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IntroductionCost-utility analysis (CUA)-a method to evaluate intervention cost-effectiveness-transforms benefits of alternatives into a measure of quantity and quality of life, such as quality-adjusted life year (QALY), to enable comparison across heterogeneous programs. Measurement challenges prevent directly estimating utilities and calculating QALYs for caries in primary dentition. Proxy disease QALYs are often used as a substitute; however, there lacks quantitative evidence that these proxy diseases are comparable to caries.ObjectiveTo employ a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to quantitatively determine the most comparable proxy disease for different levels of caries in primary dentition.MethodsA cross-sectional DCE survey was administered to respondents (N = 461) who resided in California, were aged ≥18 y, and were primary caretakers for ≥1 child aged 3 to 12 y. Four attributes were included: pain level, disease duration, treatment cost, and family life impacts. Mixed effects logistic regression and conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the survey data.ResultsRespondents from the overall sample preferred no pain over mild (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, P < 0.05), moderate (OR = 0.57, P < 0.05), and severe pain (OR = 0.48, P < 0.05). Acute gastritis (OR = 0.44, P < 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.31, P < 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.38, P < 0.05) were less preferred than stage 1 caries. Acute tonsilitis (OR = 0.43, P < 0.05), acute gastritis (OR = 0.38, P < 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.26, P < 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.33, P < 0.01) were less preferred than stage 2 caries. Chronic gastritis (OR = 0.42,P < 0.05) was less preferred than stage 4 caries.ConclusionsParents viewed the characteristics of many diseases with similar QALYs differently. Findings suggest that otitis media and its QALY-as commonly used in CUAs-may be a suitable proxy disease and substitute. However, other disease states with slightly different QALYs may be suitable. As such, the recommendation is to consider a range of proxy diseases and their QALYs when conducting a CUA for child caries interventions.Knowledge transfer statementThis study reviews and systematically compares pediatric diseases that are comparable to caries in primary dentition. The findings may inform future research using cost-utility analysis to examine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of interventions to prevent and treat caries as compared with an alternative.

Statement of the Problem: Dental caries are among the most common oral and dental diseases affecting adults and children. To prevent caries, either the factors that cause caries should be reduced or the host resistance should be increased. Several compounds, such as bioglass, chitosan, and silver diamine fluoride (SDF), can enhance enamel remineralization. Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chitosan, bioglass, chitosan-bioglass, and SDF compounds on remineralizing primary enamel lesions. Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, seventy-two primary canine teeth were collected. The teeth were exposed to a demineralization solution for 72 hours to create primary caries lesions. The primary Vickers microhardness test (VMT) was conducted to measure the initial values. The samples were randomly divided into six groups (n=12): Group 1: bioglass-chitosan solution; Group 2: chitosan; Group 3: bioglass solution; Group 4: SDF; Group 5: remineralization solution; Group 6: distilled water. The solutions of Groups 1, 2, and 3 were applied to the samples for 7 days, while the SDF solution was applied only once. The samples were immersed in an artificial saliva solution, which was refreshed daily. After the treatment, the final Vickers microhardness test (VMT) values were recorded. The data were analyzed statistically using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p< 0.05). Results: The results indicated a statistically significant effect of remineralizing compounds on both pre-treatment and post-treatment microhardness (p< 0.0001). However, no significant difference in microhardness was observed between the groups studied (p= 0.225). Conclusion: All the compounds utilized in this study demonstrated a significant remineralizing effect on enamel lesions caused by primary caries in primary teeth. The chitosan-bioglass and bioglass groups exhibited the highest levels of remineralization, respectively. However, the comparison between the groups yielded insignificant results due to the dispersion of the samples. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tropical forests, deciduous and evergreen leaf habits represent contrasting tree adaptations to precipitation seasonality. Both rainfall seasonality and interannual variation in rainfall are determinants of forest deciduousness, but their relative influence is not well understood. In this study, we evaluate the extent of deciduous-evergreen coexistence in tropical forests and develop a simple model of competition for water between leaf habits. Using this model, we formalize two mechanisms representing rainfall variability across time scales that may explain their stable coexistence: the temporal storage effect via interannual variability in rainfall vs. rainfall partitioning via evergreen access to dry-season rainfall. In our model, both mechanisms resulted in coexistence, but coexistence was more robust via resource partitioning. Empirically, remotely sensed deciduousness increased with precipitation seasonality, but effects of interannual rainfall variability on deciduousness were minor. We hypothesize that dry-season rainfall may prove a stronger influence on coexistence between leaf habits, and that changes in rainfall seasonality will have a greater impact on forest deciduousness than changes in the interannual variability of rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various dressing materials have been evaluated for pulpotomy of primary teeth. However, an ideal pulp dressing material has not been identified yet. This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of TheraCal compared to Formocresol in pulpotomy of primary teeth. This research was conducted in the form of a secondary study, with a systematic search of texts until 2023 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and, finally the search results were reported in the PRISMA chart. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on the NIH checklist. The extracted information was entered into Stata17 software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's chi-square test and I2 statistics. Egger's tests were used to detect publication bias. After removing duplicate articles and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 4 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The odds' ratio of success rate between Formocresol and TheraCal pulpotomy for absence of the pain, abscess, Mobility, internal root resorption and bone radiolucency was obtained 1.12 (95 % CI: 0.32, 3.85, P = 0.86), 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.1, 2.14, P = 0.33), 0.82 (95 % CI: 0.21, 3.21, P = 0.78), 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.3, 2.67, P = 0.84), and 1.96 (95 % CI: 0.68, 5.62, P = 0.21) respectively. The study results revealed that there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic success between pulpotomy with TheraCal and Formocresol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The use of fiber posts in endodontically treated primary maxillary central incisors improves the retention of composite resin restorations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 different luting cements on fracture resistance of primary maxillary central incisors with fiber posts. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 primary maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated and obturated with Metapex. They were then randomly divided into four groups (n=10) for cementation of fiber posts with GC Fuji I glass ionomer luting cement, Panavia F2.0 dual-cure luting cement, Panavia SA Luting Plus cement (self-adhesive), and TotalCem self-adhesive cement. After 1000 thermal cycles, the fracture resistance was measured. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (alpha=0.05). Results: The mean fracture resistance was 267.07±130.01N in TotalCem, 257.27±102.56N in Panavia F2.0 dual-cure cement, 227.82±110.40N in Panavia SA Luting Plus self-adhesive cement, and 220.89±59.96N in GC Fuji I glass ionomer group. There was no statistically significant difference in fracture resistance among the four groups (P=0.714). Conclusion: Type of luting cement had no significant effect on fracture resistance of primary maxillary central incisors with fiber posts. Nonetheless, TotalCem yielded the highest fracture resistance. Considering its self-adhesive property and easy workability, it can be a good option for cementation of fiber posts in endodontically treated primary central incisors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understory forest plants are often limited by shade from the canopy above them. Many such species therefore make use of a shade avoidance strategy referred to as "phenological escape" to access ephemeral light availability during periods when the canopy above them is open (e.g., in early spring). In this primer, we review past literature on phenological escape and related topics. We discuss (1) the physiological importance of this shade avoidance strategy, (2) the effects that climate change may have on species performance via changes in phenological escape, (3) the potential for climate change to result in phenological mismatch related to shade avoidance, and (4) the potential avenues of future research in this area of study. Phenological escape is an important strategy used by spring-active plant species ranging from spring