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The study introduces OnomOs, a new corpus of Czech texts with annotation of proper names. The corpus was compiled by onomasticians from the Department of Czech Language, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava, and made available by the Institute of the Czech National Corpus, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. The paper briefly discusses the content and structure of the corpus, the selection of texts for inclusion, and the onomastic-geographical classification of the identified names. The text consists chiefly of three preparatory analyses, which focus on the most frequent surnames, collocations found in Western and Eastern countries in the pre-1989 period, and the declension patterns of three types of onyms. In the summary, further possibilities of onomastic corpus research are presented.

Copyright of Darbai ir Dienos is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Post Scriptum - Casopis za Obrazovanje, Nauku i Kulturu is the property of University of Bihac, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study introduces OnomOs, a new corpus of Czech texts with annotation of proper names. The corpus was compiled by onomasticians from the Department of Czech Language, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava, and made available by the Institute of the Czech National Corpus, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. The paper briefly discusses the content and structure of the cor- pus, the selection of texts for inclusion, and the onomastic-geographical classification of the iden- tified names. The text consists chiefly of three preparatory analyses, which focus on the most fre- quent surnames, collocations found in Western and Eastern countries in the pre-1989 period, and the declension patterns of three types of onyms. In the summary, further possibilities of onomastic corpus research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses key difficulties in the translation of legal English documents into Polish (or the other way around) as identified by Berezowski and Kładoczny in their book Jak redagować przekłady angielskich dokumentów prawniczych i gospodarczych? Poprawna polszczyzna dla tłumaczy. The authors argue that, despite fluency in two or more languages, professional translators often take their mother tongue for granted. This in turn leads to proliferation of semantic (and syntactic) calques from English and, as a result, greater homogenisation of the Polish language. Moreover, they point out that the lack of naturalness in legal translation may be quite misleading to the recipient, thus recommending adopting, to some extent, the domestication strategy along with the functional approach.

Copyright of Naše Řeč is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of the Czech Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Language: Meaning & Form / Valoda: Nozīme un Forma is the property of University of Latvia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Declensional morphology of nouns in Czech and Russian is investigated and compared. It is shown that, in general, word forms which are more similar to their lemmas are preferred, but there are dif feren ces between animate and inanimate nouns and also among grammatical genders. The frequency distribution of grammatical cases is also studied, with animacy and gender being again important factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper analyses the materials recorded in the regions of the Kosovo-Resava dialect and then used in the relevant monographic studies and dialect related publications with the aim of presenting the inventory and distribution of genitive plural forms. The areal data display contains the plural genitive forms of nouns of all three genders used in the regions where the three sub-dialects of the Kosovo-Resava area are spoken. The map also displays the use of archaic forms in some Kosovo-Resava regions (genitive ≤ locative forms), as well as the influences that other, non-Slavic Balkan languages have on the inflectional system, particularly in the border areas, that is, in the contact zones.

The dichotomy “language and speech” will never disappear as a part of research from linguistic studies. These two phenomena nourish and rich each other. Vocative is one of such cross-points between language and speech in Ukrainian. The paradox of the situation happens because there are certain grammar rules, also there is a rule how to use a case itself but unfortunately there are some deviations in speech too. Precisely these deviations are one of the examples of constant language and speech interaction. The relevance of the topic is due to the necessity to explore changes in the Ukrainian language associated with the use of vocative forms as a result of the new time tendency in conditions of modern communicative discourse. The purpose of the article is to consider vocative form (vocative case) formation peculiarities in the Ukrainian language in the newest communicative discourse. To achieve this goal, a descriptive method, a comparative analysis method and a classification analysis method have been used. The vocative case history in the Ukrainian language has changed greately over the last almost 100 years. These changes are being felt even now as despite the fact that vocative case has been fully functioning in the Ukrainian language paradigm since 90s of the twentieth century so far, we can still observe the wrong formation and use of form of appeal – in the nominative case instead of the vocative one. Vocative has been present in Ukrainian since ancient times. Folklore texts, where carols, generosities, spring cherries and other genres are used precisely in the vocative case, can serve its evedence. Vocative was introduced into the case paradigm of the Ukrainian language by the fourth edition of “Ukrainian spelling” and took the 7th place there. More than 25 years have passed since then but the vocative case problem has not disappeared yet, because Ukrainians are bilingual. This leads to a number of errors, since many people forget that the nominative and vocative are two different cases and each of them has its own function in the language. The nominative is the initial form which denotes the name of animated and inanimated nouns. Vocative case performs the function of the addressee`s action. In contrast to the Ukrainian language, nominative case performs two functions – nominative and appellative in the Russian language The vocative case in the Ukrainian language should be considered taking into account the category of gender, number, declination and group. According to the changes occuring in the speech, forming vocative, it is necessary to consider various options for names which exist in the language, exactly: full (official) name, abbreviated (colloquial) name or diminutive form of the name. The vocative case today is gaining momentum in speech and to a certain extent it is becoming unified. This can be seen in the case of two-word references. At the moment, appeals consisting of a common noun and a proper name as well as two common nouns are fully used only in the vocative case although another option has only been possible until recent times: a common noun in the vocative case, a proper name in the nominative; the first name is common in the vocative case, the second one is common only in the nominative case. Perhaps a similar tendency will also soon refer to appeals, which include the nominal name and surname. Time will tell.

