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Background: We aimed to assess the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and 6-min walk test (6 MWT) together as predictors of re-hospitalization and mortality in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients. Methods: This prospective, observational, comparative study was conducted at a tertiary care center in India between October 2016 and March 2018. Patients (aged≥18 years) with ADHF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction were included in this study. The study group (N = 100 patients) consisted of patients undergoing a second BNP test along with the 6 MWT at the time of discharge and at 3-months of discharge. The control group (N = 100 patients) consisted of patients who did not undergo these tests at discharge and/or at 3-months of discharge. Study endpoints were re-hospitalization within 6-months, and in-patient and 6-month mortality. Results: Total 200 patients diagnosed with ADHF were enrolled. Mean age was 53.46 ± 10.12 years in the study group and 52.98 ± 9.88 years in the control group. ROC analysis of BNP level to predict re-hospitalization revealed AUC of 0.935 (p

Oculopalatal tremor (OPT) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by acquired oscillatory nystagmus synchronized with tremors of the soft palate and other muscles. The article discusses the pathology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methods of OPT. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords and relevant articles were studied and analysis was done. Vertical pendular nystagmus is the hallmark, while other muscles such as the neck, head, larynx, and diaphragm may be affected. The pathophysiology is due to lesions of the Guillain–Mollaret triangle (GMT), which causes hypertrophy of the inferior olivary. Neuroimaging reveals hypertrophy of the inferior olivary medulla, which aids in diagnosis. Drug treatments such as gabapentin and memantine can reduce nystagmus, although the visual quality may not permanently improve. The study explores the complexity of the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of OPT. New treatments that target abnormal neuronal connections with drugs such as quinine or mefloquine are being investigated. The potential of deep brain stimulation (DBS) remains uncertain, with promising aspects but limited efficacy. A synergy of technology and treatment is proposed to advance OPT treatment. Future studies will aim to clarify the nuances of responses to OPT and may include a comparative study of medication and DBS. OPT is mainly caused by a disruption in GMT/dentato-rubro-olivary pathway, presenting with tremor, and nystagmus is diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging. Gabapentin and memantine have proved to be effective in improving the condition except for visual changes.

Introduction: Alloimmunisation to red blood cell antigens, resulting from genetic disparities between donors and recipients, is one of the risks associated with blood transfusions. Antibody screening cells are used to detect unexpected antibodies. The risk of alloimmunisation is higher in patients who have undergone multiple blood transfusions. Aim: To estimate the frequency of various Red Blood Cell (RBC) alloantibodies and to determine the types of antibodies present in repeatedly transfused patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 patients with a history of multiple blood transfusions from October 1, 2019, to April 30, 2021, at the blood centre of Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (SGRDIMSR), Amritsar, Punjab, India. Antibody detection and identification were performed, and the results were recorded. The data was statistically analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 to draw relevant conclusions. The observations were tabulated in the form of numbers and percentages. Categorical data was analysed using the Chi-square test. The level of significance was determined as p≤0.05. Results: The study included 200 patients who were on multiple transfusions. The most common blood group among the patients was B positive (39%), followed by O positive (26%). The majority of patients (73.50%) had solid malignancies, followed by 28 (14%) thalassemia patients and 25 (12.50%) patients with chronic kidney disease. Solid malignancies included patients with breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and liver cancer. Alloantibodies were found in 15 patients (7.50%), of which 11 had solid malignancies and 4 had thalassemia. The most frequent antibody detected was the anti-K antibody (40%). Alloantibody formation was observed in both males and females. However, no statistical significance was found between gender and alloimmunisation (p=0.940). Conclusion: The effect of alloimmunisation can be avoided by routine RBC antibody screening before blood transfusion, especially in patients with a history of multiple blood transfusions. These measures decrease the incidence of red blood cell alloimmunisation and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions in multi-transfused patients.