ephemeral wildflowers to deciduous tree seedlings, allowing them to assimilate 50%–100% of their annual carbon budgets before the canopy closes above them. Access to spring light, and thus success of this shade avoidance strategy, is projected to change in response to climate change. Change in access to light, and therefore change in spring performance, likely depends on functional group (woody vs. nonwoody plants), continent, and other geographic and environmental drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eccentric instruments have been proposed as more effective and less time‐consuming for endodontic instrumentation. Aim: To compare biomechanical outcomes of different instrumentation systems and time undertaken for instrumentation in resin prototypes. Design: Sixty standardized prototypes of mandibular second primary molars were instrumented according to the following systems: K‐files, ProTaper Next (PTN), XP‐endo Shaper (XPS), XP‐endo Finisher (XPF), XP–Clean (XPC), and Sequence Baby File (SBF; n = 10/each). Irrigation was performed with saline with simultaneous aspiration, and time spent was recorded. The prototypes were micro‐CT‐scanned before and after the instrumentation, and image sets were reconstructed and registered. Non‐instrumented areas, accumulated debris, removed root material volume, and canal transportation were quantified. Data were analyzed through ANOVA, the Kruskal–Wallis test, and the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test (α = 5%). Results: K‐files and SBF resulted in more instrumentation time (p <.05). SBF, XPC and PTN removed less root dentine (p <.05), but PTN left more untouched areas (p <.05). Accumulated debris were lower for XPC and SBF (p <.05). Canal transportation was similar among the groups. Conclusion: Rotary systems reduced instrumentation time, whereas SBF and XPC resulted in more conservative instrumentation, with less debris accumulation and non‐instrumented areas. A dedicated paediatric endodontic system (SBF) outperformed eccentric instruments in terms of effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Dental caries are among the most common oral and dental diseases affecting adults and children. To prevent caries, either the factors that cause caries should be reduced or the host resistance should be increased. Several compounds, such as bioglass, chitosan, and silver diamine fluoride (SDF), can enhance enamel remineralization.Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chitosan, bioglass, chitosan-bioglass, and SDF compounds on remineralizing primary enamel lesions.Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, seventy-two primary canine teeth were collected. The teeth were exposed to a demineralization solution for 72 hours to create primary caries lesions. The primary Vickers microhardness test (VMT) was conducted to measure the initial values. The samples were randomly divided into six groups (n=12): Group 1: bioglass-chitosan solution; Group 2: chitosan; Group 3: bioglass solution; Group 4: SDF; Group 5: remineralization solution; Group 6: distilled water. The solutions of Groups 1, 2, and 3 were applied to the samples for 7 days, while the SDF solution was applied only once. The samples were immersed in an artificial saliva solution, which was refreshed daily. After the treatment, the final Vickers microhardness test (VMT) values were recorded. The data were analyzed statistically using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p< 0.05).Results: The results indicated a statistically significant effect of remineralizing compounds on both pre-treatment and post-treatment microhardness (p< 0.0001). However, no significant difference in microhardness was observed between the groups studied (p= 0.225).Conclusion: All the compounds utilized in this study demonstrated a significant remineralizing effect on enamel lesions caused by primary caries in primary teeth. The chitosan-bioglass and bioglass groups exhibited the highest levels of remineralization, respectively. However, the comparison between the groups yielded insignificant results due to the dispersion of the samples. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Background: Various dressing materials have been evaluated for pulpotomy of primary teeth. However, an ideal pulp dressing material has not been identified yet. This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of TheraCal compared to Formocresol in pulpotomy of primary teeth. Materials and methods: This research was conducted in the form of a secondary study, with a systematic search of texts until 2023 in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and, finally the search results were reported in the PRISMA chart. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on the NIH checklist. The extracted information was entered into Stata17 software. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s chi-square test and I2 statistics. Egger’s tests were used to detect publication bias. Results: After removing duplicate articles and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, 4 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The odds’ ratio of success rate between Formocresol and TheraCal pulpotomy for absence of the pain, abscess, Mobility, internal root resorption and bone radiolucency was obtained 1.12 (95 % CI: 0.32, 3.85, P = 0.86), 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.1, 2.14, P = 0.33), 0.82 (95 % CI: 0.21, 3.21, P = 0.78), 0.89 (95 % CI: 0.3, 2.67, P = 0.84), and 1.96 (95 % CI: 0.68, 5.62, P = 0.21) respectively. Conclusion: The study results revealed that there was no significant difference in clinical and radiographic success between pulpotomy with TheraCal and Formocresol.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to use cross polarization optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) and short wavelength infrared imaging (SWIR) reflectance imaging to monitor changes in the structure and activity of early occlusal caries on primary teeth over a period of 6 months during intervention with fluoride.MethodsParticipants (n = 29) aged 6-10 each with two suspected active occlusal lesions on primary teeth completed the study. Fluoride varnish was applied to tooth surfaces every 3-months and participants were instructed to brush twice daily with a fluoride toothpaste. Images were acquired using CP-OCT every 3 months for 6 months. SWIR reflectance images were acquired during forced air-drying of the lesions for 30 s at 0 and 6-months.ResultsMost of the 42 lesions appeared initially active at baseline. Only 6 lesions appeared arrested at baseline based on the presence of a highly mineralized transparent surface layer (TSL) in CP-OCT images. At 6 months, 14 of the lesions appeared arrested including the 6 initially arrested lesions and the TSL thickness increased significantly (p

Key Message: Although evergreens and deciduous are considered different functional groups due to their dissimilar strategy in canopy maintenance, they exhibit similar leaf heat tolerance to elevated temperatures in Cerrado savannas of Brazil. The escalating temperatures resultant from recent climate shifts have begun to influence the structure and function of tropical ecosystems, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The rise in average temperatures within the tropics implies significant challenges for plant persistence, pushing them beyond the optimal threshold for critical physiological functions, notably photosynthetic process, which temperatures effects can be inferred by measuring leaves chlorophyll fluorescence. Consequently, species lacking leaf traits associated with thermotolerance to high temperatures face heightened risks of permanent damage. The Cerrado is an extremely diverse tropical savanna ecosystem, with an abundance of species exhibiting different foliar habits that are being threatened by such temperature rises. The present study aimed to understand leaf heat tolerance in tree species of different leaf phenologies (evergreens vs. deciduous) exposed to high temperatures (35–65 °C) and to discern any effects and correlations between morphological traits (such as specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf thickness) and heat tolerance capacity measured by the T50. It was hypothesized that evergreen species, with their persistent foliage, might exhibit greater heat tolerance to high temperatures than deciduous species, and that SLA will be correlated with leaf heat tolerance independent of leaf habit. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, the results indicate similar levels of leaf heat tolerance, with deciduous leaves showing a T50 value around 49 °C and evergreens leaves around 50 °C. We did not find differences in the studied morphological traits between the groups, with SLA and leaf thickness not differing between groups, and neither relationships with heat leaf tolerance measured by the T50 values were found. The importance of additional research considering water scarcity is highlighted, as water potential can influence leaf traits and canopy phenology, thus affecting thermotolerance. In summary, our study suggests that, within the context of global warming, leaf phenology alone might not wield substantial influence over the thermotolerance capabilities of these species, at least for the group of Cerrado species studied here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Endodontic therapy in pediatric dentistry is a challenging procedure, especially for special needs, uncooperative, and very young patients. A new conservative approach which is the non-instrumental endodontic treatment (NIET) has been developed to simplify the management of primary teeth requiring pulpectomy. This review aimed to compare the efficiency of NIET and conventional endodontic treatment in primary teeth. Methods Electronic databases including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), and Scopus without restrictions on publication year or publication language were searched. Only randomized