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Prematurely born infants are deprived of maternal hormones and cared for in the stressful environment of Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). They suffer from long-lasting deficits in learning and memory. Here, we show that prematurity and associated neonatal stress disrupt dentate gyrus (DG) development and induce long-term cognitive deficits and that these effects are mediated by insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1). Nonmaternal care of premature rabbits increased the number of granule cells and interneurons and reduced neurogenesis, suggesting accelerated premature maturation of DG. However, the density of glutamatergic synapses, mature dendritic spines, and synaptic transmission were reduced in preterm kits compared with full-term controls, indicating that premature synaptic maturation was abnormal. These findings were consistent with cognitive deficits observed in premature rabbits and appeared to be driven by transcriptomic changes in the granule cells. Preterm kits displayed reduced weight, elevated serum cortisol and growth hormone, and higher IGF1 expression in the liver and DG relative to full-term controls. Importantly, blocking IGF-1 receptor in premature kits restored cognitive deficits, increased the density of glutamatergic puncta, and rescued NR2B and PSD95 levels in the DG. Hence, IGF1 inhibition alleviates prematurity-induced cognitive dysfunction and synaptic changes in the DG through modulation of NR2B and PSD95. The study identifies a novel strategy to potentially rescue DG maldevelopment and cognitive dysfunction in premature infants under stress in NICUs.

While intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) predominantly damages the periventricular white matter, it induces substantial injury to the cerebral gray matter. IVH destroys the germinal matrix, suppresses neurogenesis, and disrupts corticogenesis, thereby reducing the number of neurons in the upper cortical layer and volume of the cerebral gray matter. The pathogenesis of gray matter injury is attributed to IVH-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and mass effect damaging the germinal matrix as well as to post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilation (PHVD). The IVH-induced cerebral gray matter injury and PHVD contribute to cognitive deficits and neurobehavioral disorders. Neuroimaging has enhanced our understanding of cerebral gray matter injury and is a valuable predictor of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Evidence from therapies tested in preclinical models and clinical trials suggests that strategies to promote neurogenesis, reduce cerebral inflammation and oxidative stress, and remove blood clots from the ventricles might enhance the outcome of these infants. This review offers an integrated view of new insights into the mechanisms underlying gray matter injury in premature infants with IVH and highlights the imminent therapies to restore neurodevelopmental dysfunction in IVH survivors.

This paper shares an implementation of a cloud-based framework that tracks the well position and, in real-time, recommends corrective actions to ensure that the well efficiently follows the well plan. This directional guidance framework can differentiate between vertical, curve, and lateral sections and modify the recommendations accordingly. This paper will share the methods and results from the case studies to validate the directional guidance framework.This cloud-based directional guidance workflow kicks in as soon as the drilling starts. In real-time, the system tracks the bit position and identifies the active section (vertical, curve, lateral, tangent) for the well. Vertical and lateral sections use recommendations previously reported using particle swarm optimization in SPE-206170 (Cardoso Braga et al., 2021). Equations for curve sections are provided that fit the proposed wellbore trajectory to a 3D spheroid using the current motor yield as calculated using the three most recent slides. A real-time assessment of the estimated actual landing point is presented, and warnings of missing the planned landing point are provided.The drilling guidance algorithm was tested for individual sections (vertical, tangent, curve, lateral) on three wells. The recommendations were evaluated to ensure they met each section's optimization goals. The optimization goals for the straight sections are to maximize the ROP, maximize the footage in the window, and minimize tortuosity. Weighting factors for each goal adjust the optimum recommendations based on user requirements. The optimization goals for the curve section are to minimize the distance between the planned landing point and the recommended landing points Then, the guidance system was tested on the complete wells to ensure that the algorithm could correctly identify the section and use the appropriate method. The recommendations from all three wells were evaluated to confirm that the recommendations met the specific criteria applied. Close attention was paid to the transition zones between various sections. The directional guidance workflow resulted in real-time recommendations throughout the well profile for all sections. It was consistently able to output specific steps that the directional driller can take to optimally get closer to the plan.This paper follows up on the previous publications on directional guidance by the authors (SPE 206170 (Cardoso Braga et al., 2021) and SPE 204065 (Cardoso Braga et al., 2021).). It completes the loop on automated directional guidance by adding the missing piece of directional guidance in the curve section and handling transitions between straight (vertical, lateral, tangent) and curve sections. This enables cloud-based automated directional guidance for the entirety of the drilling process.

