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The agricultural division is the highest consumer of water in Egypt, and it is facing crop yield reduction due to climate change. Irrigation technologies are a highly recommended adaptation option to meet the proposed change. Egypt`s financial resources allocated to climate change adaptation plans are limited. Therefore, determining the most vulnerable governorate in terms of Irrigation Water Requirements (IWR) to climate change is essential. This study aims to assess the vulnerability of IWR to climate change at the governorate level. Reference evapotranspiration and precipitation change were selected for exposure factors, sensitivity factors, soil type, and economic value of irrigation water. Finally, we identified education, poverty, and organizational capacity for adaptive capacity factors. Six climate model data were used under the shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585) for the period (2040–2060). The results showed nine governorates (Al Minya, Asyut, Shamal Sina, Suhaj, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Isma`iliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, and Bani Suwayf) with the highest and high vulnerability degrees found in the country's middle and north region. Four governorates (Ad Daqahliyah, Aswan, Al Gharbiyah, Bur Sa`id) have the lowest vulnerability degree under the climate change scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP370), and one governorate (Aswan) has the lowest vulnerability degree under the SSP585 scenario. The study results help the decision-makers choose the best adaptation plans and support adapting effective mitigation strategies.

Statistical downscaling (SD) is preferable to dynamic downscaling to derive local-scale climate change information from large-scale datasets. Many SD models are available these days, but comparison of their performance is still inadequately addressed for choosing a reliable SD model. Thus, it is desirable to compare the performance of SD models to ensure their adaptability in future climate studies. In this study, a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) or (multi-linear regression) and the Least Square-Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) were used to do downscaling and compare the results with those obtained from General Circulation Model (GCM) for identifying the best SD model for the Indira Sagar Canal Command area located in Madhya Pradesh, India. The GCM, Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3), was utilized to extract and downscale precipitation, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) for the past period 1961–2001 and then for 2001–2099 under future climate change scenario A2. Before future projections, both SD models were initially calibrated (1961–1990) and validated (1991–2001) to evaluate their performance for precipitation and temperature variables at all gauge stations, namely Barwani, East Nimar, and West Nimar. Results showed that the precipitation trend was under-predicted owing to large errors in downscaling, while temperature was over-predicted by SD models. Future projection results indicated that an increase in precipitation, Tmax, and Tmin patterns at all stations would occur between 2001–2099. Although statistical measures (R2, RMSE, SSE, NSE and MAE) showed a close agreement between observed and predicted climate variables, the overall accuracy of the LS-SVM model was better than the SDSM model. Thus, the present study revealed that LS-SVM could be used as a superior statistical downscaling model over the SDSM in future studies.

Background and Aims: Various methods have been used to supress pressor response and tachycardia during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. We compared oral gabapentin and oral clonidine for surgeries under general anaesthesia. After clearance from IEC, sixty patients receiving general anae Methods: sthesia were divided into two groups, GROUP C and GROUP G. Group C received tablet Clonidine 200 µg. Group G received capsule Gabapentin 700 mg. Data was analysed using Student-t test for normal distribution and Mann-Whitney U test when not normally distributed. Qualitative data (n%) was compared using Chi-square test. Hemodynamic p Result: arameters rise on laryngoscopy and 1 minute after endotracheal intubation in both the groups. Further hemodynamic parameters dropped below baseline in both groups subsequently. But as compared to Group C, Group G has less rise in hemodynamic variables. Conclusion: Gabapentin was more effective and better than clonidine in attenuating hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation overall

A floristic exploration of the family Poaceae in Uttar Pradesh resulted in the addition of one Bamboo genus viz., Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees and one grass species viz., Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. to the flora of Allahabad (U.P.). A detailed description, updated citation, phenology, habitat and distribution are provided which facilitates easy identification.