clinical trials reporting clinical and radiographical outcomes of NIET and conventional pulpectomy on primary teeth were considered eligible. Two reviewers extracted the data according to the PRISMA statement and assessed the bias risk using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and a meta-analysis was performed. Results From 3322 screened articles, seven articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included. The selected studies included 283 primary molars, of 213 children aged between 3 and 9 years, treated by NIET and conventional pulpectomy, and had follow-up periods ranging from 1 month to tooth exfoliation. Two studies reported good success rates for both the NIET technique and endodontic therapy with no statistically significant difference while three studies showed radiographical significant differences with a low success rate for the NIET technique. Only one study reported better outcomes in the pulpectomy group with statistically significant differences. The quantitative grouping of the included studies showed no significant differences between NIET and conventional endodontic therapy regarding clinical and radiographical success (p value > 0.05). Conclusion No difference between the NIET technique and the conventional endodontic therapy in primary molars requiring pulpectomy could be confirmed. Results of the present review need to be interpreted with caution since the quality of evidence according to the GRADE was considered as moderate to very low. Therefore, additional clinical trials on the NIET technique are recommended.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of saline, 0.5% and 2% Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) essential oil, 0.5% and 2% Mentha piperita (M. piperita) essential oil, and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as root canal irrigants for primary molar teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 primary molars were used in this in vitro study. The teeth were randomly assigned to six groups (N=10). The root canals were prepared up to file #35, and all teeth were sterilized before contamination with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis; ATCC 29212) suspension. After 48 hours of incubation, the root canals in each group were irrigated with the respective irrigants. Sterile paper points were then used to collect microbial samples from the root canals. A colony counter was used to count the number of colonyforming units (CFUs). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 (alpha=0.05). Results: The colony count was significantly different among the groups (P<0.001), and 2% M. piperita (P=0.009), 0.5% Z. multiflora (P=0.021), and 0.2% CHX (P=0.002) were significantly more effective than saline in elimination of E. faecalis. The ascending order of microbial count after irrigation was as follows: saline > 0.5% M. piperita > 0.2% CHX > 2% M. piperita > 0.5% Z. multiflora. Conclusion: The current study showed the optimal antibacterial activity of 0.5% Z. multiflora essential oil and 2% M. piperita essential oil against E. faecalis, and indicated their possible efficacy for use as an irrigant for root canal irrigation of primary molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endodontic therapy in pediatric dentistry is a challenging procedure, especially for special needs, uncooperative, and very young patients. A new conservative approach which is the non-instrumental endodontic treatment (NIET) has been developed to simplify the management of primary teeth requiring pulpectomy. This review aimed to compare the efficiency of NIET and conventional endodontic treatment in primary teeth. Methods: Electronic databases including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), and Scopus without restrictions on publication year or publication language were searched. Only randomized clinical trials reporting clinical and radiographical outcomes of NIET and conventional pulpectomy on primary teeth were considered eligible. Two reviewers extracted the data according to the PRISMA statement and assessed the bias risk using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and a meta-analysis was performed. Results: From 3322 screened articles, seven articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included. The selected studies included 283 primary molars, of 213 children aged between 3 and 9 years, treated by NIET and conventional pulpectomy, and had follow-up periods ranging from 1 month to tooth exfoliation. Two studies reported good success rates for both the NIET technique and endodontic therapy with no statistically significant difference while three studies showed radiographical significant differences with a low success rate for the NIET technique. Only one study reported better outcomes in the pulpectomy group with statistically significant differences. The quantitative grouping of the included studies showed no significant differences between NIET and conventional endodontic therapy regarding clinical and radiographical success (p value > 0.05). Conclusion: No difference between the NIET technique and the conventional endodontic therapy in primary molars requiring pulpectomy could be confirmed. Results of the present review need to be interpreted with caution since the quality of evidence according to the GRADE was considered as moderate to very low. Therefore, additional clinical trials on the NIET technique are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The use of fiber posts in endodontically treated primary maxillary central incisors improves the retention of composite resin restorations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 different luting cements on fracture resistance of primary maxillary central incisors with fiber posts. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 primary maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated and obturated with Metapex. They were then randomly divided into four groups (n=10) for cementation of fiber posts with GC Fuji I glass ionomer luting cement, Panavia F2.0 dual-cure luting cement, Panavia SA Luting Plus cement (self-adhesive), and TotalCem self-adhesive cement. After 1000 thermal cycles, the fracture resistance was measured. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (alpha=0.05). Results: The mean fracture resistance was 267.07±130.01N in TotalCem, 257.27±102.56N in Panavia F2.0 dual-cure cement, 227.82±110.40N in Panavia SA Luting Plus self-adhesive cement, and 220.89±59.96N in GC Fuji I glass ionomer group. There was no statistically significant difference in fracture resistance among the four groups (P=0.714). Conclusion: Type of luting cement had no significant effect on fracture resistance of primary maxillary central incisors with fiber posts. Nonetheless, TotalCem yielded the highest fracture resistance. Considering its self-adhesive property and easy workability, it can be a good option for cementation of fiber posts in endodontically treated primary central incisors.

This paper evaluated the influence of different protocols of silver fluoride (SF) pretreatment of artificial carious lesions on the adhesive interface of composite resin restorations and remineralization of deciduous dentin compared to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). Sixty-four deciduous molar teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 8) according to the restoration time (immediately – IM; 30 days after SDF/SF treatment – 30 D) and treatment before restoration (SDF 38 %; SDF 38 % + potassium iodide – KI; SF 38 %; SF 38 % +KI). After SDF/SF application, teeth in the IM group were restored with self-etch universal adhesive system/composite resin. Samples in the 30D groups were stored in artificial saliva (37 °C) for 30 days before receiving the same restoring protocol. Beams were obtained from all groups and subjected to bond strength tests (µTBS), ultrastructural qualitative analysis (FEG) and mineral analysis (SEM/EDX; Micro-Raman spectroscopy). The µTBS data were subjected to three-factor ANOVA and multiple comparisons (Holm-Sidak method). Bond strength values (MPa) for IM groups were 16.9 ± 2.7 (SDF); 17.6 ± 3.5 (SDF + KI); 16.8 ± 5.5 (SF); 18.4 ± 4.1 (SF + KI); and 14.9 ± 4.2 (SDF); 16.0 ± 5.4 (SDF + KI); 14.1 ± 3.6(SF); 16.4 ± 5.4 (SF + KI) for 30D groups. Bond strength wasn’t influenced by the moment of restoration (IM or 30D); the use of KI didn’t alter adhesion characteristics; SDF/SF solutions resulted in similar adhesive strength; calcium and phosphate expressions were identified at the interfaces on IM and 30D moments. However, 30D presented qualitative increase in these ions, compatible with remineralization. It was concluded that the adhesion of composite resin restorations in artificial caries lesions of deciduous teeth treated with SDF (38 %) and SF (38 %) had similar effects in vitro; the use of KI or the moment when restorations were accomplished did not influence the adhesion and all tested protocols promoted remineralization of carious dentin.

AbstractBackground Six Homo naledi early juveniles were recovered from U.W. 101 (Dinaledi Chamber), U.W. 102 (Lesedi Chamber), and U.W. 110 in the Rising Star cave system.Aim This paper develops the information for the H. naledi early juvenile life stage, as defined by a combination of deciduous and permanent dentition, and the eruption of the first permanent molar.Subjects and methods The growing number of young individuals recovered from the Rising Star cave system allows us to gain a better understanding of their variation, or lack thereof, and provides a basis to estimate broad ranges for age at death of the individuals. The individuals are identified and described through craniodental remains and spatial associations.Results and conclusion Our results show that the teeth are remarkably consistent across the localities in their metric and non-metric traits, and our analyses refine previous estimations on dental eruptions with the first permanent molar erupting first in the sequence among permanent teeth.

