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The consumption of non-renewable resources and the creation of wastes have been identifi ed as among the key issues that our society must address in order not to prejudice the opportunities of future generations. Yet the way we design and construct our buildings leads to huge volumes of waste being generated as well as the use of large amounts of materials, the extraction of which leads to considerable environmental damage. So, how can we design buildings in a way that creates closed loop materials systems that minimize waste generation and primary resourse use? The objective of this paper is to review work carried out at Ryerson University in Canada funded by NRCan and CISC to identify ways in which construction can set up reuse loops for steel components so that waste and the demand for primary steel are reduced. In particular, the design and construction issues related to the use of salvaged steel components will be reviewed, through a series of case studies to draw out lessons and conclusions about the implications of component reuse in construction. The case studies are of projects that reuse steel components from old buildings into new buildings. They suggest that opportunities for steel reuse are signifi cant but the industry needs to establish appropriate structures and cyclical systems and methods to ensure that components can be easily reclaimed from old buildings for reuse. Furthermore, certain ingrained industry design processes need to be overcome for reuse of steel (and other components) to become more acceptable.

This paper mainly introduces the research and application of the technical features, technological principles and construction procedures of the pipe track inner mold in the construction of the pipe track through the silver pipe track project. The inner mold system is composed of trolley support; with a combination of large mold instead of cabin mold scaffold system. The cabin mold scaffold system optimizes the cabin mold system construction from “scaffolding ? installation mold ? reinforcement ? mold removal ? scaffolding removal ? horizontal transfer” to “inner mold trolley installation and commissioning ? trolley in place ? support form ? release mold ? mold movement.” Reduce labor intensity, conserve construction consumables, and assure quality and safety by reducing the expansion, deconstruction, and transfer procedure of the mold and supporting structure. The occupation time of internal mold trolley in each structural construction section is reduced, the trolley turnover efficiency is improved, and the economic benefit is improved thanks to the central support of early mold removal in the workshop, which serves as a model for the construction organization and technical treatment of similar projects.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have relevance in extensive applications such as gas adsorption, separation, and energy storage. The tunability demonstrated by MOFs has encouraged research on MOF database generation via distinct methodologies. One of the crucial stages of these procedures is pre-processing, which often includes extraction of the building units (BUs). The process of BU extraction is intricate, and it is further amplified with the presence of solvent molecules/ions in the structure. This work presents MOF BU developer (mBUD), a platform to deconstruct the BUs, such as metal nodes, organic linkers, and functional groups of the MOF structure. The deconstruction algorithm has been assessed on the MOF structures of the CoRE MOF 2019 database. A total of 2,580 BUs have been extracted and provided as a database. This platform has been utilized to create a ready-to-use database of unique BUs deconstructed from the CoRE MOF database. We have also provided the web version of mBUD that can be easily used to extract BUs. These BUs can be employed to develop hypothetical MOF structures. It is envisaged that the BU database built with the deconstruction platform will aid the design of novel application-specific MOFs.

In this review, we highlight our recent developments on the formic acid refining of lignocellulosic biomass and how it can be an innovative way to produce sustainable hydrogen and fuels. There is a worldwide high demand for green energy and green chemistry endeavors to drastically slow down climate change in accord with the COP 21. This review mainly focuses on the deconstruction of the lignocellulosic biomass, using formic acid-based mixtures, into its 3 main components and how they can be the new resources for hydrogen, fuels, and products in the 21st century. We are underlining the natural carbon capture in the form of atmospheric CO2 concentrated into lignocellulosic biomass wastes from the forest and agricultural land sites and the subsequent low energy organic extraction of cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses. We illustrate in this review that our dependence on fossil fuels will be greatly reduced, and that atmospheric CO2, sunlight and water will provide safe energy and products for future generations.

Summary This perspective discusses a set of design principles for next-generation kinetically trapped, intrinsically circular polymers (iCPs) that are inherently, selectively, and expediently depolymerizable to their monomer state once their kinetic barriers of deconstruction are overcome, thereby enabling not only the ideal shortest chemical circularity but also tunable performance properties. After describing four elements of the design principles—thermodynamics and kinetics, strategies to overcome trade-offs and unify conflicting properties, predictive modeling, and supply-chain life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis, which are illustrated with state-of-the-art examples—it concludes with presenting key challenges and opportunities for sustainable development of iCPs.

