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In this paper we explore, with a case study, how mental models of conditional reasoning (Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens and their associated fallacies) are built through the meanings that students give to objects and mathematical relationships of the premises. These inferences are presented in mathematical tasks posed in graphic and colloquial registers. The protocol of an in-depth interview carried out with students entering the university who elaborate additional considerations of their productions is analyzed. We considered the Theory of Mental Models (TMM) for the analysis from a semantic perspective of both the information of the premises and the reasoning scheme. The results of this work make it possible to think about teaching conditions for deductive reasoning in mathematics classes, incorporating contributions from the MMT to the didactic., En este trabajo exploramos, con un estudio de caso, cómo se construyen los modelos mentales de los razonamientos condicionales (Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens y sus falacias asociadas) mediante significados que los estudiantes dan a los objetos y relaciones matemáticos de las premisas. Estas inferencias se presentan en tareas matemáticas planteadas en registros gráfico y coloquial. Se analiza el protocolo de una entrevista en profundidad realizada a estudiantes ingresantes a la universidad quienes elaboran consideraciones adicionales de sus producciones. Hemos tenido en cuenta la Teoría de Modelos Mentales (TMM) para el análisis desde una perspectiva semántica tanto de la información de las premisas como del esquema de razonamiento. Los resultados de este trabajo posibilitan pensar en condiciones de enseñanza para el razonamiento deductivo en clases de matemáticas incorporando aportes de la TMM a lo didáctico.

Tarihsel süreç içerisinde disiplinlerarası çalışma yapmanın önemi sosyal bilimlerin tamamında kabul görmüş ve artık yadsınamayacak bir olgu haline gelmiştir. İslam düşünce tarihi de kuşkusuz böyle bir çalışma için çok verimli bir alan olarak görülebilir. Zira birçok farklı disiplin tarihsel oluşum sürecini aynı noktadan başlatır, tarihsel olarak ortak bir anlatı üzerine kurgulanır. Disiplinlerarası okuma bu açıdan en çok İslam düşüncesinin sacayakları olarak ifade edebileceğimiz usûl-ı fıkıh, kelâm, felsefe ve tasavvuf bağlamında işlevsel olabilir. Bu çerçevede, çalışmamızda Mısırlı düşünür ve akademisyen Ahmed Mahmûd Subhî’yi prototip olarak belirledik. Nitekim Subhî bütüncül bir İslam düşüncesi algısıyla ön plana çıkan bir yaklaşıma sahiptir ve söz konusu fikri inşa edebilecek metinler üretmiştir. Subhî’nin düşünme tarzını bağlı bulunduğu bir gelenekle veya hoca-talebe ilişkisi içerisinde inşa edebiliriz. Bunun için yapılması gereken hayatı ve eserlerine derinlemesine bir bakış atmaktır. Bu tür bir inceleme Subhî’nin ilmî metodunu anlamamızda anahtar işlevi görecektir. Bu çalışmanın nihai gayesi İslam düşüncesine dair sağlıklı ve doğru yorumlar yapabilmek için farklı disiplinleri temele almanın önemini vurgulamaktır. Bir iddia olarak dile getirdiğimiz bu husus, Subhî’nin metinlerindeki fikirleriyle tecessüm ettirilecek ve somut bir yapıya dönüştürülecektir In the historical process, the importance of doing interdisciplinary work has been accepted in all social sciences and has become an undeniable phenomenon. The history of Islamic thought can undoubtedly be seen as a very fertile field for such a study. It is because many different disciplines start the historical formation process from the same point. In other words, they are historically constructed on a common narrative. In this respect, interdisciplinary reading can be most functional in the context of usûl-ı fiqh, kalam, philosophy and mysticism, which can be expressed as the pillars of Islamic thought. In this framework, we have identified Ahmed Mahmûd Subhi, the Egyptian thinker and academician, as a prototype in our study. As a matter of fact, Subhi has an approach that stands out with a holistic perception of Islamic thought and has produced texts that can build the idea in question. We can build Subhî‘s way of thinking with a tradition he abides by or in a teacher-student relationship. What is needed for this is to take an in-depth look at his life and works. Such a study will serve as the key to our understanding of Subhi‘s scientific method. The ultimate aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of taking different disciplines as a basis in order to make healthy and correct interpretations of Islamic thought. This issue, which we have expressed as a claim, will be embodied by Subhî‘s ideas in his texts and turned into a concrete structure