Objectives: In an ideal pulpotomy, the radicular pulp remains vital, healthy, and fully encased within an odontoblastic layer. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been suggested to facilitate this outcome. We aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic failure and success rates of MTA and rhBMP2 as pulpotomy medicaments. Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight teeth from 3-6-year-old children were randomly assigned to two groups using a split-mouth design. Cervical pulpotomy was performed using MTA in one group and rhBMP2 in the other. Subsequently, the teeth were restored with stainless-steel crowns. Clinical and radiographic assessments were performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12-month follow-up intervals to evaluate success and failure rates. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (P<0.05) Results: At six and nine months, one tooth in the BMP2 group and one tooth in the MTA group showed internal resorption, respectively. After 12 months, one tooth in the BMP2 group exhibited PDL widening. The radiographic success rate was 100% for the MTA- and 97.1% for the BMP2-group at six months, 96.7% for both groups at nine months, and 96.7% and 93.3%, respectively, at 12 months. No clinical failure criteria were observed in any of the teeth. Survival analysis revealed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The study reveals comparable outcomes between rhBMP2 and MTA, suggesting rhBMP2 as a viable alternative for pulpotomy in primary teeth. With minimal incidences of complications and no significant differences noted, rhBMP2 demonstrates potential for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mistletoes are parasitic plants that largely rely on animals for pollination and seed dispersal but establish complex interactions with their host plants. Mistletoes are considered keystone species in forest ecosystems as they facilitate several interactions. We studied the fauna associated with two sympatric mistletoe species (Tristerix corymbosus (L.) Kuijt and Desmaria mutabilis (Poepp. & Endl.) Tiegh.) from the temperate rainforests of southern Chile. We set 40 camera traps from November 2021 to May 2022 to monitor the main pollinator (the hummingbird Sephanoides sephaniodes (R. Lesson & Garnot, 1827)), the main seed disperser (the arboreal marsupial Dromiciops bozinovici D'Elía, Hurtado & D'Anatro, 2016), and other animals (birds, mammals, reptiles, and insects). We compared fauna associated with Tristerix corymbosus between spring and summer–fall periods and between Tristerix corymbosus and Desmaria mutabilis during summer–fall. Species composition associated with Tristerix corymbosus showed a significant temporal variation, mainly explained by Sephanoides sephaniodes and Dromiciops bozinovici, which are more abundant in the summer–fall period. We found that animal species composition differences between mistletoe species were mainly explained by S. sephaniodes, Dromiciops bozinovici, and insects. While Tristerix corymbosus was mainly pollinated by hummingbirds, insects frequently visited Desmaria mutabilis flowers. Although both mistletoes have many similarities, they also have some phenology differences that affect their associations with animals, potentially influencing ecological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining structural and functional elements of ecosystems are essential in order to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem function. As a means of guiding conservation work, the umbrella species concept was developed. In Sweden, one putative umbrella species, the white‐backed woodpecker, has guided conservation and restoration of deciduous forests for two decades.Here, we evaluate the decadal effects of restoration aimed at the white‐backed woodpecker on biodiversity of saproxylic beetles. We compare stands that were restored 12 to 21 years ago to non‐restored stands and historical white‐backed woodpecker habitats acting as restoration target stands.Restored stands contained higher deciduous deadwood volumes than non‐restored stands but lower volumes than restoration target stands. The deadwood in restored stands was concentrated in later decay stages, whereas target stand deadwood was more evenly distributed across decay stages.Restored stands had similar species richness and abundance of most groups of saproxylic beetles compared with non‐restored stands while not reaching the levels of restoration target stands. Species assemblages differed among all stand types with restored stands supporting late decay stage and generalist species while target stands supported more deciduous associated and threatened species.Synthesis and applications: We conclude that after one to two decades, restoration improve stand structure and benefit beetle diversity but that target levels are not yet reached. Thus, only partial restoration is achieved. Our results stress that for restoration to be successful both continuous and repeated restoration efforts are needed and that it is important to identify target levels of important habitat characteristics when assessing restoration outcome. We conclude that after one to two decades, restoration improve stand structure and benefit beetle diversity but that target levels are not yet reached. Thus, only partial restoration is achieved. Our results stress that for restoration to be successful both continuous and repeated restoration efforts are needed and that it is important to identify target levels of important habitat characteristics when assessing restoration outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluated the influence of different protocols of silver fluoride (SF) pretreatment of artificial carious lesions on the adhesive interface of composite resin restorations and remineralization of deciduous dentin compared to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). S ixty-four deciduous molar teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 8) according to the restoration time (immediately – IM; 30 days after SDF/SF treatment – 30 D) and treatment before restoration (SDF 38 %; SDF 38 % + potassium iodide – KI; SF 38 %; SF 38 % +KI). After SDF/SF application, teeth in the IM group were restored with self-etch universal adhesive system/composite resin. Samples in the 30D groups were stored in artificial saliva (37 °C) for 30 days before receiving the same restoring protocol. Beams were obtained from all groups and subjected to bond strength tests (µTBS), ultrastructural qualitative analysis (FEG) and mineral analysis (SEM/EDX; Micro-Raman spectroscopy). The µTBS data were subjected to three-factor ANOVA and multiple comparisons (Holm-Sidak method). Bond strength values (MPa) for IM groups were 16.9 ± 2.7 (SDF); 17.6 ± 3.5 (SDF + KI); 16.8 ± 5.5 (SF); 18.4 ± 4.1 (SF + KI); and 14.9 ± 4.2 (SDF); 16.0 ± 5.4 (SDF + KI); 14.1 ± 3.6(SF); 16.4 ± 5.4 (SF + KI) for 30D groups. Bond strength wasn't influenced by the moment of restoration (IM or 30D); the use of KI didn't alter adhesion characteristics; SDF/SF solutions resulted in similar adhesive strength; calcium and phosphate expressions were identified at the interfaces on IM and 30D moments. However, 30D presented qualitative increase in these ions, compatible with remineralization. It was concluded that the adhesion of composite resin restorations in artificial caries lesions of deciduous teeth treated with SDF (38 %) and SF (38 %) had similar effects in vitro; the use of KI or the moment when restorations were accomplished did not influence the adhesion and all tested protocols promoted remineralization of carious dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In recent years, minimal intervention procedures (MIPs) for treating dental caries in children have stood out as an innovative method. Nevertheless, the treatment decision should be based on scientific evidence, professional expertise, and parents' preference/acceptance. Evaluating the acceptance of MIPs by parents is an essential factor, but little information is available on what guides this preference. Methods: This scoping review aims to synthesize the evidence on parents'/caregivers' acceptance of MIP for managing cavitated caries lesions in children. A search was performed in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Google Scholar databases with no restriction on date or language. Results: A total of 19 articles were selected (6 clinical trials, 1 longitudinal and 12 cross-sectional studies). The application of silver diamino fluoride (SDF) was the most commonly evaluated procedure (n = 17), followed by the atraumatic restorative technique (ART) and the Hall Technique (HT). The acceptance of MIPs ranged from 1.4% to 100%, and the application of SDF was better accepted in posterior teeth and in uncooperative children. ART had better aesthetic acceptance than HT. Conclusion: Application of SDF, Hall Technique and ART was well accepted by parents/caregivers. However, a gap remains in the literature regarding the acceptance of other procedures. Therefore, further studies in this area will contribute toward a better understanding of the opinion of parents/caregivers, and thus improve caries lesion management in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant resource strategies negotiate a trade-off between fast growth and stress resistance, characterized by specific leaf area (SLA). How SLA relates to leaf structure and function or plant climate associations remains open for debate, and leaf habit and plant architecture may alter the costs versus benefits of individual traits. We used phylogenetic canonical correspondence analysis and phylogenetic least squares to understand the relationship of anatomy and gas exchange to published data on root, wood, architectural and leaf economics traits and climate. Leaf anatomy was structured by leaf habit and carbon to nitrogen ratio was a better predictor of gas exchange than SLA. We found significant correspondence of leaf anatomy with branch architecture and wood traits, gas exchange corresponded with climate, while leaf economics corresponded with climate, architecture, wood and root traits. Species from the most seasonal climates had the highest trait–climate correspondence, and different aspects of economics and anatomy reflected leaf carbon uptake versus water use. Our study using phylogenetic comparative methods including plant architecture and leaf habit provides insight into the mechanism of whole-plant functional coordination and contextualizes individual traits in relation to climate, demonstrating the evolutionary and ecological relevance of trait–trait correlations within a genus with high biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Pain is a complex experience and perception in children is influenced by physiological, psychological, behavioural, and developmental factors. Post-operative pain can even result in reluctance to seek dental care in the future. Pre-emptive analgesia, which involves administering pain-relieving medication before surgery, aims to reduce pain perception during and after the procedure. This systemic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of pre-emptive analgesic drugs in children undergoing primary tooth extraction. Two reviewers independently searched and filtered the PubMed, Ovid SP, and Cochrane databases for relevant papers from 1991 to 2023. This search involved using specific MeSH terms and predetermined criteria. The focus was on identifying studies that compared the administration of pre-emptive analgesics with a control group for deciduous molar extractions in children. The primary outcomes of interest were self-reported postoperative pain, which represents the pain experienced by children. It was concluded that the administration of pre-emptive analgesics during primary tooth extraction in children may potentially have a positive impact on the parameters mentioned above. However, further evidence is required to substantiate this claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of saline, 0.5% and 2% Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) essential oil, 0.5% and 2% Mentha piperita (M. piperita) essential oil, and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) as root canal irrigants for primary molar teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 primary molars were used in this in vitro study. The teeth were randomly assigned to six groups (N=10). The root canals were prepared up to file #35, and all teeth were sterilized before contamination with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis; ATCC 29212) suspension. After 48 hours of incubation, the root canals in each group were irrigated with the respective irrigants. Sterile paper points were then used to collect microbial samples from the root canals. A colony counter was used to count the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 (alpha=0.05). Results: The colony count was significantly different among the groups (P 0.5% M. piperita > 0.2% CHX > 2% M. piperita > 0.5% Z. multiflora. Conclusion: The current study showed the optimal antibacterial activity of 0.5% Z. multiflora essential oil and 2% M. piperita essential oil against E. faecalis, and indicated their possible efficacy for use as an irrigant for root canal irrigation of primary molars.