BACKGROUND A key technique that is used by the pathologists during intraoperative consultation is frozen section evaluation. It is very important for the surgeons to know if the surgical margin is clear of malignant cells and the status of dysplasia during oncosurgery. There should be concordance between the frozen section margin and paraffin-embedded section. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and validate the accuracy of frozen section surgical margin status in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among 2 observers. METHODS A total of 25 histologically diagnosed OSCC cases from April 2018 to April 2019 were included in the study. A total of 122 surgical margin slides (61 frozen sections and paraffin-embedded slides) were retrieved. The interobserver agreement of frozen section margin status with paraffin-embedded was analyzed. RESULTS Interobserver agreement in frozen section margin was 73.80 % with a kappa value of 0.048 (slight) and P-value 0.344. The interobserver agreement for paraffinembedded margin was 93.40 % with a kappa value of 0.572 (moderate) and P-value 0.005. The concordance between frozen and paraffin section by observer 1 was 85.20 % and by observer 2 was 95.10 %. CONCLUSIONS The rate of discordant will get reduced by accurate sampling along with better communication between pathologist and surgeon and at times of uncertainty, a second pathologist’s opinion can be considered for re-evaluating the interpretations. KEY WORDS Frozen Section Margin Status, Interobserver, Paraffin Embedded Margin Status, OSCC

Premature infants with germinal matrix haemorrhage–intraventricular haemorrhage (GMH-IVH) suffer from neurobehavioural deficits as they enter childhood and adolescence. Yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Impaired development and function of interneurons contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, we hypothesized that the occurrence of IVH would reduce interneuron neurogenesis in the medial ganglionic eminence and diminish the population of parvalbumin+ and somatostatin+ cortical interneurons. Because Sonic Hedgehog promotes the production of cortical interneurons, we also postulated that the activation of Sonic Hedgehog signalling might restore neurogenesis, cortical interneuron population, and neurobehavioural function in premature newborns with IVH. These hypotheses were tested in a preterm rabbit model of IVH and autopsy samples from human preterm infants. We compared premature newborns with and without IVH for intraneuronal progenitors, cortical interneurons, transcription factors regulating neurogenesis, single-cell transcriptome of medial ganglionic eminence and neurobehavioural functions. We treated premature rabbit kits with adenovirus expressing Sonic Hedgehog (Ad-Shh) or green fluorescence protein gene to determine the effect of Sonic Hedgehog activation on the interneuron production, cortical interneuron population and neurobehaviour. We discovered that IVH reduced the number of Nkx2.1+ and Dlx2+ progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence of both humans and rabbits by attenuating their proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Moreover, IVH decreased the population of parvalbumin+ and somatostatin+ neurons in the frontal cortex of both preterm infants and kits relative to controls. Sonic Hedgehog expression and the downstream transcription factors, including Nkx2.1, Mash1, Lhx6 and Sox6, were also reduced in kits with IVH. Consistent with these findings, single-cell transcriptomic analyses of medial ganglionic eminence identified a distinct subpopulation of cells exhibiting perturbation in genes regulating neurogenesis, ciliogenesis, mitochondrial function and MAPK signalling in rabbits with IVH. More importantly, restoration of Sonic Hedgehog level by Ad-Shh treatment ameliorated neurogenesis, cortical interneuron population and neurobehavioural function in kits with IVH. Additionally, Sonic Hedgehog activation alleviated IVH-induced inflammation and several transcriptomic changes in the medial ganglionic eminence. Taken together, IVH reduced intraneuronal production and cortical interneuron population by downregulating Sonic Hedgehog signalling in both preterm rabbits and humans. Notably, activation of Sonic Hedgehog signalling restored interneuron neurogenesis, cortical interneurons and cognitive function in rabbit kits with IVH. These findings highlight disruption in cortical interneurons in IVH and identify a novel therapeutic strategy to restore cortical interneurons and cognitive function in infants with IVH. These studies can accelerate the development of new therapies to enhance the neurodevelopmental outcome of survivors with IVH.