O presente artigo, tem como objetivo analisar a possibilidade da aplicação da guarda compartilhada em situações de alienação parental quando o término do vínculo conjugal acontece de forma litigiosa. Aborda de forma pontual a respeito da família e da responsabilidade do poder familiar, os aspectos jurídicos das leis de guarda compartilhada, bem como da lei de alienação parental, com a finalidade de compreender os limites da aplicação da guarda compartilhada nas questões de alienação parental. Na guarda unilateral, em que apenas um dos genitores detém a guarda da criança ou adolescente, é possível que a alienação parental ocorra de forma mais frequente, exigindo, portanto, uma atuação eficaz do Poder Judiciário, a fim da garantia do princípio do melhor interesse e proteção integral da criança e do adolescente. A título de técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, tem-se a análise da legislação pertinente, doutrinária, artigos científicos e entendimento jurisprudencial, utilizando-se para tanto do método dedutivo. Por fim, pode-se concluir que ambas as modalidades de guarda, compartilhada ou unilateral, podem ser aplicadas na ocorrência de atos de alienação parental pelos genitores. Devendo prevalecer na decisão do magistrado o bem-estar e desenvolvimento saudável dos filhos, com o fim de favorecer o melhor interesse da criança e adolescente.

O artigo busca apresentar o processo de ingresso diferenciado para as minorias raciais como proposta de implementação de uma igualdade com base na teoria dworkiniana, abordando especificamente o processo seletivo criado pela rede varejista Magazine Luiza para o seu programa de trainee, restrito a candidatos negros. Dados demonstram que os negros estão em piores condições que os brancos em relação a bens e recursos no Brasil, havendo um cenário de exclusão social que os leva à condição de vulneráveis. O combate às práticas discriminatórias deve abranger, além de estratégias repressivas, medidas compensatórias que possam acelerar o processo da busca pela igualdade. A pesquisa, de cunho eminentemente teórico, envolvendo o método dedutivo, abordagem qualitativa e técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, conclui que as ações afirmativas, tais como a implementada pela Magazine Luiza, funcionam como instrumentos para a promoção da igualdade de recursos, nos termos propostos por Ronald Dworkin.

O presente artigo versa sobre a natureza jurídica da remuneração de serviço público quando prestado por particular, com especial destaque para o serviço de fornecimento domiciliar de água potável canalizada. Emprega-se o método dedutivo de investigação, mediante procedimento com métodos monográfico e histórico, e técnica de pesquisa acentuadamente bibliográfica, para a análise de livros e artigos científicos sobre Direito Constitucional, Administrativo, Econômico, Financeiro e Tributário no que concerne à acepção jurídica de serviço público e a possibilidade de incidência de tarifa, taxa ou imposto em face do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro.

El objetivo del trabajo es establecer el nivel de estrés de laboral que pudieren estar experimentando los docentes de educación básica a partir del teletrabajo realizado por la llegada de la pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 a Ecuador y el mundo. Se realizó un estudio investigativo en la Escuela Teniente Hugo Ortiz de la ciudad de Portoviejo mediante un método deductivo de tipo cualitativo, se aplicaron técnicas de recolección de información como la entrevista para conocer la condición del teletrabajo y un cuestionario basado en Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), a fin de poder medir el nivel de estrés laboral de los docentes. Entre los principales resultados se puede mencionar que los docentes en un 58% se sienten estresados en un nivel medio alto al momento de brindar sus clases y el 42% mantiene un nivel medio de estrés al realizar las diversas actividades a través de la plataforma digital. De igual forma, se pudo conocer que no todos están insatisfechos por esta nueva modalidad educativa, puesto que el teletrabajo les brinda ventajas como reducción de gastos de movilización y permanencia con sus familiares. Por lo que se pudo concluir, que los docentes se encuentran en un nivel de estrés medio a causa del uso de la plataforma digital y en especial por la tensión que se vive por la pandemia; sumándole a esto la falta de aceptación de los temas proporcionados en clases por la escasa conectividad existente, hace que la información entregada sea repetitiva para algunos estudiantes originando insatisfacción del nivel educativo actual. Palabras clave: Estrés, teletrabajo, tecnología, eficacia, aceptación.