Objectives: Tooth decay is controlled and prevented using fluorides. Specifically, a combination of laser irradiation and topical fluoride application can improve fluoride absorption. Although laser irradiation is recommended in traditional technology for caries prevention, little is known about the efficacy of caries-inhibiting laser diodes. Further, most studies have focused on permanent teeth. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of laser diode radiation mixed with topical fluoride on the enamel surface microhardness of primary teeth. Material and method: The 60 primary teeth were divided into 60 plates. Baseline Vickers microhardness was established for each enamel surface. The samples were then divided into three groups. 4 % NaF varnish (group A) and 4 % NaF varnish using diode 2 and 3 W lasers (groups B and C, respectively). The final microhardness was measured and statistically evaluated using SPSS version 16. ANOVA was used to compare the means of the tested groups, which had a P-value of 0.05, indicating significance. Result: The mean and standard deviation of microhardness for the different groups was tested. Group C (4 % NaF with a diode laser at 3 W) showed a higher average Vickers hardness (VHN) than Group B (4 % NaF with a diode laser at 2 W), whereas group A showed the lowest average VHN. There was a significant difference in microhardness between groups (P 0.05). Conclusion: This study explored the effect of laser mixed with topical fluoride on enamel surface microhardness of primary teeth. The use of a diode laser (Quanta System, Italy) with a fluoride varnish applied to the enamel surface has a greater effect on the resistance of the enamel to caries.

Purpose. To study the use of geoecological assessment of forest landscapes as a basis for the assessment of ecosystem services to take into account the natural and anthropogenic conditions of their functioning. Methods. The results of the geoecological assessment were translated into indicators of ecosystem services: provision and regulation. Results. The geoecological assessment of forest landscapes was carried out on a model plot of the Vasyshchivske Forestry of Kharkiv Region, as representative for all forest landscapes of Kharkiv Region - watershed, valley, and beam-thrust. On the basis of the previously conducted geoecological assessment of the forest landscapes of the model area by the means of landscape and ecological planning, the indicator of the amount of ecosystem services to provide for medieval stands by species composition per 1 ha was determined. Thus, on the basis of the Analytical Portal of the state wood accounting system, it was determined that for 2022, the average value of wood by species composition for the Kharkiv region was determined. Thus, the value of the ecosystem service for providing wood is about 604.5 million hryvnias. In terms of unit area (1 ha), the indicator of the ecosystem service will be UAH 13,247/ha. The indicator of the value of ecosystem services for regulation, in particular of the carbon capacity for the model plot, was determined for medieval stands by species composition per 1 ha. Conclusions. The proposed use of geoecological assessment based on the landscape-ecological approach provides an opportunity to take into account landscape conditions, the impact of anthropogenic activity, as well as the results of management decisions in nature management.

Many disturbances are shifting in severity, frequency, and extent due to changing climate and human activities. Altered disturbance regimes can trigger shifts in ecosystem state where recovery to the pre-disturbance ecosystem is uncertain. In the western North American boreal forest, the intensification of wildfire can cause canopy dominance to switch from black spruce (Picea mariana) to deciduous trees such as Alaska paper birch (Betula neoalaskana) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Understanding the key mechanisms that determine the resilience and stability of these alternative community types is required for the prediction of future forest dynamics. Here, we assess patterns of post-fire tree recovery across a pre-fire gradient of spruce- to deciduous-dominated forests in Interior Alaska and quantify compositional and environmental thresholds that support the resilience of alternative canopy types. We found post-fire organic soil depth of stands on a recovery trajectory to deciduous dominance (7.3 ± 5.5 cm) were similar regardless of pre-fire composition and significantly shallower than spruce (14.9 ± 9.0 cm) or mixed trajectories (10.4 ± 5.9 cm). Deciduous-dominated stands were highly resilient to fire, as 100% remained deciduous-dominated post-fire. Even when deciduous trees only accounted for a small proportion (12%) of the pre-fire stand, deciduous trees often became dominant after wildfire. We conclude that the establishment of deciduous bud banks and seed sources creates a strong hysteresis in stand recovery that reinforces the resilience of deciduous-dominated boreal forests to wildfire. Accounting for the resilience of this alternative stable state to wildfire suggests that shifts from spruce to deciduous dominance caused by shifting wildfire will have long-term effects on future structure and function of boreal forests and vegetation feedbacks to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth decay is controlled and prevented using fluorides. Specifically, a combination of laser irradiation and topical fluoride application can improve fluoride absorption. Although laser irradiation is recommended in traditional technology for caries prevention, little is known about the efficacy of caries-inhibiting laser diodes. Further, most studies have focused on permanent teeth. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of laser diode radiation mixed with topical fluoride on the enamel surface microhardness of primary teeth. The 60 primary teeth were divided into 60 plates. Baseline Vickers microhardness was established for each enamel surface. The samples were then divided into three groups. 4 % NaF varnish (group A) and 4 % NaF varnish using diode 2 and 3 W lasers (groups B and C, respectively). The final microhardness was measured and statistically evaluated using SPSS version 16. ANOVA was used to compare the means of the tested groups, which had a P-value of 0.05, indicating significance. The mean and standard deviation of microhardness for the different groups was tested. Group C (4 % NaF with a diode laser at 3 W) showed a higher average Vickers hardness (VHN) than Group B (4 % NaF with a diode laser at 2 W), whereas group A showed the lowest average VHN. There was a significant difference in microhardness between groups (P 0.05). This study explored the effect of laser mixed with topical fluoride on enamel surface microhardness of primary teeth. The use of a diode laser (Quanta System, Italy) with a fluoride varnish applied to the enamel surface has a greater effect on the resistance of the enamel to caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hominoid Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Bonis, Bouvrain, Geraads & Melentis, 1974) is known from three Late Miocene localities in Greece. All are correlated with late Vallesian, MN10; more precisely, they are dated between 9.6 and 8.7 Ma. During the last 50 years several fossils of this hominoid have been recovered. The present article describes the first specimen with upper deciduous teeth, recovered from the locality Ravin de la Pluie in Axios Valley (Macedonia, Greece). The upper deciduous dentition of O. macedoniensis is characterised by a small canine relative to the length of the deciduous premolars, with a rounded occlusal crown outline, a trapezoidal dP3 with metacone and a rudimentary hypocone, a sub-squared dP4, and the absence of cingulum. The taxonomic and sexual attribution of the studied material is based on the preserved and virtually reconstructed permanent dentition, using high resolution microcomputed tomography. The morphological and metrical comparisons of the permanent dentition with the available sample of O. macedoniensis, as well as the monospecific character and the strong sexual dimorphism of the Ravin de la Pluie sample, allow its attribution to a female sub-adult individual of this taxon. The upper deciduous teeth of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis preserve some morphological features, that may have a phylogenetic value, but this hypothesis requires further investigation as the available material of all fossil taxa is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some resin polymers available for three-dimensional (3D) printing