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is prevalent dementia that can cause neurological brain disorders, poor decision making, impaired memory, mood swings, unstable emotions, and personality change. Deep neural networks are proficient in classifying Alzheimer's disease based on MRI images. This classification assists human experts in diagnosing AD and predicts its future progression. The paper proposes various Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for early AD detection to save cost and time for doctors, radiologists, and caregivers. A 3330-image-based Kaggle dataset is used to train the DNN, including 52 images of AD, 717 images of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and the remaining images of Cognitive Normal (CN). Stratified partitioning splits the dataset into 80% and 20% proportions for training and validation datasets. Proposed models include DenseNet169, DenseNet201, and ResNet152 DNNs with additional three fully-connected layers and softmax and Kullback Leibler Divergence (KLD) loss function. These models are trained considering pre-trained, partially pre-trained, and fully re-trained extended base models. The KLD loss function reduces the error and increases accuracy for all models. The partially pre-trained DenseNet201 model outperformed all the other models. DenseNet201 gives the highest accuracy of 99.98% for training, 99.07% for validation, and 95.66% for test datasets. The DenseNet201 model has the highest accuracy in comparison to other state-of-art-methods.

Recent years the interest in using antifungal rather than chemicals in fruits and food products has been increasing day by day. This all essential oils natural and liquid secondary plant metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides are gaining importance of their use within the preservatives of foods. Since, they’re safe and healthy for mankind. Clove are selected efficacy of organic buds oil. The antifungal activity of essential oil are mostly relying upon its chemical constituents present in it which doesn’t allowed the fungal hyphae and mycelium to grow in certain time of period. These oils are mainly utilized in pharmaceutical so as to preserve certain living entities. The phytochemicals present in this plant are mostly used for antifungal, antibacterial, antihistaminic, antipyretic etc. A review provides an overview of the current literature on clove essential oils mainly antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, anti-mycotoxigenic activity., {"references":["Mbaveng, A. T., & Kuete, V. (2017). Syzygium aromaticum. In Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa (pp. 611-625). Academic Press.","Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and chemical toxicology, 46(2), 446-475.","Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herbs Syzygium aromaticum and its health benefits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(1), 13-22","Císarová, M., Tančinová, D., Medo, J., & Kačániová, M. (2016). The in vitro effect of selected essential oils on the growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus species. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 51(10), 668-674.","Cortés-Rojas, D. F., de Souza, C. R. F., & Oliveira, W. P. (2014). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 4(2), 90-96.","Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., & Riley, T. V. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of applied microbiology, 86(6), 985-990.","Hu, F., Tu, X. F., Thakur, K., Hu, F., Li, X. L., Zhang, Y. S., & Wei, Z. J. (2019). Comparison of antifungal activity of essential oils from different plants against three fungi. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 134, 110821.","Imane, N. I., Fouzia, H., Azzahra, L. F., Ahmed, E., Ismail, G., Idrissa, D., & Noureddine, B. (2020). Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of some essential oils against multidrug resistant bacteria. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 35, 101074.","Jahani, M., Pira, M., & Aminifard, M. H. (2020). Antifungal effects of essential oils against Aspergillus niger in vitro and in vivo on pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 264, 109188.","Jirovetz, L., Buchbauer, G., Stoilova, I., Stoyanova, A., Krastanov, A., & Schmidt, E. (2006). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of clove leaf essential oil. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(17), 6303-6307."]}