Purpose – The present study's goal is to analyze the impact of audit quality (AQ) on earnings quality (EQ) using different audit attributes. The study shows empirical evidence from India, considered an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach – The sample selected represents the 376 non-financial firms listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). With a 20-year time frame, the authors used the absolute value of discretionary accruals (McNichols, 2002) (DA) as a proxy for EM, which is inversely related to EQ. The authors analyzed data using OLS, fixed effect (FE), 2SLS and Panel-IV estimators. Findings – The authors found that most audit attributes positively affect EQ. In the Indian context, joint auditor (JA), auditor size (A_SIZE), auditor fee (A_FEE) and auditor tenure (A_TENURE) have a negative association with EM indicating high EQ. In contrast, auditor rotation (A_ROTATON) positively affects EM confirming low EQ. Research limitations/implications – The present study uses Big-4 and its member firms as a proxy of auditor size (A_SIZE); instead, other bases may be taken for it, like the dominant audit firms in a particular industry in sample data, etc. The authors have started audit tenure from the base year, i.e. 2001, which may ignore the association of auditor and auditee just before 2001. Practical implications – The study findings would enhance policymakers' willingness to prepare appropriate regulations regarding JAs and auditor rotation, which might improve financial market efficiency and reduce financial fraud among Indian corporates. Originality/value – To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to incorporate “Joint Auditor” (JA) as a proxy for audit quality in the Indian context, which might significantly contribute to the literature.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising multiple molecularly distinct subtypes with varied prevalence, prognostics, and treatment strategies. Among them, triple-negative breast cancer, though the least prevalent, is the most aggressive subtype, with limited therapeutic options. Recent emergence of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks has highlighted how long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRs), and mRNA orchestrate a complex interplay meticulously modulating mRNA functionality. Focusing on TNBC, this study aimed to construct a ceRNA network using differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRs, and mRNAs. We queried the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) between TNBC and luminal samples and found 389 upregulated and 386 downregulated lncRNAs, including novel transcripts in TNBC. DElncRNAs were further evaluated for their clinical, functional, and mechanistic relevance to TNBCs using the lnc2cancer 3.0 database, which presented LUCAT1 (lung cancer-associated transcript 1) as a putative node. Next, the ceRNA network (lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA) of LUCAT1 was established. Several miRNA–mRNA connections of LUCAT1 implicated in regulating stemness (LUCAT1-miR-375-Yap1, LUCAT1-miR181-5p-Wnt, LUCAT1-miR-199a-5p-ZEB1), apoptosis (LUCAT1-miR-181c-5p-Bcl2), drug efflux (LUCAT1-miR-200c-ABCB1, LRP1, MRP5, MDR1), and sheddase activities (LUCAT1-miR-493-5p-ADAM10) were identified, indicating an intricate regulatory mechanism of LUCAT1 in TNBC. Indeed, LUCAT1 silencing led to mitigated cell growth, migration, and stem-like features in TNBC. This work sheds light on the LUCAT1 ceRNA network in TNBC and implies its involvement in TNBC growth and progression.

Growing environmental concerns have made more people aware of waste utilization and management. Agro-waste is becoming to be one of the main contributors to the environmental issue. From a circular economy perspective, the agro-waste, such as natural fibers (NFs) as well as natural particulates (NPs) found in various parts of the crop, can be utilized for the development of new materials. In particular, the main problem of utilizing these wastes for blending into the polymer matrix is their hydrophilicity. which results in “low mechanical properties of the” composite. To enable the NFs and NPs to be adhered to the matrix, they have to be treated, whether chemically or physically. Treatments that focus on increasing the hydrophobicity can result in significant enhancement in the adhesion of the NF and NP with the matrix. the focus of the current work is primarily on the modulation of the mechanical properties of the polymer-based composite material arising from treatment to the surfaces of the NF and NP. This review covers the physical properties of several important NFs and NPs, the different types of chemical treatments available; the processing of the NF and NP reinforced thermoplastic composites, and the mechanical properties of the composite materials.

