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ABSTRACTMicro RNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-29a antagonizes IFN-γ production at early times post-LSDV infection in cattle. miR-29a was predicted to target upstream IFN-γ regulators, and its inhibition resulted in enhanced IFN-γ production in sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further, stimulation of PBMCs with LSDV antigen exhibited lower levels of miR-29a, concomitant with a potent cell-mediated immune response (CMI), characterized by an increase in LSDV-specific CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ, which eventually facilitated virus clearance. In addition, a few immunocompromised cattle (developed secondary LSDV infection at ~ 6 months) that failed to mount a potent cell-mediated immune response, were shown to maintain higher miR-29a levels. Furthermore, as compared to the sensitized crossbred cattle, PBMCs from sensitized Rathi (a native Indian breed) animals exhibited lower levels of miR-29a along with an increase in CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ. Finally, we analysed that a ≥ 60% decrease in miR-29a expression levels in the PBMCs of sensitized cattle correlated with a potent CMI response. In conclusion, miR-29a expression is involved in antagonizing the IFN-γ response in LSDV-infected cattle and may serve as a novel biomarker for the acute phase of LSDV infection, as well as predicting the functionality of T cells in sensitized cattle. In addition, Rathi cattle mount a more potent CMI response against LSDV than crossbred cattle.

ABSTRACTLumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported for the first time in India in 2019 and since then, it has become endemic. Since a homologous (LSD-virus based) vaccine was not available in the country, goatpox virus (GPV)-based heterologous vaccine was authorized for mass immunization to induce protection against LSD in cattle. This study describes the evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated LSD vaccine developed by using an Indian field strain, isolated in 2019 from cattle. The virus was attenuated by continuous passage (P = 50) in Vero cells. The vaccine (50th LSDV passage in Vero cells, named as Lumpi-ProVacInd) did not induce any local or systemic reaction upon its experimental inoculation in calves (n = 10). At day 30 post-vaccination (pv), the vaccinated animals were shown to develop antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses and exhibited complete protection upon virulent LSDV challenge. A minimum Neethling response (0.018% animals; 5 out of 26,940 animals) of the vaccine was observed in the field trials conducted in 26,940 animals. There was no significant reduction in the milk yield in lactating animals (n = 10108), besides there was no abortion or any other reproductive disorder in the pregnant animals (n = 2889). Sero-conversion was observed in 85.18% animals in the field by day 30 pv.

Aims: The aim is to study the role of serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels in early diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis (OM) and septic arthritis (SA). Settings and Design: This is a prospective study in a tertiary hospital. Subjects and Methods: This study was done at a tertiary care hospital. Thirty-nine patients with SA or acute OM who attended the outpatient department or emergency were included in the study. 39 patients were taken as control group out of which one patient lost to follow-up, so 38 patients were left with control group. PCT level was evaluated by using immunoluminetric assay and a cutoff value of 0.5 ng/ml was taken as positive. After collection of data, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value are calculated for PCT. Statistical Analysis Used: Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used. Results: The sensitivity for PCT was 94.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 82.68–99.37), specificity was 86.84 (95% CI 71.91–95.59), positive predictive value was 88.10%, and negative predictive value was 94.29%, when taking cutoff of 0.5 ng/ml. We have taken 0.5 ng/ml as a cutoff point for PCT; however, as per receiver operator characteristic of this study, the cutoff point was 1.1 ng/ml. Conclusions: This study clearly showed that PCT can be helpful in the early diagnosis of OM and SA, along with other indicators such as total leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein.