This article describes a Smart Heritage computational system that automatically produces a wide range of design proposals for new timber Gothic churches based on an intelligent interpretation of an architectural database of historic churches. The system enlists the software ‘Houdini’ and a digitally archived dataset of 19th Century timber Gothic churches. The cases presented here focus primarily on timber churches built in Wellington, New Zealand. Through a process of analysis and deconstruction of these historic churches into their characteristic architectural components, spatial organisation and geometric relationships, the system assembles them into novel designs based on high-level design parameters. This paper details this computational system, its development, its operation and its outputs. The role of the system that has been developed is two-fold. One is designing in an architectural heritage context, and one is as an aid to historical architectural investigations, or what can be called digital forensics. The particular outputs are automatically generated hybrid churches that capture the historical design values and complexities of Gothic inspired churches in New Zealand. However, the broader applications are as an investigative tool for historians, and as an objective generative tool for those involved in heritage reconstruction.

The reuse of building components plays a pivotal role in construction and demolition waste reduction. Reuse can be a part of the deconstruction process resulting in cost and environmental benefits....

openaire: EC/H2020/788489/EU//BioELCell This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.

The effective and efficient valorization of polysaccharide-rich feedstocks is undisputedly a key factor in the quest for a more sustainable planet and a biobased economy. Several covalent and non-covalent interactions within the biomacromolecules define the complex, intricate, and rigid structure of lignocellulose and related biomasses. However, none of the current methods to disrupt the complex interactions of feedstocks and enhance their hydrolysis for subsequent valorization are highly selective and efficient enough, hence the need for new methodologies in this respect. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are special types of ionic liquids, which are cheaper, less toxic, and more biocompatible than other ionic liquids. They have been identified as important green solvents and functional fluids with immense potential for catalytic transformation of polysaccharide-rich biomass into a diverse range of products. The unique properties of DES enable them to effectively dissolve and convert biomass into valuable end products. This review paper sheds light on the application of DES in the deconstruction and fractionation of different feedstocks, particularly in the pretreatment step. In this regard, it covers the recent advancements in the applications of various DES in the valorization of biomass and its major components (i.e., cellulose, xylan, chitin, starch, pectin) with special emphasis on the relationship between the inherent properties of DES and their dissolution potential. Focus is also placed on the toxicity, biocompatibility, and reusability of DES. Finally, this article addresses the current and potential issues in the industrial application of DES, with a special focus on future opportunities.

The paper is devoted to the role of wood in the art of furniture. The work traces the typological relationship of certain types of furniture designed in the twentieth century with the prototypes of the XVIII and XIX centuries. The paper argues about the possibilities of the material for creating aesthetically significant furniture samples. The stage in recognizing the new possibilities of technologically processed wood is the furniture by J. Summers, which revealed the possibility of designing a chair from a single sheet of plywood “in one piece” without structural connections. H. Peak, C. Mollino, Ch. R. Eames, S. Yanagi worked in the same direction. Chipboard is the last of the materials discussed in the paper. The appeal to the archaic box-type design was laid in the works by Rietveld, M. Bill, and G. Gugelot. In the wake of the architecture, deconstruction in the furniture design can be seen in the works by F. and W. Campana.

“On data, media, and the deconstruction of the administrative states” handelt von der jüngste Geschichte der libertären und neofaschistischen Medien- und Datenpraktiken in den USA und Großbritannien, dessen Ziel die Umgestaltung der politischen Wirklichkeit ist. Dieser Vortrag untersucht die historischen Wurzeln dieser Praktiken und skizziert eine Genealogie, die mit der Radikalisierung des Liberalismus in den 1970er Jahren anfängt, die die in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren (von Google, im Jahr 1999 gegründet, bis Facebook, im Jahr 2004 gegründet) beschleunigende digitale Revolution sowie das kommerzielle und staatliche Überwachungssystem, das als entscheidend für die neue digitale Epoche hervorgetreten ist (besonders mit den neuen Techniken des Überwachungskapitalismus nach 9/11), durchquert, und die 2016 mit dem Wahlsieg von Donald Trump und dem Brexit-Referendum endet.