Background: In this paper, study about the agricultural Land suitability at the Jajmau area in Kanpur Uttar Pradesh to find out the chemical pollution in soil due to industrial waste. The tanning industry in the Jajmau had been established since 1940, now the impact of such industries on the Landis a severe threat to human life. Methods: The soil sample for three different seasons gets collected and stored, After wards with the help of leaching process and ICP- MS test, to find out the traces of heavy metals present in an agricultural field near the banks of Ganga River, namely Jajmau area. Result: It is find that the traces of different elements of Soil samples for pre-monsoon are in parts per million (ppm) As 25-55 ppm, For monsoon season soil sample, the traces of elements like As 25-42 ppm Similarly, for the post-monsoon soil sample, the traces of elements are such as As 67-109 ppm. Toxic elements like Fe, Mg and as are the elements, Having exceeded value is very at most of the sample. It can hurt an ecosystem like human health, Environmental condition, aquatic life and life food cycle.

Understanding the variability in extreme meteorological events due to climate change and anthropogenic activities is crucial to ensure sustainable development. In this paper, the variation in precipitation and temperature in the Upper Narmada Basin (UNB), a humid subtropical region of central India, during 1901–2002, was analyzed using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test with the Sen’s slope (SS) estimator and innovative trend analysis (ITA). As a result, a significant negative trend in the annual precipitation occurred at two stations (12.5%) in the UNB, whereas no well-defined significant seasonal trends were detected. Moreover, in the annual mean temperature, a significant increasing trend occurred in the basin, with the highest and lowest rates of 0.470 °C/10 year and 0.287 °C/10 year, respectively. The seasonal temperature exhibited a significant increasing trend in the spring and autumn seasons. The trends in the extreme values were investigated using the ITA method. Furthermore, a quantitative study was carried out to measure the suitability of the ITA by comparing it with nonparametric methods (the MK test and SS estimator). The results endorse the reliability of the ITA method and show strong agreement between the trends and statistics of the parametric (ITA) and nonparametric approaches. To visualize the extreme events in meteorological series, a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was employed with the Daubechies (db3) mother wavelet. In addition, change points were detected using the sequential Mann-Kendall (SQMK) and cumulative sum (CUSUM) tests. Significant change points in the annual precipitation were detected at nine stations (56.25%) during 1955–1958, while only three stations (18.75%) exhibited the annual mean temperature during 1960. The findings of this study could provide support to understand the variability in the meteorological trend over the basin and can help with water resource planning in future development.

Bone remodeling processes involve endogenous bioelectrical signals such as piezoelectric charges. Moreover, external electrical stimulation helps in improving the healing capability of injured tissues by modulating the metabolic signaling pathways of cells. Towards this end, the present study reveals the influence of the combined action of electrostatic surface polarization charge and dynamic pulsed electrical stimulation alongwith compositional modification towards improving the osteogenic response of emerging piezo-bioceramics, sodium potassium niobate [Na

One of the recent challenges in the design/development of prosthetic orthopedic implants is to address the concern of local/systemic toxicity of debris particles, released due to wear or degradation. Such debris particles often lead to inflammation at the implanted site or aseptic loosening of the prosthesis which results in failure of the implant during long run. Several in vitro studies demonstrated the potentiality of piezoelectric sodium potassium niobate [Na

Floods have become more frequent across the globe leading to loss in life and property. As per the 2021 World Meteorological Organization Atlas (1970-2019), there has been 58,700 deaths reported in the last 50 years due to extreme events. The present work aims to improve governance for tackling the extreme events, floods, affected by the forces like social, physical infrastructure changes and the policies are responsible for the changes in the state of the system. It has been tried to capture the associated risk influencing metrics with these events by using remote sensing products, through the lens of socio-environmental approach where the human and natural system interactions were analysed. The objectives of this paper are: To characterise the indices ( or metrics) and the functionalities that causes change in state of the system required for the evaluation of the risk and resilience due to floods;and to map the discrepancies persisting in the federal standards and policies of disaster risk management of floods and the regionalized flood prone areas. This will help us to better understand the resilience of the socio-ecological system and identifying the key areas of improvement in the administration at different levels.