Abstract Background The recent outbreak of Human Monkeypox (MPXV) in nonendemic regions of the world is of great concern. Objective We aimed to systematically analyze the current epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of the Monkeypox virus. Method Systematic literature was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus using predefined MESH terms by using “AND” and “OR.” The following search terms were used: Monkeypox [MeSH] OR “Monkeypox virus” [MeSH] OR “POX” OR “Monkeypox” AND “Outbreak” AND “Outcomes” from December 2019 till 14th June 2022 without restrictions of language. Results A total of 1074 (99.90%) patients tested positive for Monkeypox virus through RT‐PCR while 1 (0.09) patient was suspected. There was a gender difference with male predominance (54.23% vs. 45.48%) compared with female patients. Mean age (±SD) of patients was 20.66 ± 16.45 years. The major symptoms were rash (100%), fever (96%), and other important symptoms were upper respiratory symptoms (97%), headache (95%), vomiting (95%), oral ulcers (96%), conjunctivitis (96%) and lymphadenopathy (85%). The average mean duration of treatment was 5 days, while the mean hospitalization duration was 13.3 ± 6.37 days. The outcome of 20 patients was available, 19 of 20 patients recovered fully from monkeypox, however, 1 patient was not able to survive resulting in death. Conclusion The recent monkeypox virus outbreak has shown that the virus could transmit in ways that were not previously expected. Further research is needed to understand the possible outcomes and association with humans and their different organ systems.

A series of 1-[4-(substituted phenyl)-2-(substituted phenyl azomethyl)-benzo[b]-[1,4]diazepin-1-yl]-2-substituted phenylaminoethanones (1–17) was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for its antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Results of antimicrobial screening indicated that 1-[4-[4-Chloro-phenyl)-2-[(3-nitro-phenylazo)-methyl]-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-1-yl]-2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-phenyl amino)-ethanone (16) and 1-[4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-[(4-nitro-phenylazo)-methyl]-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-1-yl]-2-(3-nitrophenylamino)-ethanone (17) were found to be the most effective antimicrobial agents. The anticancer screening results indicated that 1-[4-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-2-(p-tolylazo-methyl)-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-1-yl]-2-phenyl aminoethanone (1, IC50 = 1.42 μM/mL against HCT 116 cancer cell lines) was the most potent anticancer agent and was more potent than 5-FU. The results of QSAR studies demonstrated the importance of topological parameters, Kier’s alpha first order shape index (κα1) and valence zero order molecular connectivity index (0χv) in describing antimicrobial activity, LUMO and κα2 in describing anticancer activity of 1-[4-(substituted phenyl)-2-(substituted phenyl azomethyl)-benzo[b]-[1,4]diazepin-1-yl]-2-substituted phenylaminoethanones. Keywords: Benzodiazepines, QSAR, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anticancer

The ever-increasing demand for light weighted hard materials for transportation industries encouraged researchers to develop composites with excellent mechanical properties which can transform it into more economical and eco-friendly. Reinforcing the metals with carbonaceous nanomaterials are progressively in focus due to their excellent capability to inculcate and tailor the properties of MMCs. In the present research, a hybrid nanocomposite of MWCNT-Graphene-AZ31 Mg alloy has been developed by using variable tool rotation speeds with friction stir processing (FSP). Optimized reinforcement ratio of 1.6% vol. MWCNT and 0.3% vol. of graphene have been used with variable tool rotation speeds, whereas other processing parameters are kept constant. The developed specimens were investigated using standard testing equipment for evaluating and comparing the mechanical properties on the basis of the microstructure of the processing regions and their morphological analysis, according to the ASTM standards. The obtained results revealed an improvement of 19.72% in microhardness and 77.5% of compressive strength in comparison with the base metal AZ 31 Magnesium alloy, with a tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm. The values of tensile stress and percentage area reduction were recorded as less than that of the base metal matrix, but an increasing trend has been observed in the values of both with the improvement on rotational speeds of the tool. The effectual strengthening mechanisms are analyzed on the bases of SEM images and observed that discussed and found that grain refinement strengthening is the major contributor to the strength of the nanocomposite. Keywords: MMCs (Metal Matrix composites), Friction stir processing (FSP), Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), Graphene Nano Particulates (GNP), Stir Zone (SZ), Thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)

