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Background: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality in India and it is predominately due to atherosclerosis. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries without a history of cardiac disease and to determine plaque location in the coronary arterial system. Methodology: This study was conducted in the departments of anatomy and forensic medicine on 50 adult human hearts which had no history of cardiac disease. The coronary arteries were dissected, and 300 sections were taken from the origin, division, and from the distal end of right and left coronary arteries. These tissues underwent (histological) evaluation to note atherosclerosis. Results: In the present study, out of 50 cases, 40 (80%) had atherosclerosis. The majority of atherosclerosis was present at the division of coronary arteries (18.6%). Seventy-two percentage of atherosclerosis is present at left coronary artery (LCA) division (bifurcation) and 40% at right coronary artery (RCA) division (bifurcation). Grade I atherosclerosis was observed in 18.3% of hearts, grade II in 7%, and grade III in 2% of specimens, respectively. Both RCA and LCA had a higher proportion and grade of atherosclerosis at bifurcation points than proximal and distal segments. Conclusion: The proportion and grade of atherosclerosis are significantly higher at the division of coronary arteries without a history of cardiac disease. The identification of high-risk areas for atherosclerosis will lead to future advances in locally oriented preventive strategies.

Introduction: The upper extremity is commonly involved in severe soft tissue defects that can be challenging functionally and cosmetically. Anatomical studies on skin vascularization provide developmental base for the flap nourished by perforating arteries. Perforator flaps reduce donor site morbidity and recovery time. Therefore, in case of cosmetic surgery of soft tissue defect of the arm, it is mandatory for reconstructive surgeons to have beforehand knowledge of vascular anatomy of cutaneous perforators of the arm. Hence, a study was done to evaluate the total number of perforators, distribution from bony landmarks, and pedicle length from source vessels on the medial, lateral, and posterior aspects of the arm. Methodology: The study was undertaken at the Department of Anatomy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, on 15 upper limbs of fresh cadavers of both the sexes of adult age group. Methylene blue dye was injected into the arterial system of the arm. After one hour, perforators were visualized by incising the margins of the stained arm skin. Results: We observed that maximum numbers of perforators were contributed by direct branch of the brachial artery (49.7%), followed by superior ulnar collateral artery. Numbers of perforators on the medial aspect of the arm were maximum (52.0%), followed by lateral aspect and posterior aspect of the upper arm. Perforators supplying the posterior and lateral aspects of the arm had the maximum mean length. Conclusion: Thus, a detail understanding of position, length, and numbers of perforators of the arm helps surgeons to predefine the appropriate perforator flaps for reconstructive surgeries.