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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents a growing challenge worldwide, with significant risks to both the mother and baby that extend beyond the duration of the pregnancy and immediate post-partum period. Women from ethnic minority groups who access GDM care in high-income settings face particular challenges. The aim of this systematic integrative review is to explore the experiences and needs of women with GDM from select ethnic groups in high-income healthcare settings.For the purposes of this systematic integrative review, a comprehensive search strategy explored the electronic databases CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for primary studies that explored the needs and experiences of women with gestational diabetes from select ethnic minority groups living in high-income nations. The ethnicity of the women in the study included: East, South and Southeast Asian, Indian subcontinent, Aboriginal/First Nations, Torres Strait Islander, Pacific Islander, Māori, Middle Eastern, African, or South/Latina American. Studies were assessed with the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool and findings were synthesised with thematic analysis.This review included 15 qualitative studies, one mixed method, and one cross-sectional study. Six high-income nations were represented. The voices and experiences of 843 women who originated from at least one ethnic minority group are represented. Four major themes were constructed: psychological impact of GDM, GDM care and education, GDM and sociocultural impact, and GDM and lifestyle changes.Limitations exist in the provision of culturally appropriate care to support the management of GDM in women from select ethnic groups in high-income healthcare settings. Women require care that is culturally appropriate, considering the individual needs and cultural practices of the woman. Engaging a woman's partner and family ensures good support is provided. Culturally appropriate care needs to be co-designed with communities so that women are at the centre of their care, avoiding a one-size-fits-all approach.

Tonya M Palermo,1 Karen Deborah Davis,2 Didier Bouhassira,3 Robert W Hurley,4 Joel D Katz,5 Francis J Keefe,6 Michael E Schatman,7,8 Dennis C Turk,1 David Yarnitsky9 1Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; 2Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 3Inserm U987, APHP, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, Ambroise Pare Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; 4Department of Anesthesiology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; 5Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 6Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; 7Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; 8Department of Population Health − Division of Medical Ethics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; 9Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, and Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, IsraelThis article is being published concurrently in Journal of Pain, PAIN, European Journal of Pain, Pain Medicine, Canadian Journal of Pain, Journal of Pain Research, Clinical Journal of Pain, and PAIN Reports. The articles are identical except for minor stylistic and spelling differences in keeping with each journal’s style. Citation from any of the journals can be used when citing this article.Correspondence: Tonya M Palermo, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, P.O. Box 5371, M/S BC-3, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98145-5005, USA, E-mail address: tonya.palermo@seattlechildrens.org

Background During the summer of 2019/2020, Australia experienced a catastrophic wildfire season that affected nearly 80% of Australians either directly or indirectly. The impacts of climate crisis on perinatal health have only recently begun to receive attention. The objective of this study was to understand experiences of perinatal women during the bushfire and smoke events of 2019–2020 regarding health, health care, and public health messaging. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted by phone or web conferencing platforms with 43 participants living in the south-east of Australia who were either pregnant or who had recently had a baby during the 2019/2020 fires. Results The health impacts on participants of the fires, associated smoke, and evacuations for some, were both physical and psychological. Many participants sought information regarding how to protect their own health and that of their unborn/recently born children, but reported this difficult to find. Conclusions Pregnant women and new mothers exposed to bushfire events are a risk group for adverse physical and psychological outcomes. At the time of the 2019/2020 Australian bushfires, exposed women could not easily access evidence-based information to mitigate this risk. Family practitioners are well placed to provide pregnant women and new mothers with this sought-after information, but they need to be prepared well in advance of future similar events.