Internet of Things (IoT) enables communication among objects to collect information and make decisions to improve the quality of life. There are several unresolved security and privacy concerns in IoT due to multiple resource constrained devices, which lead to various cyber attacks. The conventional access control techniques depend on a central authority that further poses privacy and scalability issues in IoT. Various problems with access control in IoT can be resolved to prevent various cyber attacks using the decentralization and immutability properties of the blockchain. This study explored the current research trends in blockchain-enabled secure access control mechanisms and also identifies their applicability in creating reliable access control solutions for IoT. The basic properties of blockchain, such as decentralization, auditability, transparency, and immutability, act as the propulsion that provides integrity and security, disregarding the participation of an external entity. Initially, the application of blockchain was created only for cryptocurrencies but with the introduction of Ethereum, which allows the writiting and execution of smart contracts, applications other than cryptocurrencies are also being created. As various research articles have been written on the usage of different types of blockchains for creating secure access control solutions for IoT, this study intends to find and examine such primary researches as well as come up with a systematic review of various findings. This study perceives the most frequently utilized blockchain for creating blockchain-based access control solutions to prevent various cyber attacks and also discusses the improvement in access control mechanisms using blockchain along with smart contracts in IoT. The present study also discusses the obstacles in building decentralized access control solutions for IoT systems as well as future research areas. For new researchers, this article is a nice place to start and a strong reference point.

Fabrication of durable hydrophobic metallic substrate is an emerging area of research for the condensation process in many industrial devices because its implementation enhances the efficacy of the devices. In this work, effective and durable hydrophobic copper (Cu) substrates were fabricated by plasma nano-pattering. Various discharge voltages were used to create various types of nano-patterns textured on copper substrates. For 30 min of irradiation of Argon gas plasma at various discharge voltages of 500, 650 and 750 V, morphologies of substrates were altered such that micro-litre water droplet has contact angle of 105 ± 3o, 97 ± 5o, and 95 ± 5o, respectively. However, pristine polished Cu substrate has water droplet contact angle of 56±5o. The micro-graph of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed micro-order to nano-order roughness on etched substrates and the structure of nano-patterns was different for different discharge voltages for given period of argon ions irradiation. The etched copper substrate at 500 V was deployed as a condensing surface for moist air condensation of temperature 28 °C, relative humidity 70% and degree of sub-cooling 10°C. These results showed that the water condensation rate of plasma etching hydrophobic Cu substrate was 438 ml/m2-h, compared to 188 ml/m2-h for pristine Cu substrate.

Context: Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disorder affecting the elderly population in the Asia-Pacific region. The goals of OA treatment include alleviation of pain and improvement of functional status. There is lack of consensuses regarding the management of knee OA. Aims: The main aim of this study is to evaluate any synergistic effect of adding lateral wedge insoles to viscosupplementation. Settings and Design: This is a randomized interventional study in which total 60 patients were selected from a tertiary care center and divided in two equal groups using computerized block randomization. Methods and Material: Group A got only VS while Group B got VS with LWI. Assessment was done at baseline and then after 2nd, 4th and 12thweeks after the intervention by using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for function and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) for quality of life. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were entered in MS EXCEL spreadsheet and analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: In this study all the patients in both group showed statistically significant improvement in VAS, WOMAC and HAQ on all three follow-ups over the baseline assessment (P value < 0.0005). On inter-group comparison, statistically significant better results were noticed in the WOMAC scores of group B at 2nd week and 4th week (P value

In healthcare, interoperability is widely adopted in the case of cross-departmental or specialization cases. As the human body demands multiple specialized and cross-disciplined medical experiments, interoperability of business entities like different departments, different specializations, the involvement of legal and government monitoring issues etc. are not sufficient to reduce the active medical cases. A patient-centric system with high capability to collect, retrieve, store or exchange data is the demand for present and future times. Such data-centric health processes would bring automated patient medication, or patient self-driven trusted and high satisfaction capabilities. However, data-centric processes are having a huge set of challenges such as security, technology, governance, adoption, deployment, integration etc. This work has explored the feasibility to integrate resource-constrained devices-based wearable kidney systems in the Industry 4.0 network and facilitates data collection, liquidity, storage, retrieval and exchange systems. Thereafter, a Healthcare 4.0 processes-based wearable kidney system is proposed that is having the blockchain technology advantages. Further, game theory-based consensus algorithms are proposed for resource-constrained devices in the kidney system. The overall system design would bring an example for the transition from the specialization or departmental-centric approach to data and patient-centric approach that would bring more transparency, trust and healthy practices in the healthcare sector. Results show a variation of 0.10 million GH/s to 0.18 million GH/s hash rate for the proposed approach. The chances of a majority attack in the proposed scheme are statistically proved to be minimum. Further Average Packet Delivery Rate (ADPR) lies between 95% to 97%, approximately, without the presence of outliers. In the presence of outliers, network performance decreases below 80% APDR (to a minimum of 41.3%) and this indicates that there are outliers present in the network. Simulation results show that the Average Throughput (AT) value lies between 120 Kbps to 250 Kbps.