Theorizations of sustainability transformation have foregrounded the construction (making) of novel socioecological relations; however, they generally have obscured processes of deliberate deconstruction (unmaking) of existing, unsustainable ones. Amidst ever more compelling evidence of the simultaneous unsustainability and continued reproduction of capitalist modernity, it is misguided to assume that transformation can happen by the mere construction of supposed ‘solutions’, be they technological, social or cultural. We rather need to better understand whether and how existing institutions, forms of knowledge, practices, imaginaries, power structures, and human-non-human relations can be deconstructed at the service of sustainability transformation. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of a lens that attends to processes of making and unmaking in sustainability transformations through an analysis of an ongoing sustainability transformation, the territorios campesinos agroalimentarios (TCA) endogenous territorial figure and peasant movement in Colombia. TCA is transforming territory beyond capitalism on the basis of relational ontologies and principles of autonomy, dignity and sufficiency. This paper identifies processes of unmaking of capitalism in the TCA and demonstrates how they are concretely entangled in the construction of post-capitalist realities. This paper sketches a research agenda on sustainability transformation that is sensitive to and theoretically equipped for the analysis of transformation as a multifaceted, multilevel process that entails the deconstruction of capitalist modernity and the construction of post-capitalist realities. Central to this agenda is a plural engagement with theories of social change from across the social sciences and humanities, which have not previously been mobilized for this endeavour.

A review is made of the growth dynamics of metal radioactive waste on a world scale. The most commonly applied technologies (hydro- and pyrometallurgical) for deactivation of this waste are presented.The implementation of the blocks obtained by remelting for the manufacture of fasteners of nuclear reactors is demonstrated. Based on the conducted experiments and drawn conclusions, the inference is made that the pyrometallurgical methods of processing have greater advantages.The paper exhibits a convincing motivation for the essential necessity of investigation of the metal radioactive waste processing, following the system D&D (deconstruction + deactivation), using effective and environmentally friendly technology.

Lead optimization in structure-based drug design ultimately requires that the therapeutic agent be evaluated in the cellular context. However, the in vivo control of the target structure remains unyielding to computational modeling. This situation may change as transformer technologies enable a deconstruction of in vivo cooperativity steering drug-induced protein folding.

In only a few decades, lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized technologies, enabling the proliferation of portable devices and electric vehicles1, with substantial benefits for society. However, the rapid growth in technology has highlighted the ethical and environmental challenges of mining lithium, cobalt and other mineral ore resources, and the issues associated with the safe usage and non-hazardous disposal of batteries2. Only a small fraction of lithium-ion batteries are recycled, further exacerbating global material supply of strategic elements3–5. A potential alternative is to use organic-based redox-active materials6–8 to develop rechargeable batteries that originate from ethically sourced, sustainable materials and enable on-demand deconstruction and reconstruction. Making such batteries is challenging because the active materials must be stable during operation but degradable at end of life. Further, the degradation products should be either environmentally benign or recyclable for reconstruction into a new battery. Here we demonstrate a metal-free, polypeptide-based battery, in which viologens and nitroxide radicals are incorporated as redox-active groups along polypeptide backbones to function as anode and cathode materials, respectively. These redox-active polypeptides perform as active materials that are stable during battery operation and subsequently degrade on demand in acidic conditions to generate amino acids, other building blocks and degradation products. Such a polypeptide-based battery is a first step to addressing the need for alternative chemistries for green and sustainable batteries in a future circular economy. An environmentally friendly, all-organic radical battery is demonstrated, in which redox-active polypeptides perform as both cathode and anode materials, with a metal-free organic electrolyte.

In this article, I discuss deconstruction and cultural resistance to commercial culture as a strategy practiced by the Residents in the 1974–1980period. The band questioned the mechanisms governing...

This study aims to construct a pentuple bottom line hierarchical pyramid at PT Bank Negara Indonesia Tbk. The triple bottom line is the key to drive the success of implementing business sustainability. The pentuple bottom line is a deconstruction of the triple bottom line concept. The researcher used a postmodernist paradigm with imaginary dialogue as a research method. The imaginary dialogue consists of two specialists namely accountant and investor. The result of this research is a pentuple bottom line hierarchical pyramid model. The pentuple bottom line hierarchical pyramid is a model for measuring company managerial performance consisting of ethical responsibilities, profit, people, planet, and prophet. First, ethical responsibilities are ethical responsibilities, the company has an obligation to carry out good and fair business practices, second, profit is an effort to fulfill the company's economic welfare third, people, the company tries to provide benefits and advantages for the stakeholders, fourth, planet, the company can preserve the environment, the fifth, prophet is mental or spiritual balance in the process of preserving life, business organizations must consider the expression of God-consciousness, transcendental consciousness, honesty, the ability to self-contemplate and sincere love

During last decade, design for deconstruction (DfD) has attracted the attention of researchers and project managers as an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional demolition of buildings. Yet, the intensity of raw materials consumption, waste generation and greenhouse gas (GhG) emission in the construction industry proves that current methods of selecting building components have failed to make the deconstruction effectively feasible. Specifically, in the material selection process, most research studies concentrate on assessing environmental and economic aspects while in selecting material for DfD various factors must be considered. To overcome this gap, this study aims to propose a DfD-based material selection model which enables designers to choose materials that make the recyclability and reusability of building components feasible. To this end, the Kano model is first applied to categorize selection criteria identified via a questionnaire. After extracting the weights of criteria by using Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchy Process, a Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution-based multi-criteria decision-making framework is proposed for choosing the best possible alternatives. Based on the research results, the framework enables designers to find decent materials in terms of DfD requirements. A numerical example is also provided to examine the proposed framework for selecting the most appropriate materials for walls.