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an analysis of the Russian declension in Nanosyntax (Starke 2009, 2018). The analysis has two theoretically important aspects. First, it makes no reference to language-particular declension features. This allows one to maintain the idea that morphosyntactic features are drawn from a set provided by the UG, i.e., language invariant. The analysis also does not use contextual rules. In order to correctly pair the right ending with a particular root, the analysis only relies on specifying each marker for the features it spells out. The correct pairing of roots and affixes falls out from such a specification and the Nanosyntax model of spellout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the case constructions that preschool and elementary school children from Vranje use to express adverbial qualification. The aim of this paper is to determine which case forms preschool and elementary school children from Vranje use to express the category of adverbial qualification and in which case structures standard language case form enters most easely. The speech of 40 examinees of different age, sex, place of residence, parents’ education was analyzed. The material was collected by the method of spontaneous conversation. Аll recorded case forms are analyzed and described by the descriptive method.The most stable analytical form are determined by the percentage analysis. The conducted analysis showed that preschool and elementary school children from Vranje express the meaning of adverbial qualification by the analytical constructions in fuction of genitives, accusatives, instrumentasl and locatives. They are used to express the meaning of instrumentation, mediativity, comitivity, criteria, distributivity and comparativity. However, under the influence of standard language, the infiltration of flective form was recorded. The standard case form influences most intensively on the analytic construction in the fuction of the genitive. On the other hand, the construction in the fuction of locative is more resistant to the influence of lingustic standard. Considering that the study of the dialect syntax of cases and the speech of children is rarity in dialectological researches, the conducted research is justified and important for further researches in this field and for the teaching of Sebian grammar in Prizren-Timok speaking area.

Key historical facts in the formation of the conceptual apparatus of the natural and human sciences from early times to the present are subjected to linguistic analysis in this article, and the idea is confirmed that many terms directly contain a decoding semantic element, and proper names lay the foundations for the behavior and worldview of their carrier , indicate the clan affiliation of the first stage and “refer” to the deeper origins of the clan, and together serve as a folk identification, reflecting cultural and religious trends that carry Vedic knowledge to subsequent generations. In the narrow linguistic aspect, the work pays attention to the structural and semantic analysis of Russian terminological and personal names, in particular, the etymology of surnames with the suffixes -ov- (-ev-), -yn- (in-) was presented, the differences in their declension were revealed and structural and semantic features in functioning were described. In the course of the study, the authors prove the genitive linking of the indicated lexemes to nature and its ecology as the primary source of the origin of all living things, explain the close relationship between language and culture, which are formed under the influence of the environment.

The alternations k~c, g~z, and x~s occurring before i in Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS) noun declension stem from the Second Palatalization of Velars, but are no longer phonologically conditioned. In the dative-locative singular of nouns with nominative in -a, they are favored or hindered by a combination of morphological criteria. In the dative-instrumental-locative plural of masculine nouns, they are almost exceptionless. In the same three cases of neuter nouns they occur more when the noun is directly after a preposition, less when other words intervene between the preposition and the noun, a phenomenon that has not previously been remarked in the literature. We exemplify it with the noun pazuho ‘armpit’.