Teratoma is the most frequent mediastinal germ cell tumour amongst young population. They are often detected due to pressure symptoms or as an incidental finding on chest X-ray done for any other reason. Mediastinal teratoma is usually benign and rarely possesses diagnostic or therapeutic challenge unless they rupture into surrounding viscera. In such scenario, they may lead to acute life threatening condition and need prompt diagnosis and surgical extirpation. Here, we are reporting our experience of managing a young lady, who presented with short duration breathing difficulty and cough, and was diagnosed with ruptured mediastinal teratoma on imaging, which was further confirmed intraoperatively and histopathologically.

Context: Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by V.Cholera 01(classical or El Tor). Cholera, including the El Tor biotype, may be under-recognized, and many outbreaks are simply recorded as ‘diarrhea outbreaks’. Epidemic investigation was conducted to ascertain the extent of problem, possible factors responsible for the occurrence and to institute preventive and control measures. Methods and Material: A cross sectional descriptive study was planned and a preliminary house to house survey in the village was done to find more cases and then details using a pre-designed questionnaire were taken from those who were having diarrhoea. Comparison was done with the persons not affected with the disease. Sanitary survey was done along with an assessment of environmental findings.Epidemic curve was prepared and attack rate was calculated. Results: Total 8 persons of varying age and both male and female were found to be ill because of acute gastroenteritis of which one was confirmed for cholera. The symptoms ranged from acute abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting to malaise. The age ranged from 2.5 years to 56 years. The attack rate was 2.79/1000 population. The cases were sporadic and no such congregation of cases was found. Chlorination was not done properly. The chlorine level was 0.2ppm.Insanitation was there in the village. Conclusions: Diarrhoeal diseases microbiological surveillance is must, as cholera cases go unnoticed and such situations can be a potential threat for resurgence of cholera epidemic, once the environment situations becomes conducive.

A preterm female baby with birth weight of 1.5kg was referred to our hospital on day 6 for difficulty in breathing. Baby was admitted at birth for respiratory distress and feed intolerance to other hospital and in view of clinical deterioration baby was referred. Baby had thrombocytopenia with platelets counts of 11000/ mm3 and high CRP titer. Baby had petechial haemorrhagic spots all over the body with hepatosplenomegaly and sclerema (figure 1,2,3). Baby further platelets counts were 3000, 43000, 67000 and then normal. Baby was managed with antibiotics and platelets transfusion. Gradually baby counts improved and petechial spots disappeared. Discussion Neonatal Sepsis is a common complication in the neonatal intensive care unit. It is most common in the smallest and most premature infants in whom the clinical presentation can be subtle and nonspecific. Thrombocytopenia is the common manifestation of neonatal sepsis in sick babies(1). The manifestation can be seen in newborn as petechial spots over the body with predominance over chest and abdomen(2).Thrombocytopenia is seen in 18% to 35% of NICU patients, and in 73% of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants(3). Bacterial,fungal and viral infection causes thrombocytopenia. Infection causes damage to vascular endothelium which increases the destruction of platelets and there removal by reticuloendothelial system(4)

Background: The brick kilns serve as a source of livelihood for thousands of unskilled laborers from across the country. The seasonal nature of the work attracts migrant labour, many of them landless farmers. Objectives: The study was done with a view to know the clinico-social problems of the families. Materials and methods: The following study is a focused group discussion with brick kiln workers in the catchment area of RHTC of Pramukhswami Medical College. Results: In the current study it was found that the condition of these migrant brick kiln workers is very pathetic on account of number of conditions. All the workers were migrant and marginal workers with migration duration of 8 months every year and then they are going back to the native place. These workers were mostly illiterate or had primary education. Females were uneducated. These workers are getting daily wages and there is no holiday as such. The days these workers don’t work are non-paid days. Almost all these workers complained of bodily pains. Children in these families are usually suffering from respiratory tract infections, diarrhea and intestinal infections. Conclusions: Irrespective of the migration status, local governance should do something for their benefit and health so that some decent work can be ensured.