EnglishUsing the hypothetical deductive method, we used the Barcelona Traction, Elettronica Sicula and Diallo cases to clarify the debate on the problem of diplomatic protection for corporations and their shareholders. Corporations must be seen as a being with a distinct moral personality. If the corporations and the shareholder suffered a loss, this does not imply that the two have the right to demand redress. The issue of diplomatic protection for corporations and their shareholders has been a constant theme in international jurisprudence, in the practice of States, in international conventions, in doctrine and in the course of the work of the International Law Commission on diplomatic protection. The relevance and pertinence of the topic is also recognized in the fact that diplomatic protection applies to all other legal entities constituted by the State. We share the perspective that diplomatic protection for corporations and shareholders should not be considered obsolete. This should be seen as the ultima ratio under which States can invoke the international responsibility of another State for the damage caused to a Corporation or shareholders that hold its nationality. portuguesUtilizando o metodo dedutivo hipotetico, utilizamos os casos Barcelona Traction, Elettronica Sicula e Diallo para esclarecer o debate sobre o problema da proteccao diplomatica das empresas e dos seus accionistas. As empresas devem ser vistas como um ser com uma personalidade moral distinta. Se as empresas e o accionista sofreram um prejuizo, isto nao implica que os dois tenham o direito de exigir reparacao. A questao da proteccao diplomatica das empresas e dos seus accionistas tem sido um tema constante na jurisprudencia internacional, na pratica dos Estados, nas convencoes internacionais, na doutrina e no decurso dos trabalhos da Comissao de Direito Internacional sobre proteccao diplomatica. A relevância e pertinencia do tema e tambem reconhecida no facto de a proteccao diplomatica se aplicar a todas as outras entidades juridicas constituidas pelo Estado. Partilhamos a perspectiva de que a proteccao diplomatica para empresas e accionistas nao deve ser considerada obsoleta. Isto deve ser visto como o ultima ratio sob o qual os Estados podem invocar a responsabilidade internacional de outro Estado pelos danos causados a uma Corporacao ou accionistas que tenham a sua nacionalidade.