are slightly elastic, which may be advantageous when used for full crown coverage of the primary teeth. This study was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of two types of 3D-printed resin crowns in terms of strength and surface characteristics. Polymer resins used for temporary crowns (TCs) and temporary flexible dentures (TFDs) were tested. Digitally designed crowns with different thicknesses (0.4 and 0.6 mm) were 3D-printed. Milled zirconia crowns were used as the control. The static and dynamic fracture loads of the crowns were measured. The crown surface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. The average strength did not differ between the types of crowns. The differences between the dynamic and static fracture loads were insignificant. In the TC group, thicker crowns showed lower strength both under static and dynamic loads. After thermomechanical loading, microcracks and dropouts of macrofillers were detected on the surface of all types of resin crowns. The deposition of abraded debris occurred more in the TFD group. The 3D-printed resin crowns were thought to endure biting forces in children. However, some limitations of the material itself should be improved for consideration as a new treatment option in pediatric dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located at northern latitudes and subject to large seasonal temperature fluctuations, boreal forests are sensitive to the changing climate, with evidence for both increasing and decreasing productivity, depending upon conditions. Optical remote sensing of vegetation indices based on spectral reflectance offers a means of monitoring vegetation photosynthetic activity and provides a powerful tool for observing how boreal forests respond to changing environmental conditions. Reflectance‐based remotely sensed optical signals at northern latitude or high‐altitude regions are readily confounded by snow coverage, hampering applications of satellite‐based vegetation indices in tracking vegetation productivity at large scales. Unraveling the effects of snow can be challenging from satellite data, particularly when validation data are lacking. In this study, we established an experimental system in Alberta, Canada including six boreal tree species, both evergreen and deciduous, to evaluate the confounding effects of snow on three vegetation indices: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI), all used in tracking vegetation productivity for boreal forests. Our results revealed substantial impacts of snow on canopy reflectance and vegetation indices, expressed as increased albedo, decreased NDVI values and increased PRI and CCI values. These effects varied among species and functional groups (evergreen and deciduous) and different vegetation indices were affected differently, indicating contradictory, confounding effects of snow on these indices. In addition to snow effects, we evaluated the contribution of deciduous trees to vegetation indices in mixed stands of evergreen and deciduous species, which contribute to the observed relationship between greenness‐based indices and ecosystem productivity of many evergreen‐dominated forests that contain a deciduous component. Our results demonstrate confounding and interacting effects of snow and vegetation type on vegetation indices and illustrate the importance of explicitly considering snow effects in any global‐scale photosynthesis monitoring efforts using remotely sensed vegetation indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal and spatial dynamics of soil fauna in many terrestrial ecosystems are still not fully understood, while soil fauna is one of the most critical characteristics in assessing soil quality. Therefore, the effects of native [Quercus brantii (QP) and Amygdalus scoparia (AMP)] and non-native [Cupressus arizonica (CUP) and Pinus eldarica (PIN)] plantations and natural trees [Quercus brantii coppice trees (QNC), standard (QNS), and Amygdalus scoparia (AMN)] on diversity and abundance of macro- and mesofauna were done in the semi-arid forest of Zagros, Iran. Samples were collected beneath the canopy of woody species and the outer edge of the canopy in spring and summer seasons. For this purpose, soil samples [(7 samples per woody species + control) × 2 seasons × 3 replicates] were taken from 0 to 20 cm depths. Each soil sample was a mix of three soil cores. For the macrofauna, 15 species belonging to four families (in spring) and 17 species in nine families (in summer) were collected and identified. For the soil mesofauna, 14 species belonging to 14 families (in spring) and 13 species in 13 different families (in summer) were identified, respectively. The fauna diversity indices under the canopy of studied species were higher in summer season than in spring. The result showed that the macrofauna diversity was affected by tree species, while mesofauna was affected by seasonal changes. Macrofauna biodiversity was higher under the canopy of PIN and CUP than other trees. Principle component analysis showed that the diversity of the macrofauna was higher under the canopy of PIN and CUP, and influenced by soil characteristic properties, soil properties did not influence them. Yet the diversity of the mesofauna was affected by soil characteristics and was higher in areas with higher organic carbon, nitrogen, substrate-induced respiration, basal respiration, microbial carbon biomass, and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, mesofauna biodiversity had a significant positive correlation with the soil quality index (SQI). SQI was higher under the canopy of natural stands, especially the QNS. Conservation of native species (QNS, QNC, and AMN) and plantation with native deciduous species (QP and AMP) seem to moderate environmental conditions and increase soil macro- and mesofauna diversity and SQI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study aimed to assess the root canal morphology of primary molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 60 maxillary and mandibular primary first and second molars on CBCT scans of patients retrieved from the archives of Hamadan School of Dentistry between 2018–2020. The teeth were evaluated regarding the number of roots and canals, canal type according to the Vertucci’s classification, and root surface concavities. Data were analyzed descriptively and by independent t-test. Results The most frequent number of canals and roots in the maxillary right and left first molars was 3 canals (60%) and 3 roots (80%). These values were 4 canals (80%) and 5 canals (50%) with 3 roots in the maxillary right and left second molars, respectively, 4 canals (100%) and 2 roots (50%), and 3 canals (60%) and 2 roots (50%) in mandibular right and left first molars, respectively, and 4 canals (92.3%) and 3 roots (61.5%) in mandibular right and left second molars. Vertucci’s type IV was the most common canal type in mesial and distal canals, type I was the most common in mesiobuccal, mesiolingual, distobuccal, and distolingual, and types I and II were the most common in the palatal canal. The maximum and minimum concavities were noted in the buccal (26.7%) and mesial (8.3%) surfaces, respectively. Conclusions A wide variation exists in the number of roots and canals of maxillary and mandibular primary molars, which calls for further attention in treatment of such teeth.

This paper presents non-native (NN) coniferous and deciduous tree species growth and vitality assessment on experimental research plots established in 1980, 1982 and 1985 in the Danube Lowland over an extended time period. For NN coniferous tree species, Douglas fir, grand fir and eastern white pine reached significantly higher values of diameter at breast height (dbh) and height (H) than Austrian pine. For NN deciduous tree species markedly higher values of H and dbh for black walnut compared to sweet chestnut and red oak were recorded. Damage observed in larger extent on examined NN tree species stands included illegal removal of top of stem for grand fir and presence of necrosis on trunks of sweet chestnut. Comparison of NN coniferous and deciduous tree species growth with native reference tree species showed that NN Douglas fir, grand fir, eastern white pine, red oak and black walnut were capable to achieve similar or even higher values of assessed parameters than native reference tree species. The results suggest, that cultivation of NN coniferous, including Douglas fir, eastern white pine, as well as NN deciduous tree species, including red oak and black walnut in Danube Lowland could contribute to diversification and stabilisation of wood production potential of local forest formations.

