-plus-low-rank. The detailed iteration scheme and a deflation process for FSDA are analyzed. Additionally, a technique of partial truncation and compression is introduced to reduce the dimensions of the low-rank factors. The computation of residual and the termination condition of the structured version are also redesigned. Illustrative numerical examples show that the proposed FSDA outperforms SDA with hierarchical matrices toolbox (SDA_HODLR) on CPU time for large-scale problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-year-old, 4.8 kg, male intact, mixed breed dog was referred for balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV). Echocardiography was consistent with severe type A pulmonic stenosis and BPV was recommended. During BPV, the balloon catheter failed to deflate despite multiple attempts at repositioning and the use of different deflation syringes. After approximately two minutes of cardiopulmonary arrest, forceful retrograde traction resulted in removal of the fully inflated balloon. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was unsuccessful. Post-mortem evaluation by a board-certified pathologist identified rupture of the cranial vena cava and hemothorax, suspected to be secondary to forceful removal of the fully inflated balloon. Manufacturer's evaluation of the balloon catheter used in the procedure identified multiple kinks and a segment of stretched catheter shaft suspected to be the cause for the inability to deflate. A manufacturing defect present prior to use or predisposing to stretching of the catheter segment could not be ruled out. Kinking and/or stretching of the catheter during BPV were possible causes as well. Although the inability to deflate a balloon catheter seems to be a very rare occurrence, it should be considered as a potential complication of BPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is quite common that a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) admits multiple distinct solutions and each solution may carry a unique physical meaning. One typical approach for finding multiple solutions is to use the Newton method with different initial guesses that ideally fall into the basins of attraction confining the solutions. In this paper, we propose a fast and accurate numerical method for multiple solutions comprised of three ingredients: (i) a well-designed spectral-Galerkin discretization of the underlying PDE leading to a nonlinear algebraic system (NLAS) with multiple solutions; (ii) an effective deflation technique to eliminate a known (founded) solution from the other unknown solutions leading to deflated NLAS; and (iii) a viable nonlinear least-squares and trust-region (LSTR) method for solving the NLAS and the deflated NLAS to find the multiple solutions sequentially one by one. We demonstrate through ample examples of differential equations and comparison with relevant existing approaches that the spectral LSTR-Deflation method has the merits: (i) it is quite flexible in choosing initial values, even starting from the same initial guess for finding all multiple solutions; (ii) it guarantees high-order accuracy; and (iii) it is quite fast to locate multiple distinct solutions and explore new solutions which are not reported in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Link for citation: Kozlova I.V., Zenkova Zh.N., Kvasnikova Z.N. Analysis of the climatic deflation indicator dynamics on the example of Erzin weather station data. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 9, рр. 154-162. In Rus. The relevance of the research is caused by the need to identify factors affecting the development of deflationary processes of arid geosystems of the Tuva Republic. This will allow us to propose further measures to reduce the degradation of agricultural land and minimize the development of land desertification. Objective: assessment of climatic conditions and identification of anthropogenic factors of the potential danger of deflation to monitor changes in vulnerable geosystems and natural and anthropogenic processes. Objects: a section of the north-eastern (Russian) part of the Ubsunur basin within the Erzinsky district of the Tuva Republic. Methods: statistical analysis, regressions, moving average, comparative geographical method, interpretation of satellite images. Results. The dynamics of the climatic index of deflation based on the data of the Erzin weather station for 1966–2020 is analyzed; graphs of changes in the temperature regime, the amount of precipitation, wind speed are plotted; a linear trend of the distribution of the average annual temperature is revealed; coefficients of the climatic index of deflation and aridity indices are determined, graphs of their dynamics for the period under study are plotted; a tendency to weaken deflation is revealed; the studied landscapes are subarid on average, and according to the index fluctuation – from weakly arid (0,6–0,8) to arid (0,3) and subarid (0,5 –0,6).