The paper systematically and analytically delves into conspicuous accent characteristics of the declension of nouns in the Ijekavian West-Serbian speeches (less commonly of lexical categories and individual examples). The demonstrated instances (mainly of prosodic declensional relations) are examined from multiple perspectives: lexical productivity of accent types, areal and/or systemic limitations, the level of accordance with exemplary (Vuk’s or Daničić’s) accent patterns, the nature of the correlations with appropriate circumstances in kindred speeches. On the basis of the chosen corpus and analytical viewpoints, we have confirmed the following: the special status and inherent incompatibility of West-Serbian Ijekavian complex somewhat modifi es classic prosodic models. Some of Daničić’s alterations are missing (e.g. svekar-svekra type), some are areally limited (e.g. starac-starca type), some are lexically reduced (e.g. rod-roda type). Nevertheless, the observed differences are dialectally inevitable and therefore cannot be said to undermine the organic unity of the West-Serbian Ijekavian complex with the other segments of the vast and extensive East-Herzegovinian dialect.

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The inflection of Japanese names such as Masaharu or Čikamacu might prove difficult for some Czech speakers. Grammars of Czech state that Japanese masculine personal names ending with -u should belong to the "pán" declension paradigm and that the final -u should be preserved in all cases. Using the data from the corpus SYN v7 and a corpus of websites focusing on Japanese comics and cartoons, the presented paper draws a comparison between the usage represented by published written texts, and by texts unaffected by editorial adjustments and produced by speakers who are active users of the names in question. The data from SYN v7 shows a strong preference for preserving the final -u (in accordance with the codification), while the data from websites displays the opposite tendency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses grammatical gender in Norwegian by bringing together data from first language acquisition, Norwegian heritage language, and dialect change. In all these contexts, gender is often claimed to be a vulnerable category, arguably due to the relative non-transparency of gender assignment. Furthermore, the feminine gender is in the process of being lost in many Norwegian dialects, as feminine agreement forms (for example, the indefinite article) are merged with the masculine. The definite suffix, in contrast, is quite stable, as it is acquired early and does not undergo attrition/change. We argue that the combined data provide evidence that gender and declension class are separate phenomena, and we outline a possible formal analysis to account for the findings.* [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the different learning outcomes of two computer-based cognitive tutors using two approaches to instructing German declension: an additive, bottom-up approach, which focuses on a stepwise introduction of each case, and a concept-based, top-down approach, which focuses on developing students' conceptual understanding of the functions related to each case form and the case marking system as a whole. The results indicate that both groups learned, but what and how they learned differed depending on the method of instruction. The additive group showed general gains in production and a slight increase in their ability to correctly interpret object-first sentences. The concept-based group showed larger gains, but in fewer areas. Specifically, the production of adjective endings increased, although there were no differences in determiner production or accuracy. The concept-based group also had a larger gain in their ability to interpret non-SVO word order sentences. This study shows how concept-based approaches to grammar can outperform additive ones, and that the development of these concepts can prepare students for future learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this essay is to propose a new model for comparative analysis, the 'declension,' and test its applicability on two figurations that have traveled across contingent and competing empires: the creole and the renegade. Within grammar, a declension is the "variation of the form of a noun, adjective, or pronoun, constituting its different cases" (OED) and evokes the way in which words mutate as their function in the logic of the sentence changes. If transferred to the realm of literary and cultural studies, the declension can be used to map the adjustments that key concepts in Atlantic history and literature undergo as they traverse space, time, and language systems. Although some terms have remained essentially the same or have varied only slightly across centuries -- as in the case of renegado/renegade or criollo/crioulo/creole -- the politics attached to them changed significantly. The declension offers a tool to trace and document migrations of concepts along transatlantic and interamerican lines, gesturing at the interconnectedness of imperial spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Most Spanish sex doublets are actually triplets. • Spanish employs three sex coding modes, two lexical and one grammatical. • Syncretism is pervasive in inflectional sex coding. • Sex features may be concealed by gender and declension features. • Genericity is more compatible with plural than with singular number. Abstract Traditional views on how sex is coded in Spanish nouns are revolutionized in this article. To the initial discovery that sex coding yields not only singlets and doublets but also triplets, it is added that Spanish employs three sex coding modes whose productivity correlates with structural cost. The suppletive and the derivational modes require investing in sex-specific morphemes, which makes them costly, whereas the inflectional mode achieves maximal economy by exploiting the exponent of another grammatical category: declension. The transfer of productive sex coding to the grammar is another major innovation. Lexical Specification is appropriate to formalize the suppletive and the derivational modes, but it is defeated by the intricacies of the inflectional mode, for which a semantic process of Sexualization is introduced. It is further uncovered that syncretism is pervasive and obscures the effects of Sexualization partially or fully. Because sex originates at a deeper level than gender and declension, both of the latter categories can conceal it; hence the common misperception that inflectional sex triplets are doublets or even singlets. The analysis also reveals that plurality facilitates genericity and that inflectional markers are generated from features which, for most words, can be grammatically supplied since they are predictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on the effectiveness of the syntactical regulator in providing meaning in the Arabic Syntax and attempt to explain semantic changes resulting from phonetic changes in word endings, especially with respect to vowels. It further looks into the dynamics which bring about such changes in phonetics and evaluates the significance of the altered meanings from the viewpoint of semantics. In order to interpret semantic changes, Classical Arabic denotes eight cases as the determinants or basis for the change at the level of the mind that lead to transformation as an anonymous process for comprehending speech utterances. The dynamics of the above process provide the orientation effecting precise and accurate meaning bearing upon the entire sentence construction comprehensively. Thus, the research purpose is to demonstrate the underlying inner structure providing the dynamism and process preceding production of verbal utterances intrinsic within the Arabic Syntax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Juznoslovenski Filolog is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute for the Serbian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Italica Wratislaviensia is the property of Wydawnictwo Adam Marszalek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the declension of foreign words and loanwords in Croatian newspapers in the period from 1950 to 1999. The usage of foreign nouns, of a-type declension, with vowel final sounds in nominative in newspaper texts is compared with Croatian literary-linguistic norm. This comparison uncovers which forms are either inconsistent in terms of their usage or not in accordance with the linguistic norm. It can be seen that the grammatical norms of the second half of the 20th century were insufficient for news writing style incessantly inundated with new expressions - particularly foreign names which should be adjusted to Croatian declension system. That also points out the need for more detailed description in the present morphological norm.