Preservative efficacy of selected natural essential oils was studied on strawberry. Essential oils employed as phytochemicals researches and practices. Essential oils using in many fields like pharmaceuticals, pharmacognosy fields and medicinal fields. Cinnamon oil, clove oil and eucalyptus oil are used in many fields as medicinal properties. Essential oils has also preservative efficacy. Some essential oils are used as preserve some historical things, plants parts, animal parts and organs parts. Preservative effects mainly depend on essential oils chemical constituents. This research provides on preservative efficacy of selected essential oils on strawberry., {"references":["Yousef, N., Niloufar, M., & Elena, P. (2019). Antipathogenic effects of emulsion and nanoemulsion of cinnamon essential oil against Rhizopus rot and grey mold on strawberry fruits. Foods and Raw materials, 7(1).","Rao, P. V., & Gan, S. H. (2014). Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. J. Ecam., 2014.","Jeremić, K., Kladar, N., Vučinić, N., Todorović, N., Hitl, M., Lalić-Popović, M., & Gavarić, N. (2019). Morphological characterization of cinnamon bark and powder available in the Serbian market. Biologia Serbica, 41(1).","Ravindran, P. N., Nirmal-Babu, K., & Shylaja, M. (Eds.). (2003). Cinnamon and cassia: the genus Cinnamomum. CRC press.","A. Mbaveng, V. Kuete, Pages 611–625 in Syzygium Aromaticum, Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, Elsevier Inc, Amsterdam, Netherlands (2017).","Suliman, G. M., Alowaimer, A. N., Al-Mufarrej, S. I., Hussein, E. O., Fazea, E. H., Naiel, M. A., ... & Swelum, A. A. (2020). The effects of clove seed (Syzygium aromaticum) dietary administration on carcass characteristics, meat quality, and sensory attributes of broiler chickens. Poultry Science","Wankhede, T. B. (2015). Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the Indian clove Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. and Perr. Int Res J Sci Eng, 3, 166-72","Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herbs Syzygium aromaticum and its health benefits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(1), 13-22.","Pino, J. A., Marbot, R., Agüero, J., & Fuentes, V. (2001). Essential oil from buds and leaves of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry) grown in Cuba. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 13(4), 278-279.","Ramadan, M. F., Asker, M. M. S., & Tadros, M. (2013). Lipid profile, antiradical power and antimicrobial properties of Syzygium aromaticum oil. Grasas y Aceites, 64(5), 509-520."]}

Thymus plant belongs to Lamiaceae family; it’s commonly known as thyme. According to worldwide, it’s worldwide cultivated plant. The main chemical component is Thymol. Thymol has very strong medicinal properties. The major chemical components are 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, β-pinene, Camphene, α-pinene. Thymus essential oil has strong bioactivities like anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, antipyretic, antioxidant, and ant mycotoxigenic activities. A review provides an overview of the current literature on thymus essential oils mainly anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and ant mycotoxigenic activity., {"references":["Brickell, C., (2008) RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. Dorling Kindersley, United Kingdom","Prasanth Reddy, V., Ravi Vital, K., Varsha, P. V., & Satyam, S. (2014). Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Med Aromat Plants, 3(164), 2167-0412","Imelouane, B., Amhamdi, H., Wathelet, J. P., Ankit, M., Khedid, K., & El Bachiri, A. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) from Eastern Morocco. Int. J. Agric. Biol, 11(2), 205-208","Zouari, N., Fakhfakh, N., Zouari, S., Bougatef, A., Karray, A., Neffati, M., & Ayadi, M. A. (2011). Chemical composition, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of Tunisian Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut.(Lamiaceae). Food and Bioproducts Processing, 89(4), 257-265.","Boubaker, H., Karim, H., El Hamdaoui, A., Msanda, F., Leach, D., Bombarda, I., ... & Aoumar, A. A. B. (2016). Chemical characterization and antifungal activities of four Thymus species essential oils against postharvest fungal pathogens of citrus. Industrial Crops and Products, 86, 95-101.","López-Meneses, A. K., Plascencia-Jatomea, M., Lizardi-Mendoza, J., Rosas-Burgos, E. C., Luque-Alcaraz, A. G., & Cortez-Rocha, M. O. (2015). Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus capitatus and Schinus molle. Food Science and Technology, 35(4), 664-671.","Mohammadi, A., Nazari, H., Imani, S., & Amrollahi, H. (2014). Antifungal activities and chemical composition of some medicinal plants. Journal de mycologie medicale, 24(2), e1-e8.","Wang, H., Yang, Z., Ying, G., Yang, M., Nian, Y., Wei, F., & Kong, W. (2018). Antifungal evaluation of plant essential oils and their major components against toxigenic fungi. Industrial Crops and Products, 120, 180-186.","Jahani, M., Pira, M., & Aminifard, M. H. (2020). Antifungal effects of essential oils against Aspergillus niger in vitro and in vivo on pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 264, 109188","Pinto, E., Gonçalves, M. J., Hrimpeng, K., Pinto, J., Vaz, S., Vale-Silva, L. A., ... & Salgueiro, L. (2013). Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus villosus subsp. lusitanicus against Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species. Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 93-99"]}