In this paper we provide a new method to certify that a nearby polynomial system has a singular isolated root and we compute its multiplicity structure. More precisely, given a polynomial system f = (f 1 , ... , f N) ∈ C [ x 1 , ... , x n ] N , we present a Newton iteration on an extended deflated system that locally converges, under regularity conditions, to a small deformation of f such that this deformed system has an exact singular root. The iteration simultaneously converges to the coordinates of the singular root and the coefficients of the so-called inverse system that describes the multiplicity structure at the root. We use α -theory test to certify the quadratic convergence, and to give bounds on the size of the deformation and on the approximation error. The approach relies on an analysis of the punctual Hilbert scheme, for which we provide a new description. We show in particular that some of its strata can be rationally parametrized and exploit these parametrizations in the certification. We show in numerical experimentation how the approximate inverse system can be computed as a starting point of the Newton iterations and the fast numerical convergence to the singular root with its multiplicity structure, certified by our criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of agriculture in zones of insufficient moisture supply without proper scientific support causes degradation processes in soils that reduce the productivity of arable lands. It is important to research agrotechnological features of crop cultivation and identify the reasons behind the manifestation of soil degradation processes in the dry-steppe zone of Volgograd oblast to develop prevention measures and restore disturbed agricultural landscapes. This paper examines natural and anthropogenic factors that affect the development of degradation processes in agricultural landscapes. The natural factors include atmospheric precipitation, droughts, and dry winds that under certain conditions provoke the development of deflation and erosion. Climate is the primary factor that causes degradation processes in agricultural landscapes. Moisture conditions have been grouped based on annual precipitation amounts over a 64-year period: 13 years were classified as severely dry, 14 years as dry, 26 years as moderate, and 11 years as humid. The following anthropogenic factors have significant impacts on the degradation of soils and agricultural landscapes: agrotechnological crop cultivation techniques and technologies in general. On chestnut soils, the no-till technology has an advantage in terms of bioenergetic efficiency: its energy efficiency indices for spring wheat and barley amount to 3.36 and 4.65, respectively. Nonmoldboard cultivation has an advantage over other basic cultivation methods: its bioenergetic efficiency indices for spring wheat and barley are 1.81 and 3.41, respectively. Compared to nonmoldboard cultivation, the energy efficiency indices of moldboard and surface cultivation are lower by 35% for spring wheat and by 17% for barley. A comprehensive assessment of the impact by the anthropogenic factor on the degradation of soils and agricultural landscapes in the dry steppe-zone of chestnut soils showed that erosion and deflation processes are significantly more intense in areas where moldboard cultivation and the classic technology are used compared to the combined and no-till (direct seeding) technologies that increase the sustainability of agricultural landscapes from unstable to stable levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US recovery from the 1920–21 recession has been presented as a triumph of laissez-faire policies and a serious challenge to Keynesian economics. This study interrogates this claim by using previously unutilised data and examines the historical development of the early 1920s recession and recovery. The study refutes the laissez-faire view and shows that the recovery indeed fits Keynes's perspective. The deflationary recession was largely engineered by the Federal Reserve a la 1980s Volker disinflation. The recovery closely followed the reversal of tight monetary policy and was propelled by exceptionally long pent-up private consumption and residential spending. The recovery initiated the Roaring Twenties boom of weakened organised labour, rising income inequality and mounting private debt. This private debt-led boom proved unsustainable and was fraught with risks that contributed to the severity of the Great Depression. Although the recovery was not driven by fiscal policy, it cannot be seen as driven by price flexibility either. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of cough reflex during extubation is 76%. Cough reflex causes severe hemodynamic fluctuations and airway complications. This prospective trial investigated the potential effects of tracheal tube cuff deflation on cough reflex during extubation. Methods: One hundred and twenty-six patients scheduled for operations within 3 h under general anaesthesia with orotracheal intubation were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (C), experimental (E) or syringe (S) groups. Patients in group C underwent tracheal tube cuff deflation using a 10-ml syringe in 1 s, patients in group E underwent tracheal tube cuff deflation continuously and slowly in 5 s using a cuff pressure gauge until the pressure was zero and patients in group S underwent tracheal tube cuff deflation using a 10-ml syringe at a speed of 1 ml s−1. The incidence and severity of cough reflexs during extubation and the incidence of postoperative airway complications within 48 h were assessed. Results: Compared with group C (60.0%), the incidence of cough reflex in group E was 9.8% (p < 0.001) and in group S was 12.5% (p < 0.001). The severity of cough reflex was graded as 2 (1–2) in group C, 1 (1–1) in group E and 1 (1–1) in group S (p < 0.001 for group comparisons). The incidence of hoarseness in group C was 0.0%, in group E was 19.5% and in group S was 5.0% (p < 0.05 for all groups, p = 0.009 between group C and E). Conclusions: Compared with deflating a trachal tube cuff with a 10-ml syringe in 1 s, the use of a 10-ml syringe at a speed of 1 ml s−1 or a cuff pressure guage within 5 s can both reduce the incidence of cough reflex, but deflating with a cuff pressure guage can increase the incidence of postoperative hoarseness. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier: ChiCTR2100054089, Date: 08/12/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine deflation-based algebraic multigrid methods for solving large systems of linear equations. Aggregation of the unknown terms is applied for coarsening, while deflation techniques are proposed for improving the rate of convergence. More specifically, the V-cycle strategy is adopted, in which, at each iteration, the solution is computed by initially decomposing it utilizing two complementary subspaces. The approximate solution is formed by combining the solution obtained using multigrids and deflation. In order to improve performance and convergence behavior, the proposed scheme was coupled with the Modified Generic Factored Approximate Sparse Inverse preconditioner. Furthermore, a parallel version of the multigrid scheme is proposed for multicore parallel systems, improving the performance of the techniques. Finally, characteristic model problems are solved to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed schemes, while numerical results are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normalizing flows (NFs) are universal density estimators based on neural networks. However, this universality is limited: the density's support needs to be diffeomorphic to a Euclidean space. In this paper, we propose a novel method to overcome this limitation without sacrificing universality. The proposed method inflates the data manifold by adding noise in the normal space, trains an NF on this inflated manifold, and, finally, deflates the learned density. Our main result provides sufficient conditions on the manifold and the specific choice of noise under which the corresponding estimator is exact. Our method has the same computational complexity as NFs and does not require computing an inverse flow. We also demonstrate theoretically (under certain conditions) and empirically (on a wide range of toy examples) that noise in the normal space can be well approximated by Gaussian noise. This allows using our method for approximating arbitrary densities on unknown manifolds provided that the manifold dimension is known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A straightforward and efficient anesthetic approach for hand and forearm surgery is intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA), often known as the Bier Block. Dr. August Bier developed this method in 1908, and it offers total anesthesia as well as a bloodless operating room. Historically, the local anesthetic has been contained and a bloodless surgical field has been created by using an upper arm tourniquet. Major issues following IVRA with an upper arm tourniquet are uncommon, although they typically arise from systemic toxicity of local anesthetics upon tourniquet relaxation. Convulsions, coma, respiratory depression and arrest, and cardiovascular depression are signs of significant systemic local anesthetic responses, which might be lethal. Because of this, some medical professionals favor general anesthesia or other loco-regional procedures for hand and forearm surgery. Objective: The aim of this review was to compare the effects of early vs late distal tourniquet deflation during hand and forearm surgery under intravenous regional anesthetic with or without ketorolac. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, from August 2000 to July 2021, using the keywords "Deflation, Distal tourniquet, Intravenous Regional Anesthesia, Ketorolac, Hand and Forearm Surgery". The reviewers evaluated relevant literature references as well. Only the most recent or complete study was taken into account. Examples of articles that weren't regarded as significant scientific research include unpublished manuscripts, oral presentations, conference abstracts, and dissertations. The lack of resources for translation has led to the ignoring of documents written in languages other than English. Results: The reviewed literature showed that alternative adjustments in extremities surgery can improve IVRA. In shortterm hand procedures, the forearm tourniquet may be chosen since it is simple to administer, has a minimal risk of toxicity, and offers an early block to healing. Conclusion: Depending on the patient's preferences, a Bier block with a forearm tourniquet can be utilized with or without further sedation or analgesics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-product free (CPF) Jacobi–Davidson type method is proposed to compute a partial generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) of a large regular matrix pair { A , B } , called CPF-JDGSVD. It implicitly solves the mathematically equivalent generalized eigenvalue problem of the cross-product matrix pair { A T A , B T B } using the Rayleigh–Ritz projection method but does not form the cross-product matrices explicitly, and thus avoids the possible accuracy loss of the computed generalized singular values and generalized singular vectors. The method is an inner-outer iteration method, where the expansion of the right searching