This study evaluated the effect of chitosan on dentin treatment after selective removal of caries lesions with Er:YAG laser in reducing Streptococcus mutans, as well as its effect on the performed restorations. The sample consisted of children (aged 7 to 9 years) with active carious lesions and dentin cavitation located on the occlusal surface of deciduous molars. Eighty teeth were randomly distributed into 4 groups according to the caries removal method: Er:YAG laser (250 mJ/4 Hz) or bur and dentin surface treatment: 2.5% chitosan solution or distilled water. The bacterial load of caries-affected dentin was quantified by counting CFU/mg (n = 10). The teeth were restored and evaluated at 7 days, 6 months, and 12 months using modified USPHS criteria (n = 20). Microbiological data was analyzed by Mann–Whitney and clinical analyses were done using Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn test (α = 0.05). The results showed that the Er:YAG laser significantly reduced the amount of Streptococcus mutans (p = 0.0068). After dentin treatment with chitosan, there was a significant reduction in the amount of Streptococcus mutans for both removal methods (p = 0.0424). For the retention and secondary caries criteria, no significant differences were observed along the evaluated time (p > 0.05). The laser-treated group was rated "bravo" for discoloration (p = 0.0089) and marginal adaptation (p = 0.0003) after 6 and 12 months compared to baseline. The Er:YAG laser reduced the amount of Streptococcus mutans and the chitosan showed an additional antibacterial effect. After 1 year, the Er:YAG laser-prepared teeth, regardless of the dentin treatment, showed greater discoloration and marginal adaptation of the restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguoversion of deciduous mandibular canine teeth can be a painful condition, interferes with the development and growth of the jaws, and potentially leads to further malocclusions affecting permanent dentition. Extraction of linguoverted deciduous mandibular canines is considered an interceptive orthodontic procedure that would allow unimpeded development of the jaws and permanent teeth. This study assessed clinical records of 124 dogs that had linguoverted deciduous mandibular canine teeth surgically extracted between October 2010 and September 2019 in a veterinary dental referral clinic. Seventy-seven cases fulfilled the study criteria. Fifty-one percent of these patients required further orthodontic treatment of the permanent occlusion and forty-nine percent demonstrated atraumatic permanent occlusion. The study found no correlation of the outcome with age at the time of surgery. The class of malocclusion (class 1 or class 2) at the time of surgery was also not associated with the outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The currently changing climates and environments place plants under many types of stresses that affect both their survival and levels of chemical defenses. The gradual induction of defenses in stressed plant populations could be monitored on a yearly basis unless a seasonal and yearly variation in natural defense levels obscures such monitoring schemes. Here, we studied the stability of the species-specific polyphenol composition and content of 10 tree species over three growing seasons using five replicate trees per species. We specifically measured hydrolyzable tannins (galloyl and hexahydroxydiphenoyl derivatives), proanthocyanidins (procyanidins and prodelphinidins), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin and kaempferol derivatives) and quinic acid derivatives with the group-specific UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS tool, together with two bioactivities, the protein precipitation capacity and oxidative activity. With the help of a fingerprint mapping tool, we found out that species differed a lot in their seasonal and between-year variation in polyphenols and that the variation was also partially specific to compound groups. Especially ellagitannins tended to have declining seasonal patterns while the opposite was true for proanthocyanidins. Some of the species showed minimal variation in all measured variables, while others showed even induced levels of certain polyphenol groups during the 3-year study. For every species, we found either species-specific baseline levels in qualitative and quantitative polyphenol chemistry or the compound groups with the most plasticity in their production. The used tools could thus form a good combination for future studies attempting to monitor the overall changes in polyphenol chemistry due to various biotic or abiotic stress factors in plant populations or in more controlled environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant diversity plays an important role in the life of human beings, by way of providing many valuables produces. They help in maintaining the biodiversity in an ecosystem. Abundant species diversity is essential for wealth of natural ecosystems and environment of the area. The present paper highlights comprehensive data on the current status of angiosperms diversity of Bundi district. The flora of Bundi comprises 629 species of angiosperms belonging to 381 genera under 104 families. The area shows much diversity of geographical forms and ecosystem ranges. This district is rich in scenic beauty and biodiversity. The ten dominant families of the area have been compared with those of adjacent areas as well as Upper-gangetic plain, North Gujrat and Delhi. The present work provides comparative analysis among angiosperms families, genera and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of fluoride varnish and two calciumbased fluoride products on the remineralization of primary teeth enamel. Materials and Methods: Surface-microhardness (SMH) of 36 extracted anterior primary teeth was measured by Vickers test (50gr/5 seconds) to provide a baseline for later comparisons. All teeth were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 hours to create caries-like lesions and SMH was determined for the artificially-induced caries. The teeth were randomly assigned to three groups consisting of 5% fluoride varnish once daily/10 seconds, Clinpro™ 5000 toothpaste once daily/2 minutes, and Remin Pro cream once daily/3 minutes for 28 days. All specimens were kept in artificial saliva with pH cycling during the study period. After remineralization, SMH was evaluated for the last time. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Mauchly's sphericity, and RM-ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for inter-and-intra-group comparisons at the three stages of the study. Results: Neither the baseline SMH nor the SMH of the artificially created caries showed significant differences among the samples (P>0.05). The post-treatment SMH was highest in the Clinpro group (296.4±73.1kgf/mm2), followed by Remin Pro (283.8±119.3kgf/mm2), and varnish (270.9±78.3 kgf/mm2). There was no significant difference among the groups after treatment (P>0.05). We also did not observe a significant difference among the three different study stages (P>0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, daily application of low fluoride-calcium compound seems to be as effective as the professional use of fluoride varnish or high-content fluoride toothpaste in remineralizing initial caries of primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senescence vividly marks the onset of the final stages of the life of a leaf, yet the triggers and drivers of this process are still not fully understood. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is an important regulator of leaf senescence in model herbs, but the function of this hormone has not been widely tested in deciduous trees. Here we investigate the importance of ABA as a driver of leaf senescence in winter deciduous trees. In four diverse species we tracked leaf gas exchange, water potential, chlorophyll content, and leaf ABA levels from the end of summer until leaves were abscised or died. We found that no change in ABA levels occurred at the onset of chlorophyll decline or throughout the duration of leaf senescence. To test whether ABA could enhance leaf senescence, we girdled branches to disrupt ABA export in the phloem. Girdling increased leaf ABA levels in two of the species, and this increase triggered an accelerated rate of chlorophyll decline in these species. We conclude that an increase in ABA level may augment leaf senescence in winter deciduous species but that it is not essential for this annual process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons behind autumn colors, a striking manifestation of anthocyanin synthesis in plants, are poorly understood. Usually, not all leaves of an anthocyanic plant turn red or only a part of the leaf blade turns red. In the present study, we compared green, red and yellow sections of senescing Norway maple leaves, asking if red pigments offer photoprotection, and if so, whether the protection benefits the senescing tree. Green and senescing maple leaves were illuminated with strong white, green or red light in the absence or presence of lincomycin which blocks photosystem II (PSII) repair. Irrespective of the presence of anthocyanins, senescing leaves showed weaker capacity to repair PSII than green leaves. Furthermore, the rate of photoinhibition of PSII did not significantly differ between red and yellow sections of senescing maple leaves. We also followed pigment contents and photosynthetic reactions in individual leaves, from the end of summer until abscission of the leaf. In maple, red pigments accumulated only during late senescence, but light reactions stayed active until most of the chlorophyll had been degraded. PSII activity was found to be lower and non-photochemical quenching higher in red leaf sections, compared with yellow sections of senescing leaves. Red leaf sections were also thicker. We suggest that the primary function of anthocyanin synthesis is not to protect senescing leaves from excess light but to dispose of carbohydrates. This would relieve photosynthetic control, allowing the light reactions to produce energy for nutrient translocation at the last phase of autumn senescence when carbon skeletons are no longer needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the qualitative changes in the saliva during the process of primary teeth eruption. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 147 children from 2 to 48 months, of which 49 were in group A (no erupted primary teeth), 53 were in group B (at least one active erupting primary tooth), and 45 were in group C (eruption of all 20 primary teeth was completed). Salivary proteins were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gel, while the concentrations of salivary sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium ions were evaluated by ion selective electrodes. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (alpha = 0.05). The concentration of proteins with molecular weights of 20–30 KDa was significantly higher in group A, and it gradually decreased with age. The concentration of proteins with molecular weights of 50–60 KDa in group B was significantly lower than those of groups A and C. The calcium ion concentration in group A was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The concentration of potassium ions was minimal in group C. The proteins and electrolyte profiles of the subjects' saliva changed in the process of primary tooth eruption. The highest concentrations of proteins such as statherin, histatin, P-B peptide, and cystatin and the lowest concentrations of proteins such as amylase were present in group B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree species of Eurasian broadleaved forest possess two divergent trait syndromes with contrasting patterns of resource allocation adapted to different selection environments: short‐stature basal resprouters that divert resources to a bud bank adapted to frequent and severe disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and tall trees that delay reproduction by investing in rapid height growth to escape shading. Drawing on theory developed in savanna ecosystems, we propose a conceptual framework showing that the possession of contrasting trait syndromes is essential for the persistence of broadleaved trees in an open ecosystem that burns. Consistent with this hypothesis, trees of modern Eurasian broadleaved forest bear a suite of traits that are adaptive to surface and crown‐fire regimes. We contend that limited opportunities in grassland restricts recruitment to disturbance‐free refugia, and en masse establishment creates a wooded environment where shade limits the growth of light‐demanding savanna plants. Rapid height growth, which involves investment in structural support and the switch from a multi‐stemmed to a monopodial growth form, is adaptive in this shaded environment. Although clustering reduces surface fuel loads, these establishment nuclei are vulnerable to high‐intensity crown fires. The lethal effects of canopy fire are avoided by seasonal leaf shedding, and aerial resprouting enhances rapid post‐fire recovery of photosynthetic capacity. While these woody formations satisfy the structural definition of forest, their constituents are clearly derived from savanna. Contrasting trait syndromes thus represent the shift from consumer to resource regulation in savanna ecosystems. Consistent with global trends, the diversification of most contemporary broadleaved taxa coincided with the spread of grasslands, a surge in fire activity and a decline in wooded ecosystems in the late Miocene–Pliocene. Recognition that Eurasian broadleaved forest has savanna origins and persists as an alternative state with adjacent grassy ecosystems has far‐reaching management implications in accordance with functional rather than structural criteria. Shade is a severe constraint to the regeneration and growth of both woody and herbaceous growth forms in consumer‐regulated ecosystems. However, these ecosystems are highly resilient to disturbance, an essential process that maintains diversity especially among the species‐rich herbaceous component that is vulnerable to shading when consumer behaviour is altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of different root canal filling materials on the change of failure of the endodontic treatment of necrotic primary teeth. Methods: A literature search was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Scopus databases, and grey literature up to July 2022 selecting randomised clinical trials related to research question. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the bias risk. Root canal filling materials were grouped according to the main component [iodoform (IOD), calcium hydroxide (CAOH), zinc oxide (ZO) or mix (IOD plus CAOH plus ZO) pastes]. Pairwise and network meta-analyses using the mixed treatment comparisons method were performed to compare the number of events (failure) among treatments. Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for calculated. Post-probabilities among treatments were also calculated and interpreted. Results: From 1186 potentially relevant studies, 17 were selected for full-text analysis, and 7 were included in the meta-analysis, totalizing 263 teeth. In the direct evidence, ZO pastes resulted in a higher chance of failure than IOD pastes (OR 7.07 95% CI 1.02, 62.59). In the indirect evidence, there was no difference between the materials. The IOD pastes presented a high probability (81%) of being the treatment associated to lowest number of failures among all treatments. The CAOH pastes presented the highest probability of being the worst option. Studies showed high bias risk. Conclusion: There is currently no scientific evidence of the superiority of any one root canal filling material for endodontic treatment of necrotic primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental anxiety is a source of problems in the dental treatment that can lead to dental avoidance. Objective: Determine and compare the factors associated with dental anxiety in Peruvian parents. Material and Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample consisted of children from 3 to 6 years old and their companions, who attended the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño in Lima, Peru. The Corah anxiety scale, the dental fear questionnaire and the Frankl scale were used to assess anxiety, parental dental fear, and children's collaboration. The following variables were also evaluated: negative dental experience, treated tooth and treatment of the children. Chi-square statistical tests, Mann-Whitney U and the binary logistic regression model were used. Results: The sample consisted of 325 children and their companions. An association was found between gender (OR = 2.456; 95% CI: 1.037 - 5.818), child collaboration (OR = 0.044; 95% CI: 0.044 - 0.543) and maternal anxiety (p

Abstract Objective This study aimed at evaluating the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on planktonic E. faecalis and its biofilm in the root canal of infected deciduous teeth. Methods Forty root canals of maxillary deciduous anterior teeth were enlarged up to #35 K-file and inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days. The root canals were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 10): The normal saline group (control), 1% NaClO group, PDT group, and the 1% NaClO + PDT group. Paper point samples were obtained at baseline (S1) and after treatment (S2). The colony-forming units (CFU) were counted, and the bacterial growth rate calculated. From each subgroup, 5 samples were randomly selected after treatment and a scanning laser confocal microscope (CLSM) used to determine the distribution of dead / living bacteria on the biofilm surface of each subgroup. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe bacterial morphologies in the root canal walls of the remaining 5 samples in each subgroup. The Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn test with boferroni adjustment were used to analyze the effect of the different treatment techniques on the E. faecalis in root canals. Results Compared to the saline group, PDT significantly reduced bacterial counts in the root canal (p

Introduction The objective was to review the effectiveness of iodoform-based compared to noniodoform-based filling materials in the root canal treatment of deciduous teeth.Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis used randomized clinical trials with six months or more follow-up. The risk of bias of individual studies and the certainty of the evidence were evaluated (Cochrane risk of bias tool and GRADE, respectively).Results The initial search resulted in 5,127 studies after removal of duplicates. After screening by title and abstract, 34 full-text studies were eligible and 21 remained in the qualitative synthesis and 19 in the meta-analysis. Iodoform-based filling materials resulted in fewer clinical failures when compared to noniodoform-based filling materials at the 6 months (OR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.19–0.97, p = .04) and 9–12 months (OR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.23–0.93, p = .03), but not at the 18–30 months follow-up (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.58–2.03, p = .81). When considering radiographic failures, there was no statistical difference between iodoform-based and noniodoform-based filling materials at the 6 months (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.39–1.32, p = .29) and 18–30 months follow-ups (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.51–2.21, p = .87), but fewer radiographic failures were detected at the 9–12 months follow-up (OR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.29–0.80, p = .005).Conclusion Iodoform-based filling materials showed better clinical and radiographic performance when compared to non-iodoform-based filling materials in the short term, and similar performance in the long term. However, most of the studies exhibited unclear or high risk of bias and the overall certainty of the evidence ranged from low to very low. Therefore, new randomized clinical trials must be accomplished to corroborate this conclusion.

Statement of the Problem: The dilemma of microleakage at the composite-tooth interface is still a major challenge in operative dental practice. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the microleakage of universal adhesive with self-etch and total-etch bonding strategies for restoration of class-II primary molar cavities. Materials and Method: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 75 extracted primary molars. Class-II cavities were prepared in mesial or distal surfaces. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups of Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE; St Paul, MN, USA), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Noritake, Osaka, Japan), G-Bond (GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan), G-Premio Bond (GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan) with total-etch mode and G-Premio Bond with self-etch mode. Cavities were also restored with Nano-hybrid resin composite (Grandio, VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany) and incubated for 24 hours, followed by thermocycling at 1500× between 5-55°C within a dwell time of 20 seconds. Later, the cavities were placed in 1M silver nitrate solution and evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Finally, microleakage was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. One tooth in each group was prepared and evaluated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and Chi-square test (p< 0.05). Results: The microleakage values were significantly different in the study groups (p< 0.05). The highest level of microleakage was noted in G-Bond and the lowest in G-Premio Bond with total etching. There was a significant correlation between the qualitative and quantitative measurements of microleakage. Conclusion: The G-Premio Bond yielded acceptable results in terms of microleakage in total-etch and self-etch modes. However, additional etching is recommended to improve the quality of bonding.