International audience; Annoyance caused by air pollution is a matter of public health as it can cause stress and ill-health and affect quality of life, among other burdens. The aim of this study is to apply the multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) technique as a differential tooling to explore relationships between variables that can influence peoples’ behaviour concerning annoyance caused by air pollution. Data were collected through a survey on air pollution, environmental issues and quality of life. Face-to-face survey studies were conducted in two industrialized urban areas (Vitoria in Brazil and Dunkirk in France). These two regions were chosen as their inhabitants often report feeling annoyed by air pollution, and both regions have similar industrial characteristics. The results showed a progressive correspondence between levels of annoyance and other active variables in the “air pollution” factor group: as the levels of annoyance increased, the levels of the other qualitative variables (importance of air quality, perceived exposure to industrial risk, assessment of air quality, perceived air pollution) also increased. Respondents who reported feeling annoyed by air pollution also thought that air quality was very important and were very concerned about exposure to industrial risks. Furthermore, they often assessed air quality as horrible, and they could frequently perceive air pollution by dust, odours and decreased visibility. The results also showed a statistically significant association between occurrence of allergies and high levels of annoyance.

Despite that Building Information Modelling (BIM) is often praised as a whole life-cycle methodology, possibilities for deconstruction are consistently overlooked. This study demonstrates what those possibilities may be. Previous studies showed that: deconstruction practices pose several site-based challenges; BIM implementations may help practitioners to address such challenges; and activity theory offers a framework to understand BIM implementations. We aimed to explore how deconstruction practices can be reorganised with BIM by applying an activity-theoretical perspective to a rather unique case-study. The selected case concerned the deconstruction of a nursing home so that many of its elements could be reused to construct a school. During this project, we implemented BIM in three essential activities: analysing existing conditions, labelling of reusable elements and planning deconstruction. The implementations resolved initial problems related with the use of traditional drawings, schedules and instructions. They nevertheless also triggered several additional problems that we attempted to address in successive steps. The organisation of the activities so evolved, which culminated in the formation of three new BIM uses for deconstruction: “3D existing conditions analysis,” “reusable elements labelling” and “4D deconstruction simulation”. These concepts complement existing BIM use taxonomies and can be appropriated in future deconstruction projects.

In recent years, modular construction has been used in low-to medium rise multi-story and even high-rise buildings. Pre-fabrication by off-site manufacture leads to faster and safer construction, improved quality, reduced resources and waste. The research activity summarized in this paper is carried out within the European project INNO3DJOINTS and it aims at developing innovative plug-and-play joints which enable modularity, faster construction and deconstruction. The developed modular construction system is hybrid, whereby tubular columns are combined with cold-formed lightweight steel profiles using plug-and-play connections to provide an efficient structural system. The influence of the type of floor system, the horizontal and vertical load-bearing systems and the type of truss on the structural performance are investigated. The results obtained from numerical analyses allowed optimizing the geometry of the examined hybrid modular system. To highlight its effectiveness and versatility, a case study building was used to compare the proposed hybrid system with other conventional structural solutions.

Currently, due to the reduction of pollutant emissions from transport and the obligations arising from the RED II Directive, there is a great need to develop alternative solutions directly affectin...

Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks are promising alternatives to fossil fuels for meeting raw material needs of processing industries and helping transit from a linear to a circular economy and thereby meet the global sustainability criteria. The sugar platform route in the biochemical conversion process is one of the promising and extensively studied methods, which consists of four major conversion steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and product purification. Each of these conversion steps has multiple challenges. Among them, the challenges associated with the pretreatment are the most significant for the overall process because this is the most expensive step in the sugar platform route and it significantly affects the efficiency of all subsequent steps on the sustainable valorization of each biomass component. However, the development of a universal pretreatment method to cater to all types of feedstock is nearly impossible due to the substantial variations in compositions and structures of biopolymers among these feedstocks. In this review, we have discussed some promising pretreatment methods, their processing and chemicals requirements, and the effect of biomass composition on deconstruction efficiencies. In addition, the global biomass resources availability and process intensification ideas for the lignocellulosic-based chemical industry have been discussed from a circularity and sustainability standpoint.