espanolSituacion problemica de este trabajo de investigacion profesional de alto nivel es el ineficiente clima laboral que existe en el area de seguridad industrial de la empresa privada Ecuatrainers, el mismo que acontece por irrespeto constante en contra de los trabajadores y no permite mejorar las condiciones laborales, consecuentemente la relacion de trabajo se deteriora de manera continua, los investigadores que estuvimos realizando este trabajo de campo utilizamos el metodo de encuestas a veinte personas trabajadores de la empresa antes mencionada, con los resultados o evidencias obtenidas observamos que la forma de tratar del supervisor del area de seguridad a los trabajadores es inadecuada e improcedente, su pesima actuacion perjudica el clima laboral de manera constante y no permite que el talento humano de Ecuatrainers cumpla a plenitud su con sus actividades diarias, de tal manera que se genera o se constituye en un verdadero malestar laboral pareceria ser que el trabajador estuviera en una hacienda donde solo existe el capataz o mayordomo y los obreros se constituyen en autenticos peones, esta es una deplorable accion del empleador o sus representante porque solo fomenta desconfianza, inestabilidad, problemas psicologicos, sociales, laborales de las personas trabajadoras, consecuentemente es absurdo aceptar que en pleno siglo veintiuno no exista un verdadero clima laboral en el que se respete los derechos del trabajo considerando que en varias ocasiones los trabajadores tienen que permanecer 10 o 12 horas diarias en la empresa, de tal manera que el metodo deductivo cientifico considera que la conclusion se halla implicita dentro las premisas esto quiere decir que las conclusio-nes son una consecuencia necesaria porque resultan verdaderas y el razonamiento deductivo tiene validez, no hay forma de que la conclusion no sea verdadera, el objetivo general que persigue esta investigacion es optimizar la relacion laboral del talento humano de la empresa Ecuatrainers para obtener como resultado un excelente clima de trabajo que permita cumplir con eficiencia y eficacia todas las obligaciones y actividades dia-rias asignadas a sus trabajadores, ademas es necesario saber que si se puede obtener un buen clima laboral en la empresa en referencia cuando sus directivos ejerzan un liderazgo humanista bien administrado considerando como principio fundamental primero el ser humano antes que la produccion, observando que exista una buena salud ocupacional, ambiente sano, adecuado, con buena iluminacion, ventilacion, bioseguridad, para obtener como resultado mayor produccion y productividad que genere mas ingresos economicos para las empresa y sus trabajadores, con-secuentemente generando armonia y tranquilidad en el sitio de trabajo, como objetivo especifico se debera realizar, capacitaciones permanentes a los directivos de la empresa, capacitaciones continuas a los trabajadores, dialogo constante y personalizado entre empleador y empleados y los resultados seran muy positivos para obtener metas y objetivos en la empresa privada Ecuatrainers EnglishProblem situation of this high-level professional research work is the inefficient work environment that exists in the industrial security area of the private company Ecuatrainers, the same that occurs due to constant disrespect against workers and does not allow to improve working conditions, Consequently, the work relationship deteriorates continuously, the researchers who were doing this field work used the method of surveys of twenty workers of the aforementioned company, with the results or evidence obtained, we observed that the way of dealing with the supervisor of the The area of safety for workers is inadequate and inappropriate, its terrible performance constantly damages the work environment and does not allow the human talent of Ecuatrainers to fully comply with its daily activities, in such a way that it is generated or constituted in a true labor malaise would seem to be that the worker was If in a farm where there is only the foreman or butler and the workers are authentic laborers, this is a deplorable action by the employer or his representatives because it only encourages distrust, instability, psychological, social, labor problems of the working people, consequently it is It is absurd to accept that in the twenty-first century there is no real work environment in which labor rights are respected, considering that on several occasions workers have to spend 10 or 12 hours a day in the company, in such a way that the scientific deductive method considers that the conclusion is implicit within the premises this means that the conclusions are a necessary consequence because they are true and deductive reasoning is valid, there is no way that the conclusion is not true, the general objective pursued by this research is to opti-mize the employment relationship of the human talent of the company Ecuatrainers As a result, to obtain an excellent work environment that allows them to efficiently and effectively fulfill all the daily obligations and activities assigned to their workers, it is also necessary to know that if a good work environment can be obtained in the company in question when their managers exercise a Well-managed humanist leadership considering the human being first before production as a fundamental principle, observing that there is good occupational health, a healthy environment, ade-quate, with good lighting, ventilation, biosecurity, to obtain as a result higher production and productivity that generates more income economic for the company and its workers, consequently generating harmony and tranquility in the workplace, as a specific objective it should be carried out, permanent training for company managers, continuous training for workers, constant and personalized dialogue between employer and employees and the results are They will be very positive in achieving goals and objectives in the private company Ecuatrainers

This scientific paper presents some reflections on the collective procedure in Brazil and Portugal, giving emphasis to the similarities and later presenting the most outstanding points of distinction. Given this context, the study seeks to clarify whether there is an influence of the Brazilian system over the Portuguese one, whether it is possible to identify a legal micro-system in both countries for protection of collective rights, and the regulatory difference in both systems. It analyzes the relevant Brazilian and Portuguese legislation on collective rights, and highlights similarities between both legal systems. An important emphasis is given to the existence of special laws establishing the general rules of the collective procedure and the classification of interests protected by collective cases, and also the aspects to differentiate them. Through the deductive method, it is possible to understand how the protection of collective rights in Brazil and in Portugal occurs, and the differences between the two countries.