Background: Mama Diwas is a fix day, fix site, preventive, promotive health care service center for mother and child. Objectives: The present study is to evaluate the process of Mamta Diwas in terms of different immunization variables and the logistic support to Mamta Diwas from Primary Health Centre. Methods: The present study is a “Descriptive cross sectional study” encompassing all the PHCs in Kheda district. The Mamta Diwas checklist is used a tool for the data collection. Results and: Forty (80%) had calculated the beneficiaries for the year and based on it only 17(34%) have calculated the logistics requirement. In 45 PHCs T-series vaccine and Hepatitis- B (Hep-B) vaccine were not found at the bottom of the Ice lined Refrigerator(ILR). In 11(22%) PHCs, dropout rate was found to be more than 10%. Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) were reported from 20(40%) PHCs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPD) were reported from 25(50%) PHCs. Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials were displayed in 38(76%) PHCs. In 41(82%) session sites, time of reconstitution was mentioned on the vial. Site of vaccination and correct dosage and technique of vaccination was known to every interviewed Female Health Worker (FHW) at all the session sites. Conclusions: Programme management at PHC needs to be emphasized. Vaccine storage practices and cold chain maintenance is up to the mark throughout the District.

NEC is inflammatory necrosis of intestine with most common site being terminal ileum and ascending colon in preterm babies (1). The condition is typically seen in premature infants, and the timing of its onset is generally inversely proportional to the gestational age of the baby at birth, i.e. The earlier a baby is born, longer is the time of risk for NEC in premature babies. The incidence of NEC is inversely proportional to the gestational age and birth weight (2). Baby have initial symptoms which include feeding intolerance, increased gastric residuals, abdominal distension and bloody stools (3). The laboratory triad includes metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia and thrombocytopenia. Pneumatosis intestinalis is the pathognomonic radiological finding in the NEC. Modified Bell’s staging is used to stage the NEC. Treatment involves Nil per Oral, supportive care, antibiotics, surgery in advanced stages and parenteral nutrition (4,5). Complication of NEC includes mortality, prolonged NICU stay, intestinal strictures, enterocutaneous fistula, intra-abdominal abscess, cholestasis, and short-bowel syndrome (6,7), neurodevelopmental, motor, sensory, and cognitive problems (8,9).

We have synthesized a novel series of Schiff bases by condensation of 4-aminoantipyrine and various aromatic aldehydes followed by reaction with thiosemicarbazide. These thiosemicarbazones are potential ligands toward transition metal ions. The reaction of copper(II) salts with 4[N-(benzalidene)amino]antipyrinethiosemicarbazone (BAAPTS), 4[N-(4′-methoxybenzalidene) amino] antipyrinethiosemicarbozone (MBAAPTS), 4[N-(4′-dimethylamino benzalidene) amino] antipyrinethiosemicarbazone (DABAAPTS), and 4[N-(cinnamalidene) amino] antipyrinethiosemicarbazone (CAAPTS) resulted in the formation of solid complexes with the general composition CuX2⋅(H2O)(L)(X = Cl, Br, NO3, NCS, or CH3COO; L = BAAPTS, MBAAPTS, DABAAPTS, or CAAPTS). These complexes were characterized through elemental analysis, molecular weight, electrical conductance, infrared, electronic spectra, and magnetic susceptibilities at room temperature. Copper(II) complexes with BAAPTS and MBAAPTS were screened for antibacterial and antifungal properties and have exhibited potential activity. Thermal stabilities of two representative complexes were also investigated.