Glucocorticoid (GC), such as prednisolone, is an essential component of multidrug chemotherapy regimen for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Resistance to GC in leukemia cells is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Despite the extensive use of GC for many years, molecular mechanisms underlying its resistance in ALL have not been fully uncovered. Recent studies have shown a potential role of EMP1, CASP1, and NLRP3 genes in prednisolone response. In this study on 148 pediatric B-ALL patients, we studied these three genes to assess their association with prednisolone response measured by day 8 blast count after 7 days of induction therapy with prednisolone. Intriguingly, ALL samples exhibited higher expression of EMP1 along with a low expression of CASP1 and NLRP3 compared to disease free normal bone marrow collected from patients with solid tumors. Among the three analyzed genes, only EMP1 was found to be overexpressed in prednisolone poor responders (p=0.015). Further, a comparison of gene expression between cytogenetic subtypes revealed higher expression of EMP1 in BCR-ABL subtype. Expression of EMP1 in multiple gene expression datasets was used for gene set enrichment analysis, which revealed TNF-α, IL-2-STAT5 signaling, inflammatory responses and hypoxia as the major positively associated pathways and E2F targets as negatively associated pathways. Interestingly, the clinical remission rate was higher in CASP1 high patients (p=0.048). In univariate survival analysis, higher EMP1 expression was associated with poor prognostic measures while higher expression of NLRP3 and CASP1 was associated with better prognostic measures in our data. Further, multivariate analysis revealed an independent association of high CASP1 and NLRP3 with a better prognosis. This study strengthens the available evidence that mRNA expression of EMP1, CASP1, and NLRP3 may serve as potential biomarkers for risk stratification of pediatric B-ALL patients.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the clinical profile of neurotuberculosis in the age group of 6 months to 10 years and its association with biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroradiological findings. Methods: Retrospective assessment of the medical records of confirmed cases of neurotuberculosis from January 2010 to June 2014 was carried out. Results: Of the 46 cases studied, mean age at presentation was 3.4 years. Male-to-female ratio was 1.55:1. Fever, vomiting, headache, seizures, and focal neurological deficits were the most common presenting clinical symptoms. Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) was detected in 39 cases. On systemic examination, the order of involvement of cranial nerves was VII, II, III, IV, VI, and V. Positive Mantoux test was present in only 11 cases. CSF findings showed lymphocytic predominance, raised protein levels with a decreased to normal glucose levels. Neuroimaging by computed tomography scan/magnetic resonance imaging of the brain gave a definite diagnosis in thirty cases of which hydrocephalus, basal exudates, tuberculoma, and infarctions were the most common findings. The primary focus of tuberculosis was found in the lungs on chest roentgenogram in 12 cases. Conclusions: Neurotuberculosis occurs with increased frequency in the age group of 1–5 years. Fever may be of short duration at presentation in contradiction to current medical literature. PEM is a predisposing factor for the development of the disease. A tuberculin sensitivity test may be negative in cases of neurotuberculosis. CSF analysis and neuroimaging are pivotal in the establishment of a diagnosis.