The potential to convert renewable plant biomasses into fuels and chemicals by microbial processes presents an attractive, less environmentally intense alternative to conventional routes based on fossil fuels. This would best be done with microbes that natively deconstruct lignocellulose and concomitantly form industrially relevant products, but these two physiological and metabolic features are rarely and simultaneously observed in nature. Genetic modification of both plant feedstocks and microbes can be used to increase lignocellulose deconstruction capability and generate industrially relevant products. Separate efforts on plants and microbes are ongoing, but these studies lack a focus on optimal, complementary combinations of these disparate biological systems to obtain a convergent technology. Improving genetic tools for plants have given rise to the generation of low-lignin lines that are more readily solubilized by microorganisms. Most focus on the microbiological front has involved thermophilic bacteria from the genera Caldicellulosiruptor and Clostridium, given their capacity to degrade lignocellulose and to form bio-products through metabolic engineering strategies enabled by ever-improving molecular genetics tools. Bioengineering plant properties to better fit the deconstruction capabilities of candidate consolidated bioprocessing microorganisms has potential to achieve the efficient lignocellulose deconstruction needed for industrial relevance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

When the UN Human Rights Council initiated negotiations towards the first international legally binding instrument for the accountability of transnational business activities, EU Member States oppo...

Calisma kapsaminda kadinlarin en cok tukettikleri, ince ve esnek yapisindan kullanim omru az olan kulotlu corap surdurulebilirlik baglamında degerlendirmeye alinmistir. Cikis noktasini kulotlu corabin komur ve petrolden cikan kimyasallarin birlestirilmesiyle elde edilen naylon malzeme icerigiyle biyolojik olarak parcalanamamasi ve dogada yok olma suresinin uzun olmasi bakimindan dogaya verdigi zarari azaltmaya yonelik atik coraplarin deneysel uygulamalarla geri kazandirilmasi olusturmaktadir. Bu baglamda kulotlu corap ileri donusum kavrami altinda ele alinarak brikoloj ve dekonstruksiyon yontemleriyle 8 deneysel tasarım gerceklestirilmistir. Deneysel tasarim sureci sonunda; corabın dikim islemlerine uygun oldugu, deforme olusturmadigi, esnek yapisina ragmen giysi turlerinin uretiminde kullanildiginda formumun bozulmadigi gorulmustur. Geleneksel susleme teknikleri (tepme kece, kordon tutturma, enkuruste, pachwork) uygulamalari esnasinda hasar almadigi, kullanılabilirligi acisindan yuksek sonuclar verdigi, fantezi giyim turlerinde alternatif malzeme olarak kullanılabilecegi, dar gelen giysilerin genisletilmesi isleminde kullanilabilecegi, her bir parcasinin degerlendirilerek yaratici tasarimlar gelistirilebilecegi gorulmustur. Calismada atik durumundaki kulotlu corabın giyim ve moda alaninda etkin, islevsel, estetik acidan deger kazandirilmasi ve tekrardan kullanima dahil edilmesi amaclanmistır. Atik miktarini azaltarak surdurulebilirlige saglayacagi katki, uygulamalar sonucunda var olan malzemelerin yerine kullanilmasiyla alternatif malzeme olmasi ve bireylerin yaraticiliklarini gelistirmesi acisindan onemli bulunmaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Atik, Kulotlu Corap, Brikolaj, Dekonstruksiyon, Surdurulebilir Moda. Abstract The developments in technology, industry and economy during the 21st century have affected all sectors, as well as the fashion industry. The effects of those developments have been seen as fast fashion and fast consumption which caused the fashion industry to be ranked as second among the industries seriously damaging the environment. Within the scope of sustainable fashion, the concepts of recycling and upcycling have come up with reducing environmental damage, pollution prevention and liveable environment. Within the scope of this study, pantyhose, which is used mostly by women and has a low usage due to its thin and flexible structure, was evaluated in the context of sustainability. The starting point is the recovery of waste socks for reducing environmental damage by experimental implementations in terms of the biodegradability of the pantyhose with the content of nylon material derived by combining coal and chemicals from oil and the long period of extinction in nature. Therefore, examining pantyhose with the concept of upcycling, eight experimental designs were made with bricolage and deconstruction methods. At the end of the experimental design process, it has been observed that the socks were suitable for the sewing process, were not deformed and were not misshaped, despite their flexible structure when used in the production of clothing types. It has been observed that pantyhose is not misshaped during the implementations of traditional decoration techniques (compressed felt, cord fastening, encrusted applique and patchwork); it showed great results for usability; it can be used as an alternative material in fancy clothing, for widening narrow clothes and to make creative designs using each part. In this study, it was aimed to reuse the wasted pantyhose and to add effective, functional, aesthetic value to pantyhose in the clothing and fashion industry. The pantyhose is important for its contribution to sustainability by reducing the amount of waste, as a result of implementations being used as an alternative to other materials and being suitable for improving the creativity of individuals. Keywords: Waste, pantyhose, bricolage, deconstruction, sustainable fashion.