The paper presents the results of research of declension of feminine nouns of the vernacular of Crikvenica. The alternative endings in the genitive singular and nominative, accusative plural are governed by the stem-final consonant: if it is a palatal consonant, the ending -e is used, and if it is a non-palatal consonant, the ending -i is used. The research was conducted by two methods. On the one hand is a method that belongs to traditional dialectological research (using targeted questionnaires), while on the other hand a method that belongs to sociolinguistic quantitative research based on the approach to the Labov’s (and his sociolinguistic heritage) study of language changes and variability in language. The results of both studies yielded similar results: a) older informants mostly kept palatal and non palatal variant declension of feminine nouns in all three cases; b) predominance of palatal variant in all three cases is visible in all informants born in and after the 50’s of 20’th century with sporadic, random appearances of non palatal variant.

This paper analyzes the importance of the linguo-geographical position for the formation of the Sirinić dialectal type of Šara Mountain, which belongs to a wider area of Prizren-South Morava speeches. This linguistic area also comprises similar speeches in use in the basins of Metohija and Kosovo, in the north of Macedonia and in Donji Polog. The most important thing in the formation of the Sirinić speech is its geographical position in Šara Mountain, an area covered in pastures, where many shepherds of different dialectal and linguistic backgrounds have converged. Although situated in the Prizren-South Morava speech complex, regions around Sirinić are dialectally differentiated into two parts according to linguistic features: the northern Metohija-Kosovo part and the southern part, situated around Polog, northern Macedonia, which is heavily influenced by the Macedonian language (/t’ and d’/ became /k’ and g’/, respectively, the declension is almost purely analytic, articles have been developed). The effect of this differentiation is the formation of the Sirinić vernacular as an idiom whose prosody and phonology reflect the former close contact with the speeches in use in the north of Macedonia, especially with the speech used in Skopska Crna Gora, while the overall system of morphological features is closely related to the speeches of Metohija and Kosovo, which have a very similar morphological system - the best preserved inflection in the Prizren-Timok dialectal area, total development of verb forms, and a number of morphosyntactic features - thus being a unique sub-dialect of the Prizren-South Morava speech. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 178020: Dijalektološka istraživanja srpskog jezičkog prostora]