Platelet hyperserotonemia in a subset of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) probands, efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in reducing behavioral deficits and gender-bias in normal serotonin (5-hydroxy tryptamine or 5-HT) synthesis suggest disruption in stringent regulation of serotonin metabolism in ASD. Therefore, we investigated the changes in 5-HT and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in ASD probands to assess its effect on the behavior of male and female probands. ASD cases (n = 215) were examined using childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Platelet 5-HT (104 cases and 26 controls) and platelet/plasma 5-HIAA (73 cases and 17 controls) were estimated using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ECD). In male probands, we observed increase in platelet 5-HT content in association with increase in the score for adaptive responses and increase in platelet 5-HIAA levels with concomitant decline in the score for intellectual response. Age did not influence the neurochemical parameters, but imitation, listening responses and nonverbal communication scores decreased with age. Conversely in female probands, plasma 5-HIAA level significantly attenuated with age, when platelet 5-HT content remained unchanged. Interestingly, platelet/plasma 5-HT and plasma 5-HIAA were higher in female controls. Female probands displayed severe autism-associated behaviors. Overall results indicate gender-bias in 5-HT and 5-HIAA regulation, which probably increases the threshold level of ASD phenotypes in the females, thereby affecting ASD prevalence in a sex-specific manner.

For more than two decades, encapsulation in superfluid helium nanodroplets has served as a reliable technique for probing the structure and dynamics of molecules and clusters at a low temperature of ≈0.37 K. Due to weak interactions between molecules and the host liquid helium, good spectral resolution can usually be achieved, making helium droplets an ideal matrix for spectroscopy in a wide spectral range from infrared to ultraviolet. Furthermore, rotational structure in the spectra of small molecules provides a unique probe for interactions with the superfluid on an atomic scale. This review presents a summary of results and a discussion of recent experimental developments in helium droplet spectroscopy with the emphasis laid on infrared studies. Initially, studies focused on single molecules and have been expanded to larger species, such as metal-molecular clusters, biomolecules, free radicals, ions, and proteins.

Aim: In the present study, biometric traits (body length [BL], heart girth [HG], paunch girth (PG), forelimb length (FLL), hind limb length (HLL), face length, forehead width, forehead length, height at hump, hump length (HL), hook to hook distance, pin to pin distance, tail length (TL), TL up to switch, horn length, horn circumference, and ear length were studied in 218 adult hill cattle of Himachal Pradesh for phenotypic characterization. Materials and Methods: Morphological and biometrical observations were recorded on 218 hill cattle randomly selected from different districts within the breeding tract. Multivariate statistics and principal component analysis are used to account for the maximum portion of variation present in the original set of variables with a minimum number of composite variables through Statistical software, SAS 9.2. Result: Five components were extracted which accounted for 65.9% of variance. The first component explained general body confirmation and explained 34.7% variation. It was represented by significant loading for BL, HG, PG, FLL, and HLL. Communality estimate ranged from 0.41 (HL) to 0.88 (TL). Second, third, fourth, and fifth component had a high loading for tail characteristics, horn characteristics, facial biometrics, and rear body, respectively. Conclusion: The result of component analysis of biometric traits suggested that indigenous hill cattle of Himachal Pradesh are small and compact size cattle with a medium hump, horizontally placed short ears, and a long tail. The study also revealed that factors extracted from the present investigation could be used in breeding programs with sufficient reduction in the number of biometric traits to be recorded to explain the body confirmation.

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava (PLSVC) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly (incidence of 0.3-0.5% of the general population) which being mostly asymptomatic in its presentation, is usually detected incidentally. There are many practical clinical implications associated with it including arrhythmias. We report a rare case of PLSVC with absent Right Superior Vena Cava (RSVC) (isolated PLSVC), in a 55- year-old lady who had complete heart block followed by sepsis and was diagnosed to have this condition during the permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation and central venous catheter insertion showing an abnormal path of the catheter/pacing leads. The authors also give an insight into its clinical relevance.