Increasingly across the Western world, traditional religious buildings are being converted for secular use, like housing, restaurants, or performance halls. At the same time, congregations are appearing in formerly secular spaces, adapting old shopping malls, storefronts, and movie theaters for their spaces of worship. This study employs a novel methodology to identify where these hybrid buildings are located and to explore what these buildings might mean in the context of the American religious landscape. Using a database of addresses identified as potential converted structure candidates, I conduct one of the first known attempts to systematically identify these building conversions. I employed the Google Street View tool to locate these buildings in six mid-sized cities in the United States. Once these buildings had been located, I collected visual data of the exteriors using Google Street View and identified the presence of sacred and secular formal and functional elements present in the buildings. Based on the formal and functional elements identified in each conversion, I expanded Hackworth and Gullikson’s (2013) typology for converted structures to include eight potential categories of conversion, five of which are represented by cases from my sample. I located 175 secular-to-sacred building conversions and 12 sacred-to-secular building conversions. Of the 175 secular-to-sacred building conversions, 89 buildings fell into the “secular form, mixed function” category, while 86 fell into the “secular form, sacred function” category. Of the 12 sacred-to-secular building conversions, 10 fell into the “sacred form, secular function” category, while 2 fell into the “mixed form, secular function” category. Additionally, while not an initial focus of this study, my sample included 2 building conversions that fell into the “sacred form, sacred function” category, revealing the third direction of building conversion: sacred-to-sacred. While these findings are limited in their scope, I argue that continued exploration of these structures by expansion of this methodology and the addition of ethnographic research foreground the interaction between material objects and human relationships in the construction, deconstruction, and preservation of sacred and secular boundaries.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate efficiency in the UK hotel industry and further evaluate the impacts of hotel characteristics and industry environment on efficiency. Design/methodology/approach The network data envelopment (DEA) weak link approach is used for the efficiency analysis, while the determinants of efficiency are evaluated by bootstrapped truncated regression. Findings The findings show that the UK hotel industry is very inefficient. The results of overall efficiency deconstruction show that the second-stage production process experiences an even lower level of efficiency than that of the first stage. The second-phase analysis shows that both the hotel-specific characteristics and the industry-specific characteristics are significantly related to UK hotel efficiency. Research limitations/implications The robustness of the results is affected because a single set of input-intermediate product-outputs and a single DEA method were used. Therefore, further studies can use alternate inputs, intermediate measures and outputs in the efficiency analysis. In addition, the robustness of the efficiency score can be checked using alternate parametric or non-parametric methods. Practical implications Hotels in the UK should focus on cost reduction, business diversification, improvement in the capital level and labor productivity, while at industry and macroeconomic level, discounts are recommended to be provided to international tourism and the tourism industry should be further opened. Originality/value The weak-link approach has been applied to estimate the efficiency level, as this provides more robust and accurate results compared to other non-parametric methods in the existing empirical studies and unique hotel-specific and industry-specific determinants of efficiency are considered in the second-stage analysis.

This issue of Clinics explores the concept of "preservation" rhinoplasty. At present, this topic is gaining considerable attention. As proponents of preservation suggest, a great number of problems we encounter in rhinoplasty are problems that were not present before the surgery; therefore, they can often be attributable to the deconstruction and reconstruction that took place. Preservation rhinoplasty should be viewed generally as a mindset to limit deconstructive steps in rhinoplasty when possible, understanding that these steps and those to later reconstruct provide the potential to create new problems that did not previously exist.