The present study examines the trends of hydro-climatic parameters over the Black Volta Basin in Ghana. Trend analysis was carried at different time scales (i.e., monthly, seasonal, and annual) from 1961 to 2016. Modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) test, Sen’s slope estimates, and Pettit–Mann–Whitney test were applied to compute the existence of a trend, the degree of change, and probable change point, respectively. The results revealed that there are warming trends over the entire Black Volta Basin. Both temperature extremes, i.e., highest and lowest (annual, seasonal, and monthly scale), for upstream and downstream region revealed an increasing trend. The annual rainfall in the upstream region depicted a downward trend, while downstream showed an increasing trend in the Basin. The seasonal trend analysis for rainfall depicted a falling trend (@ Sen’s slopes − 0.47 and − 0.69) with a percentage change over the 56 years − 19.66% and − 19.30%, respectively, for upstream and downstream regions during the dry periods. While, the rainy season showed a decreasing rainfall trend (@ Sen’s slope − 0.71 and percentage change − 4.41%) for the upstream region and increasing (@ + 0.71 & 4.39%) for the downstream. However, annual rainfall for the sites in the Basin depicted a decreasing trend (@ − 0.88 and − 4.76%) for upstream and an increasing trend (@ + 0.16 with 0.81% change) for downstream region. Annual streamflow revealed an increasing trend (@ + 0.02 with a 1.53% change) over the 43 years for upstream and a decreasing trend (@—0.41 and − 15.04% change) for downstream region at Chache-Bole. Therefore, this study output will be helpful for different stakeholders and policymakers within the Black Volta Basin of the West African sub-region toward improving decisions on water resources management.

Hydrological models always forecast variable status and, therefore, need further studies in models to make more real the management of the water resources. Analysis and execution of the watershed model are essential to carry out the valid assessment of water resources, individually in Kabul river sub-basin, where the modeling is a challengeable issue due to the lack of data. In this research, the Kabul river sub-basin watershed located at the Istalif station is modeled through the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict the future streamflow and climate change impacts on it. The model is calibrated with monthly discharge data for 2003–2010 and validated for 2010–2018. SWAT-CUP, which recently has developed with the capacity of providing the decision making for using manual and automated calibration and incorporating sensitivity and uncertainty analysis through (SUFI2) algorithm, is used for calibration and validation. According to coefficient of determination (R2), Nash Sutcliffe efficiency, and present bias parameters, the calculation indicates an excellent performance for both calibration and validation periods and acceptable agreement between measured and simulated values of monthly scale discharge. Results show the importance of climate change effect on water resources, where it does not have only an effect on precipitation and temperature, but the streamflow is also directly influenced by climate change. The impact of climate change on the surface flow as well as land use/land cover change and other different scenarios is evaluated using calibrated SWAT model for further investigation.

Large capacity hydrogenerators are operated at overloads during the period of excess water flow in the river or frequency support to the grid at peak hours. The extensive conditions may extend to six weeks with 20% overload for a typical hydropower plant located in the northern region of India. High-power, low-speed, direct-driven hydroturbine synchronous generators (HTSGs) are having resistance in rising temperature and self-cooling techniques to withstand the multiple loading points. This article presents a 250-MW CB 870/300-28 HTSG machine modeling along with electromagnetic design and simulations through a three-dimensional finite-element analysis software. The temperature distribution of the machine, operates at 10% and 20% continuous overloads, are explored via a coupled thermal and fluid-dynamical analysis. The simulated thermal results at continuous overloads are presented and are validated with a case plant's test report. A parallel study when the load goes unbalanced at overloads is done through simulation and a prototype validation of a 2.2-kW machine is substantiated in addition. The strength and flexibility of the operation of this machine assist the generalized results to operate at 20% overload continuously with the utility of thermal distribution.