La pandemia derivada del COVID-19 ha marcado un fuerte impacto en prácticamente todas las naciones. La empresa es el lugar de trabajo y de sustento de miles de personas. Por ello resulta importante el conocer los efectos del virus en su fuente de trabajo. Este artículo pretende analizar el efecto del COVID-19 en la empresa mexicana, para lo cual se utilizan estadísticas de los momentos anteriores y posteriores a esta crisis, que en su origen fue de salud. Se aplica el método deductivo que contiene un enfoque cuantitativo descriptivo. Con tal fin, se utiliza la información que sobre el tema ha elaborado el Instituto Nacional de Geografía y Estadística (INEGI). Se concluye que la afectación ha llevado a la desaparición de miles de empresas y puestos de trabajo en prácticamente todos los sectores y en todo tipo de empresa.

espanolLas pequenas empresas en el Ecuador conforman la mayor parte de negocios existentes en el pais, siendo el sector agroindustrial un principal protagonista de la economia ecuatoriana. No obstante, el crecimiento empresarial de las pequenas empresas productoras de embutidos se ve estancado por cuestiones inherentes a la gestion de sus recursos humanos. Por ende, el objetivo primordial es concientizar a los lideres empresariales que presiden estos negocios sobre la importancia de aplicar estrategias de vanguardia para dirigir personas, como lo es la gestion por competencias para la creacion de ventajas competitivas. Para el diseno del presente articulo se emplea como metodologia de investigacion el metodo deductivo y tambien la investigacion documental, empleando un enfoque cualitativo mediante la revision de revistas y libros con literatura relativa a la gestion del talento humano para su posterior analisis y relacion con el objeto de estudio, las pequenas empresas productoras de embutidos. Finalmente, se concluye en la importancia de la gestion por competencias ya que permite alinear a todas las personas que forman parte de la misma organizacion a compartir y predicar una misma cultura de trabajo, la cual sera orientada al alcance de objetivos EnglishSmall companies in Ecuador make up the majority of existing businesses in the country, with the agro - industrial sector being a main protagonist of the Ecuadorian economy. However, the business growth of small companies producing sausages is stalled due to issues inherent to the management of their human resources. Therefore, the primary objective is to make the business leaders who preside over these businesses aware of the importance of applying cutting-edge strategies to direct people, such as competency management for the creation of competitive advantages. For the design of this article, the deductive method and documentary research are used as research methodology, using a qualitative approach through the review of magazines and books with literature related to the management of human talent for its subsequent analysis and relationship with the object. study, small companies producing sausages. Finally, it is concluded on the importance of management by competencies since it allows aligning all the people who are part of the same organization to share and preach the same work culture, which will be oriented to the achievement of objectives