In recent times due to the Indian economic growth, there is a surge in construction activities. This surge has led to an excess amount of demolition waste that is produced. According to the Building Material Promotion Council, India generates an estimated 150 million tons of C and D waste every year. Some existing initiatives and the significant stakeholders' involvement have created the demolition waste management systems essential in the building’s demolition phase. The research in the C and D and Awareness program for C and D waste that initiated has led to the implementation of some waste management systems in the building's demolition phase. In India, the amount of demolition waste produced is higher than the construction waste produced while constructing buildings. So, it is essential for the demolition waste mitigation plan in the building's demolition phase. The study aims to know circular construction and current demolition waste management performance in the Indian construction industry. Through literature review, demolition waste management systems that are carried out all around the world are collected. The current practices carried out by different stakeholders practicing in India are known through a questionnaire survey. Data interpretation is made using the data collected in the literature review and the questionnaire survey. This research identified the significant benefits, barriers, and motivation factors to implement the waste management system, and proposing any necessary changes. Designer innovation and BIM deconstruction is considered as one of the barrier-breaking innovation in adopting the circular construction.

The administrative state should be deconstructed. But that does not mean that the administrative state should be destructed. Although some may use the word deconstruction in the colloquial sense of destroyed, its more technical definition is also more fitting: a close examination of a theory to reveal its inadequacies. That definition is a better fit because there is no real prospect that modern government will be radically overhauled, but there is very good reason to reexamine the administrative state's theoretical underpinnings and reform aspects of it that have not withstood the test of the time. This essay identifies where theory and practice diverge and offers solutions with realistic chances of adoption. The result should not be the destruction of the administrative state but rather the development of higher-quality federal policy.

Clinical thinking is not only the basis and premise of clinical reasoning and decision-making, but the necessary quality to cultivate reliable, responsible, and emotional excellent doctors. Virtual reality technology provides a real clinical learning environment for medical students, which can bridge the gap between medical theory and medical practice and save educational resources. Virtual reality is helpful to cultivate medical students’ clinical thinking and prepare for their clinical practice. Through the deconstruction of clinical thinking, this paper determines the connotation and constituent elements of clinical thinking, puts forward the model framework for virtual reality technology to promote the development of medical students’ clinical thinking, and explains the impact of virtual reality technology on the development of medical students’ clinical thinking, clinical reasoning, and critical thinking from the aspects of virtual reality situation, teaching activities, and virtual reality characteristics.

This tutorial review focuses on the valorisation of biomass by sonochemical and mechanochemical activation. Although several of the examples reported herein rely on the use of model compounds rather than native feedstocks, the conversion of lignocellulosic fractions into valuable compounds is a great opportunity with which to more sustainably exploit natural resources, from environmental, economic and social points of view. The use of non-conventional technologies that generate high-energy microenvironments can improve biomass deconstruction and the accessibility of catalysts, granting higher conversion and selectivity. The critical parameters in sonochemical and mechanochemical conversions have been analysed together with the most common devices and reactors, and the potential of sonocatalysis and mechanocatalysis as emerging tools for both catalytic and biocatalytic biomass conversion will be discussed. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis will provide an overview of the effective feasibility of these approaches in a biorefinery context. Although these technologies offer indisputable advantages (mild reaction conditions, enhanced reaction rates and mass transfer), their mechanisms and the systematic adjustment of parameters to give optimal outcomes still require further investigation, which will pave the way for reproducible and scalable experiments. Indeed, process scale-up can be accomplished both in batch and flow mode. However, results are not particularly predictable, despite the accurate control of instrumental variables, because of the variability found in biomass sources and the complexity inherent in structures.

Bunga terung is a symbol synonymous with the Iban ethnic group in Borneo. This study is aimed to deconstruct the bunga terung based on Ferdinand de Saussure’s Linguistic Unit comprising of Sign, Signified and Signifier. In Sarawak, the bunga terung is worn by Iban men who have attained puberty to signify entry into adulthood. There are varying practices on the sequence of application of the bunga terung between the Iban of Sarawak and Kalimantan. An interesting observation regarding the sequence is the time the bunga terung is worn. In Sarawak, the isi ginti (fish hook) tattoo is worn first – pre-puberty, followed by the bunga terung, and the pantang rekung leher (neck tattoo) before other tattoos for the back and the legs. In Kalimantan, the bunga terung is not worn if the Iban male has not gone berjalai. This study discusses two findings; the significance of the bunga terung; and the sequence of its application on the Iban men from Sarawak.