Religion suffuses H.P. Lovecraft’s (1890−1937) short stories—the most famous of which, “The Call of Cthulhu,” has led to a literary subculture and a shared mythos employed by Lovecraft’s successors. Despite this presence of religion in Lovecraft’s work, scholars of religion have paid relatively little attention to Lovecraft and the Cthulhu mythos, with a few notable exceptions. This article offers a close analysis of millennialism within Lovecraft’s thought, especially as expressed in three of his “Cthulhu mythos” stories: “The Call of Cthulhu,” “The Dunwich Horror,” and “The Shadow over Innsmouth.” This article considers Lovecraft’s formative experiences and non-fiction writings so as to contextualize his approach and millennial outlook. Tied to his nativist views of social decline, I argue that Lovecraft expresses in his fiction a peculiar form of millennialism, “anti-millennialism,” which entails the reversal of traditional millennialism, offering no hope in a collective salvation, but rather expectation that the imminent future would bring only decline.

This study focuses on accounting for allomorphy in Latin case/number inflection. It attributes essentially all of it to the influence of adjacent features of standard segmental phonology on morphemes expressing case assignment. Indeed, other languages lead linguists to expect that allomorphy at a stem-suffix border can depend on any feature of a final vowel: ±Low, ±High, ±Round, ±Back, ±Consonantal or ±Syllabic. Empirically, it turns out that no two Latin stem-final vowels induce identical allomorphy in case/number suffixes, nor the same allomorphy as final consonants. Moreover, some (not much) phonologically conditioned allomorphy is phonetically opaque.

This paper investigates the morphosyntax of gender in Russian sex-differentiable nouns within the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993; Halle 1997; Marantz 1997), which, to the best of my knowledge, has not been studied before. Distributed Morphology differentiates between word formation from √ roots and from syntactic categories; this distinction enables us to analyze syntactic processes that happen within words. The paper argues that grammatical gender in sex-differentiable nouns can be determined from a combination of the declension class and the natural gender of the referent. Thus there is no need to posit grammatical gender features in the syntax of such nouns. This work is a revision and development of the earlier Distributed Gender Hypothesis (Steriopolo and Wiltschko 2010). This research will be of interest to Russian specialists, language typologists, and theoretical linguists, as well as to anyone interested in the Russian language and gender. 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the declension of the Latin present active participle (ppa), which shows several inconsistencies: the ablative singular for instance may end in -e or in -i (sapiente, sapienti) and the genitive plural may end in -um or -ium (sapientum, sapientium). Some grammarians, notably modern ones, assume that there are syntactico-semantic considerations or circumstances, leading to ablative -e ending when verbal force is intended (such as in the ablative absolute) or substantival force, and to -i ending when there is nominal, notably adjectival force. I have investigated whether ancient, medieval and modern grammarians treat such a phenomenon. In addition, I looked for inconsistencies in the grammarian's own ppa declension from this syntactico-semantic point of view. It turns out that ancient and medieval grammarians do not formulate declension of the ppa according to its syntacticosemantic function, with the exception of the anonymous author of the Ars Ambrosiana, nor do they decline their own ppa's according to a conventional rule of this kind. This calls for other explanations regarding the declensional inconsistencies observed. Some of the ppa forms may reflect a temporary phenomenon which would have disappeared in due course through diachronic evolution and paradigm leveling. Some forms may have persisted because of their frequency and idiomatic force or because of the compelling analogy with other words and phrases. But these ppa declensional variations do not appear to conform to a syntactico-semantic rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the origin and practical use of exceptional singular forms of the locative and instrumental of topographic names with an adjectival declension (of the type Zakopane), as well as the norms contained in the rules of Polish spelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction section differentiates the morphological (and “orthomorphological”) and orthographic norm, emphasizing a kind of a paradox of the orthographic norm. In the central section of the paper, the comparative and contrastive analysis method is used to analyze several relevant morphological aspects included in the defining of orthographic principles and orthographic rules. The goal of the paper is to bring to awareness the theoretical and morphological aspects pointing to the permeation of a kind of morphology and orthography, all through the prism of Croatian orthographic norm, as well as the norm of some Slavic languages, primarily South Slavic. In accordance with the above, the conclusion discusses the complex relation between the grammatical/morphological norm and the orthographic norm, i.e. the way in which the specificities of the grammatical norm become an issue pertaining to the orthographic norm.