The present research aimed to identify the experimentation strategies in natural sciences and their influence on the meaningful learning of students, its approach is qualitative and quantitative since it is sequential and probative, the analytical, synthetic, inductive deductive method was applied, the The technique used was the survey applied to both teachers and students. The results indicate that experimentation is favorable for the achievement of significant learning, in addition, teachers do not always apply the scientific method as a teaching strategy in the area of natural sciences, it is also detected that students obtain greater interest and greater creativity with the strategies of experimentation. It is concluded that the experimentation strategies in the area of natural sciences are characterized as an enriching method that contributes efficiently to meaningful learning, however, there are limitations in the teachers regarding the application of the scientific method as a teaching strategy in the area of natural sciences. Keywords: Meaningful learning; Experimentation in the Natural Sciences; Teaching methods; Creative techniques., La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las estrategias de experimentación en ciencias naturales y su influencia en el aprendizaje significativo de los estudiantes, su enfoque es cualitativo y cuantitativo puesto que es secuencial y probatorio, se aplicó el método analítico, sintético, inductivo deductivo, la técnica utilizada fue la encuesta aplicada tanto a docentes como a estudiantes. Los resultados indican que la experimentación es favorable para el logro de aprendizajes significativos, además no siempre los docentes aplican el método científico como estrategia de enseñanza en el área de ciencias naturales, también se detecta que los estudiantes obtienen mayor interés y mayor creatividad con las estrategias de experimentación. Se concluye que las estrategias de experimentación en el área de ciencias naturales se caracterizan como un método enriquecedor que contribuye de manera eficiente en el aprendizaje significativo, sin embargo, se evidencia limitaciones en el profesorado respecto a la aplicación del método científico como estrategia de enseñanza en el área de ciencias naturales. Palabras claves: Aprendizaje significativo; Experimentación en las ciencias Naturales; Métodos de enseñanza; Técnicas creativas. Abstract The present research aimed to identify the experimentation strategies in natural sciences and their influence on the meaningful learning of students, its approach is qualitative and quantitative since it is sequential and probative, the analytical, synthetic, inductive deductive method was applied, the The technique used was the survey applied to both teachers and students. The results indicate that experimentation is favorable for the achievement of significant learning, in addition, teachers do not always apply the scientific method as a teaching strategy in the area of natural sciences, it is also detected that students obtain greater interest and greater creativity with the strategies of experimentation. It is concluded that the experimentation strategies in the area of natural sciences are characterized as an enriching method that contributes efficiently to meaningful learning, however, there are limitations in the teachers regarding the application of the scientific method as a teaching strategy in the area of natural sciences. Keywords: Meaningful learning; Experimentation in the Natural Sciences; Teaching methods; Creative techniques. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 22 de julio de 2021.Fecha de aceptación: 24 de septiembre de 2021.Fecha de publicación: 01 de octubre de 2021.

The objective of this study is to identify the dimension of the personality that has the greatest influence on the risk of exposure to HIV infection. The models used to fulfill the scientific objective are the empirical method of information gathering and the theoretical deductive method. The 16-FP test and the HIV infection exposure assessment test applied to homosexual adolescents between 18 and 24 years old allowed us to measure the association of the study variables. The non-association between personality and the risk of HIV infection is concluded. The predominant personality dimension is the category called toughness. The prevailing risk level of exposure to HIV is the medium risk. The average age with minimal risk of infection is 20 years, the average risk is 20.9 years, and the high risk of infection is 21.9 years. Keywords: Personality, homosexuality, HIV, risk of infection. References [1]T. Santa Cruz y M. Antezana, «Impact on corporate image in the face of inclusion of LGBT communities in retail stores in Peru,» Correspondencias & Análisis, vol. 13, nº 1, pp. 101 - 126, 2021. [2]R. Muñoz, «Estigma estructural, adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y cultura organizacional de cuidados en la atención hospitalaria en VIH y Sida enGuayaquil, Ecuador,» Andamios, vol. 15, nº 36, pp. 311- 341, 2018. [3]L. Brito, D. Jiménez, E. Sinche y A. Angulo, «KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS LINKED TO HIV/AIDS IN SHUAR COMMUNITIES OF ECUADOR, » Ciencia y enfermería, vol. 25, nº 1, 2019. [4]J. Rausch, A. Gäbel, K. Nagy y N. Kleindienst, «El aumento de los niveles de testosterona y cortisol al despertar respuestas en pacientes con trastorno límite de la personalidad: Género y el rasgo de agresividad cuestión, » Psiconeuroendocrinologí, vol. 55, nº 1, pp. 116-127, 2015. [5]D. Mosquera, A. Gonzalez, y Van der Hart, O., «Trastorno límite de personalidad, trauma en la infancia y disociación estructural de la personalidad,» INTRA-TP, pp. 1 - 18, 2013. [6]V. Caballo, Manual de trastornos de la personalidad: Descripción, evaluación y tratamiento, Madrid: Síntesis, 2004. [7]O. González, N. Pérez y M. Redondo, «Procesos básicos en una aproximación cognitivo-conductual a los trastornos de personalidad,» Clínica y salud, pp. 401-423, 2007. [8]P. Fernández y A. Morales, «“No quiero que me rechacen”: Experiencias sobre la revelación del estado serológico a las parejas sexuales en hombres,» Escritos de Psicología, vol. 7, pp. 44 - 55, 2014. [9]B. Buenrostro, H. González, I. Delgado, A. Mora, J. Cadenas y S. Montero, «Frecuencia de infección por VIH/sida en usuarios de preservativo,» Revista Cubanade Investigaciones Biomédica, vol. 31, pp. 480 - 489, 2012.