This study was undertaken to study efficacy of single dose of intravenous magnesium sulphate to reduce post-operative pain in patients undergoing inguinal surgery. One hundred patients undergoing inguinal surgery were divided randomly in two groups of 50 each. The patients of magnesium sulphate group (Group-I) received magnesium sulphate 50 mg/kg in 250 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution IV whereas patients in control group (Group-II) received same volume of isotonic sodium chloride over 30 minutes preoperatively. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg/kg) and pethidine (1 mg/kg). Atracurium besylate (0.5 mg/kg) was given to facilitate insertion of LMA. Pain at emergence from anaesthesia and 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after surgery was evaluated. The timing and dosage of rescue analgesic during first 24 hrs after operation was noted. Pain in postop period was significantly lower in magnesium sulphate group in comparison to control group at emergence from anaesthesia and 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hrs postop [1.86 vs. 1.96 (P=0.138), 1.22 vs. 1.82 (P=0.001), 1.32 vs. 1.88 (P=0.000), 2.74 vs. 3.84 (P=0.000), 1.36 vs. 2.00 (P=0.000) and 0.78 vs 1.30 (P=0.000), respectively]. Patients in group-I were more sedated as compared to group-II [sedation score 1.86 vs. 1.40 (P=0.000)]. Rescue analgesia requirement postoperatively in first 4, 8 and 16 hrs was significantly lower in patients of group-1 than in group- II [1.9 vs. 3.8 (P

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a male predominance, behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder which is characterized by impairment in social communication and restricted and repetitive activities. Abnormalities in serotoninergic function play a major role in ASD pathophysiology. Monoamine oxidases, encoded by two X-chromosomal genes MAOA and MAOB regulate the serotonergic function by the degradation of serotonin and other biological amines. Therefore, the objective of present study is to investigate genetic correlation of MAOB markers with the severity of specific behavioral traits as scored by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) has been examined as quantitative trait (QT) analysis using IBM-SPSS program. A total of 225 ASD patients (190 male and 35 female) were recruited after psychometric evaluation done by DSM-IV-TR/DSM-5 criteria and assessment by CARS. Genotyping carried by PCR/RFLP/sequencing methods, and population were found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The outcome of the QT analysis indicating the increased score in overall CARS were associated with G and C allele of MAOB marker rs3027449 (p-value: 0.03) and rs1040399 (p-value: 0.01), respectively in male ASD children. In addition to this, major alleles of studied polymorphisms of gene were found to be statistically associated with the higher impairment in social communication domain only in male ASD children. Overall outcome of the study suggests likely involvement of MAOB with ASD in a gender-specific manner with the severity in behavior phenotypes. Considering the cumulative impact of these markers in regulating the severity of the behavioral symptoms of ASD, it is likely that MAOB gene is associated with the disorder.

India is home to 60% of the total global visceral leishmaniasis (VL) population. Use of long-term oral (e.g. miltefosine) and parenteral drugs, considered the mainstay for treatment of VL, is now faced with increased resistance, decreased efficacy, low compliance and safety issues. The authors evaluated the efficacy and safety of an alternate treatment option, i.e. single infusion of preformed amphotericin B (AmB) lipid emulsion (ABLE) in comparison with that of liposomal formulation (LAmB).In this multicentric, open-label study, 500 patients with VL were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive 15 mg/kg single infusion of either ABLE (N = 376) or LAmB (N = 124). Initial cure (Day 30/45), clinical improvement (Day 30) and long term definitive cure (Day 180) were assessed.A total of 326 (86.7%) patients in the ABLE group and 122 (98.4%) patients in the LAmB group completed the study. Initial cure was achieved by 95.9% of patients in the ABLE group compared to 100% in the LAmB group (p = 0.028; 95% CI: -0.0663, -0.0150). Clinical improvement was comparable between treatments (ABLE: 98.9% vs. LAmB: 98.4%). Definitive cure was achieved in 85.9% with ABLE compared to 98.4% with LAmB. Infusion-related pyrexia (37.2% vs. 32.3%) and chills (18.4% vs. 18.5%) were comparable between ABLE and LAmB, respectively. Treatment-related serious adverse events were fewer in ABLE (0.3%) compared to LAmB (1.6%). Two deaths occurred in the ABLE group, of which one was probably related to the study drug. Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was not observed in either group.ABLE 15 mg/kg single infusion had favorable efficacy and was well tolerated. Considering the demographic profile of the population in this region, a single dose treatment offers advantages in terms of compliance, cost and applicability.www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00876824.