The inhibitory efficacy of turmeric, ginger, black pepper was studied on the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer on chapatti. In recent years, the use of antifungal instead of chemicals in food products has been increasing day by day. All herbal powders turmeric, ginger, black peppers are natural and fine preservatives. They have active chemical components such as turmeric have curcuminoid and ginger has shogaols and gingerols. The inhibitory effects of herbal powder are mainly depending on its chemical constituents present in it which doesn’t allow the fungal hyphae and mycelium to grow in a certain time period. Herbal powders are mainly used in home remedies and home uses. As well as they have importance in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, pharmacological fields. The phytochemicals present in these herbal powders are mostly used for their antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, etc effects. This research explores the inhibitory efficacy of selected herbal powders on chapatti., {"references":["Chattopadhyay, R. R., & Bhattacharyya, S. K. (2007). Phcog Rev.: Review Article Herbal spices as alternative antimicrobial food preservatives: An update. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 1(2), 3-5.","Warnock, D. W. (2006). Fungal diseases: an evolving public health challenge. Medical mycology, 44(8), 697-705","Almeida, F., Rodrigues, M. L., & Coelho, C. (2019). The still underestimated problem of fungal diseases worldwide. Frontiers in microbiology, 10, 214.","Homei, A., & Worboys, M. (2013). Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850–2000: Mycoses and Modernity (p. 225). Springer Nature","Singh, R., & Dubey, A. K. (2015). Endophytic actinomycetes as emerging source for therapeutic compounds. Indo Global J Pharm Sci, 5(2), 106-116.","Zhou, X., Seto, S. W., Chang, D., Kiat, H., Razmovski-Naumovski, V., Chan, K., & Bensoussan, A. (2016). Synergistic effects of Chinese herbal medicine: a comprehensive review of methodology and current research. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7, 201.","Ogidi, C. O., Ojo, A. E., Ajayi-Moses, O. B., Aladejana, O. M., Thonda, O. A., & Akinyele, B. J. (2021). Synergistic antifungal evaluation of over-the-counter antifungal creams with turmeric essential oil or Aloe vera gel against pathogenic fungi. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 1-12.","Muhammad, A., Rahman, Z., Ayub, M., Durrani, Y., Ali, S. A., Tabassum, A., & Khan, A. (2014). Inhibitory Effect of Ginger and Turmeric on Rhizopus stolonifer Growth on Bread. Journal of Food Processing & Technology, 5(5), 1.","Okoko, F. J., & Ogbomo, O. (2010). Amylolytic properties of fungi associated with spoilage in bread. Continent. J. Microbiol, 4, 1-7.","Omoifo, C. O. (2011). Rhizopus stolonifer exhibits dimorphism. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(20), 4269-4275."]}

Eucalyptus plant belongs to myrtaceae family, it commonly known as eucalyptus. In line with worldwide, it’s worldwide cultivated plant. Eucalyptus plant parts has various and different bioactivities. The main chemical components of eucalyptus plant is 1, 8 cineole. It has very strong medicinal properties. And other major chemical components are limonene, ?pinene, P-Cymene, Terpine-1-ol, Globulol. Eucalyptus essential oil has strong bioactivities like antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antimycotoxigenic activities. Eucalyptus essential oil also has preservative properties. A review provides an overview of the current literature on eucalyptus essential oils mainly antifungal, antimycotoxigenic activity and their uses.