The article aims to investigate the processes of deconstruction of the institution of the welfare state under the influence of such new challenges as economic globalization and technological revolution. The study is based on the methodological tools of neo-institutionalism. Principal exogenous and endogenous reasons for the crisis of the welfare state institution are determined. Economic globalization and technological progress are designated as decisive factors conditioning the deconstruction of the welfare state. It is stated that irrespective of the welfare state model, nowadays they all are reformed towards the activation of a working-age person and the establishment of the state of social investments. Currently the configuration of the welfare state is specified by its commitment to stimulating competition and developing the self-initiative of citizens in terms of ensuring their own prosperity. It is highlighted that economic globalization and technological progress should not be considered exclusively from the standpoint of risks for the welfare state. These two factors are identified as stimuli for further evolution of the welfare state institution for the sake of its moving out of prolonged stagnation and preserving itself as a political institution, albeit in the upgraded model. Key words welfare state institution; deconstruction of the welfare state; economic globalization; platform economy; technological progress; Industry 4.0

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo, fomentar el aprendizaje cooperativo como estrategia metodológica para el estudio de las ciencias sociales en el grado 7° de la Institución Educativa La Mata del municipio de Chimichagua. Metodológicamente, el trabajo se ubicó en el paradigma cualitativo, con enfoque crítico reflexivo en el método de la Investigación Acción Pedagógica. Su diseño se desplegó en tres fases: la desconstrucción (reflexión, diagnóstico y reflexión), la reconstrucción (acción y observación), y la evaluación de la efectividad de la práctica (autorreflexión). Los instrumentos fueron: una entrevista a los docentes, un cuestionario a los estudiantes y un diario de campo para recoger las vivencias. Los resultados indicaron desconocimiento de las ventajas del aprendizaje cooperativo; la aplicación de las estrategias metodológicas los llevó a compenetrarse como equipo y lograr un aprendizaje significativo, concluyendo que el aprendizaje cooperativo como estrategia metodológica para el estudio de las Ciencias Sociales, brindó a los estudiantes, nuevos saberes y la compenetración de equipos de trabajo.

The aim of this research is to investigate the sustainability of design for deconstruction on saving: natural raw materials, embodied energy and carbon emission of steel buildings. A methodology is devised to account for designed for upcoming reclaim at the early planning phase. The procedure is relied on PAS2050 method. A steel structure building of two bays of size (6m x 8m) and of 4m height is devoted as a case study to assess the methodology. In this case study, three different floor systems are suggested: composite steel deck, hollow core precast concrete planks, and demountable precast composite floor system. The reduced quantity of embodied carbon energy is estimated through considering the steel building. The calculation of embodied carbon of the three models is relied on records of the Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE). The results show that CO2 emissions from the building can be dropped around 50%, when design for deconstruction strategy is considered. Design standards and codes lack a little procedure to follow. Therefore, this study also outlines some helpful specifications, guidelines, and detailing of design for deconstruction of steel buildings.

This qualitative research tries to understand experiences and meaning that nurses have about nurse care protocols, since its nature, advantages, or disadvantages. Methods: some elements of ethnography were used for data recollecting, and grounded theory was used for analyzing information, 7 nurses, with wide experience in protocols development and implementation, were interviewed. Results: the main categories were that protocols are necessary, but in some cases, nurses do not follow protocols and nurses follow them excessively, in both cases, a care deconstruction takes place, results were analyzed from Betty Neuman theory. Conclusion: protocols should be rethought, they might be called just guidelines, nurses should think systematically and critically, caring is more than following protocols, when nurses just do what protocols suggest, they are not caring, they are breaking the care as a concept and as a practice, nurses have to care of caring in order for caring people.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar como a indisciplina no contexto escolar contribui na desconstrução do processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos educandos do 7º ao 9º ano da cidade de Vertente do Lério-PE. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa exploratória-descritiva com abordagem quali-quantitativa, com questionários aplicados a 15 estudantes e 11 professores, desenvolvida entre os meses de maio e junho de 2019. Constatou-se sobre o perfil dos professores pesquisados que a maioria é do gênero feminino, na faixa etária de 34 a 53 anos, casados e com filhos. Todos são licenciados na área que atuam e possuem pós-graduação, atuam a mais de 10 anos no ensino e não possuem outra atividade remunerada, com carga horária total de atividades de 30h/semanais. Sobre como lidam com a indisciplina, os professores afirmam que fazem uso de dinâmicas, diálogos, uso de jogos e atividades diversas na tentativa de amenizar a indisciplina escolar. Afirmam ainda que as situações de indisciplina que ocorrem em sala atrapalham o desempenho escolar e entendem que ela está vinculada a fatores internos, tais como: a infraestrutura, a administração, a relação professor-aluno, ao processo de ensino e aos fatores externos, como os problemas socioeconômicos, a baixa qualidade de vida e os conflitos de ordem familiar.