subspace forms the inner iterations that approximately solve the correction equations involved and the outer iterations extract approximate GSVD components with respect to the subspaces. A convergence result is established for the outer iterations, compact bounds are derived for the condition numbers of the correction equations, and the least solution accuracy requirements on the inner iterations are found, which can maximize the overall efficiency of CPF-JDGSVD as much as possible. Based on them, practical stopping criteria are designed for the inner iterations. A thick-restart CPF-JDGSVD algorithm with deflation and purgation is developed to compute several GSVD components of { A , B } associated with the generalized singular values closest to a given target τ . Numerical experiments illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of sales and promotions on the pricing decisions of firms by providing a novel theoretical model where firms face price adjustment costs and offer items on sale to attract bargain hunters. It is demonstrated that in a recession, the frequency of items on sale increases as well as the effort of consumers to locate such offers. Since the decrease in the cost of living following a recession comes both from price decreases and the combination of more frequent sales and more active bargain hunting by consumers, a price index that simply focuses on prices and neglects high-frequency sales and their weight in the consumer's basket appears to be less responsive to shocks. This can explain the low response of inflation in the post-crisis period and thus the breakdown of the Phillips curve as sales items is under-represented in common price indexes. This study also shows that a price index created by placing more weight on sale items in the UK CPI correlates better with the output gap, confirming the model's predictions. Additionally, if agents form inflation expectations using indices that neglect sales and promotions, recessions are exacerbated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform a bifurcation analysis of a two-dimensional magnetic Rayleigh–Bénard problem using a numerical technique called deflated continuation. Our aim is to study the influence of the magnetic field on the bifurcation diagram as the Chandrasekhar number Q increases and compare it to the standard (non-magnetic) Rayleigh–Bénard problem. We compute steady states at a high Chandrasekhar number of Q = 1 0 3 over a range of the Rayleigh number 0 ≤ Ra ≤ 1 0 5 . These solutions are obtained by combining deflation with a continuation of steady states at low Chandrasekhar number, which allows us to explore the influence of the strength of the magnetic field as Q increases from low coupling, where the magnetic effect is almost negligible, to strong coupling at Q = 1 0 3 . We discover a large profusion of states with rich dynamics and observe a complex bifurcation structure with several pitchfork, Hopf, and saddle–node bifurcations. Our numerical simulations show that the onset of bifurcations in the problem is delayed when Q increases, while solutions with fluid velocity patterns aligning with the background vertical magnetic field are privileged. Additionally, we report a branch of states that stabilizes at high magnetic coupling, suggesting that one may take advantage of the magnetic field to discriminate solutions. • Bifurcation analysis of a magnetic Rayleigh–Bénard problem. • Deflation-continuation strategy in a multiparameter setting. • Large profusion of states with rich dynamics are discovered with deflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a matrix-free parallel two-level deflation method combined with the Complex Shifted Laplacian Preconditioner (CSLP) for two-dimensional heterogeneous Helmholtz problems encountered in seismic exploration, antennas, and medical imaging. These problems pose challenges in terms of accuracy and convergence due to scalability issues with numerical solvers. Motivated by the limitations imposed by excessive computational time and memory constraints when employing a sequential solver with constructed matrices, we parallelize the two-level deflation method without constructing any matrices. Our approach utilizes preconditioned Krylov subspace methods and approximates the CSLP preconditioner with a parallel geometric multigrid V-cycle. For the two-level deflation, standard inter-grid deflation vectors and further high-order deflation vectors are considered. As another main contribution, the matrix-free Galerkin coarsening approach and a novel re-discretization scheme as well as high-order finite-difference schemes on the coarse grid are studied to obtain wavenumber-independent convergence. The optimal settings for an efficient coarse-grid problem solver are investigated. Numerical experiments of model problems show that the wavenumber independence has been obtained for medium wavenumbers. The matrix-free parallel framework shows satisfactory weak and strong parallel scalability. • We introduce a parallel iterative solver for 2D heterogeneous Helmholtz problems with strong and weak scalability. • A matrix-free parallelization of the two-level deflation method is presented, reducing memory requirements. • We propose a novel re-discretization scheme for coarse grid operators, yielding wavenumber-independent convergence. • Optimization of coarse grid solver tolerance settings significantly enhances overall efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]