espanolEl modelo de Estado federal, posee multiples diferencias sustanciales que le distinguen de otros modelos de Estado tradicionales, principalmente porque posee una estructura dual basada en la division del poder politico, con la finalidad de dotar de mayor soberania a los Estados que lo conforman, especialmente en lo que respecta al sistema electoral y su exclusividad legislativa. En este contexto, se destaca la clausula de comercio, que, en su defecto, si limita la autonomia de dichos Estados, en cuanto a las relaciones mercantiles, porque las somete a un control federal. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la estructura dual del federalismo, especialmente con respecto de la clausula de comercio, para poder determinar que la autonomia de los Estados, se ve supeditada a un control federal. La metodologia que se empleo fue: Metodo deductivo, alcance descriptivo, a traves de un enfoque cualitativo por ser de tipo post-positivista, por la interpretacion hermeneutica de los documentos examinados. Se concluye que, la “commerce clause”, es un elemento caracterizador del federalismo, no obstante, constituye una limitacion a la autonomia de los Estados Federados, puesto que somete las relaciones mercantiles a un control federal, por tal motivo, restringe el principio de soberania. EnglishThe federal state model has multiple substantial differences that distinguish it from other traditional state models, mainly because it has a dual structure based on the division of political power, in order to provide greater sovereignty to the states that comprise it, especially with regard to the electoral system and its legislative exclusivity. In this context, the trade clause stands out, which, failing that, does limit the autonomy of said States, in terms of commercial relations, because it subjects them to federal control. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze the dual structure of federalism, especially with respect to the trade clause, in order to determine that the autonomy of the States is subject to federal control. The methodology used was: Deductive method, descriptive scope, through a qualitative approach due to being post-positivist, due to the hermeneutical interpretation of the documents examined. It is concluded that the “commerce clause” is a characterizing element of federalism, however, it constitutes a limitation to the autonomy of the Federated States, since it subjects commercial relations to federal control, for this reason, it restricts the principle of sovereignty.

The purpose of this article was to analyze, how in the current stage of artificial intelligence in Brazil, it can be used in procedural law with the purpose of providing greater efficiency in the provision of jurisdiction. To this end, were analyzed the impact of new technologies and the possibilities of their application in the legal field, as well as in the context of the technological revolution. Then, were investigated the prospects of the use of AI in procedural law, in addition to the ethical principles and guidelines for its use. At the end, the process of implementing artificial intelligence as a tool to improve the justice system in the state of Pernambuco was analyzed. The study was prepared according to the deductive method associated with literature review and document analysis

The article briefly covers the scientific, pedagogical and creative activities of Vladimir Olegovich Samoilov, whose life and fate have been associated with his alma mater for more than six decades. May 7, 2021 Vladimir Olegovich Samoilov turned 80 years old. Vladimir Olegovich Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Retired Major General of the Medical Service, Honorary Doctor of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. Vladimir Olegovich made a significant contribution to the emergence of an independent scientific discipline in medical universities of the country medical biophysics, which began to study the fundamental problems of metabolism and bioenergetics at the molecular, cellular and systemic levels. Samoilov developed original training courses in biophysics and medical electronics and headed the Department of Medical Physics for 14 years. Together with the staff of the department, he revived and rebuilt the teaching of higher mathematics and general physics at the Academy on the basis of the deductive method. Since 1974 Biophysics is taught at the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov as a system of physical and physico-chemical processes underlying life activity. In 1988, V.O. Samoilov was appointed Deputy Head of the Academy for Academic and Scientific Work. In the next six years, under his leadership, the system of basic military medical education was restructured. In 2001 Vladimir Olegovich headed the Department of Normal Physiology. During the difficult time of the change of generations, the department reorganized the educational process and resumed scientific research on the main sections of normal physiology. He formed one of the brightest scientific academic schools, which consists of seven doctors and 22 candidates of science.