Many people who have survived COVID-19 have experienced negative persistent impacts on health. Impacts on health have included persistent respiratory symptoms, decreased quality of life, fatigue, impaired functional capacity, memory deficits, psychological impacts, and difficulties in returning to paid employment. Evidence is yet to be pooled to inform future directions in research and practice, to determine the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual impacts of the illness which extend beyond the acute phase of COVID-19 survivors. This umbrella review (review of systematic reviews) critically synthesized physical (including abnormal laboratory parameters), psychological, social, and spiritual impacts which extended beyond the acute phase of COVID-19 survivors. The search strategy was based on the sample, phenomena of interest, design, evaluation, research model and all publications were double screened independently by four review authors for the eligibility criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted in parallel independently. Eighteen systematic reviews were included, which represented a total of 493 publications. Sample sizes ranged from n = 15 to n = 44 799 with a total of n = 295 455 participants. There was incomplete reporting of several significant data points including the description of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variant, COVID-19 treatments, and key clinical and demographic data. A number of physical, psychological, and social impacts were identified for individuals grappling with post-COVID condition. The long term sequalae of acute COVID-19 and size of the problem is only beginning to emerge. Further investigation is needed to ensure that those affected by post-COVID condition have their informational, spiritual, psychological, social, and physical needs met in the future.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In these guidelines, we aimed to develop evidence-based recommendations for the use of screening questionnaires and diagnostic tests in patients with neuropathic pain (NeP).METHODS: We systematically reviewed studies providing information on the sensitivity and specificity of screening questionnaires, and quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiology, skin biopsy, and corneal confocal microscopy. We also analysed how functional neuroimaging, peripheral nerve blocks, and genetic testing might provide useful information in diagnosing NeP.RESULTS: Of the screening questionnaires, Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions (DN4), I-DN4 (self-administered DN4), and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) received a strong recommendation, and S-LANSS (self-administered LANSS) and PainDETECT weak recommendations for their use in the diagnostic pathway for patients with possible NeP. We devised a strong recommendation for the use of skin biopsy and a weak recommendation for quantitative sensory testing and nociceptive evoked potentials in the NeP diagnosis. Trigeminal reflex testing received a strong recommendation in diagnosing secondary trigeminal neuralgia. Although many studies support the usefulness of corneal confocal microscopy in diagnosing peripheral neuropathy, no study specifically investigated the diagnostic accuracy of this technique in patients with NeP. Functional neuroimaging and peripheral nerve blocks are helpful in disclosing pathophysiology and/or predicting outcomes, but current literature does not support their use for diagnosing NeP. Genetic testing may be considered at specialist centres, in selected cases.CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations provide evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for NeP diagnosis. Due to the poor-to-moderate quality of evidence identified by this review, future large-scale, well-designed, multicentre studies assessing the accuracy of diagnostic tests for NeP are needed.

Considering the wide range of outcomes following sport-related concussions, biomarkers are needed to detect underlying pathological changes. The objective was to analyze the use of plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (pTau181) as a non-invasive measure of underlying brain changes in a cohort of retired contact sports athletes at risk of neurodegeneration.Fifty-four retired contact sport athletes and 27 healthy controls whose blood plasma was analyzed for pTau181 were included. A portion (N = 21) of retired athletes had a 2-years follow-up visit. All participants had completed a neuropsychological battery and MRI imaging.Plasma pTau181 was significantly higher in retired athletes compared to healthy controls (8.94 ± 5.08 pg/mL vs. 6.00 ± 2.53 pg/mL, respectively; 95% BCa CI 1.38-4.62; p = 0.02); and was significantly associated with fornix fractional anisotropy values only in the athletes group (β = - 0.002; 95% BCa CI - 0.003 to - 0.001; p = 0.002). When the retired athletes cohort was divided into high vs. normal pTau181 groups, the corpus callosum (CC) volume and white-matter integrity was significantly lower in high pTau181 compared to older healthy controls (CC volume: 1.57 ± 0.19 vs. 2.02 ± 0.32, p = 0.002; CC medial diffusivity: 0.96 ± 0.04 × 10Although high plasma pTau181 levels were associated with abnormalities in CC and fornix, baseline pTau181 did not predict longitudinal changes in regional brain volumes or white-matter integrity in the athletes. pTau181 may be useful for identifying those with brain abnormalities related to repeated concussion but not for predicting progression.

Background Maternal satisfaction with maternity care is an important indicator of quality maternity services. Continuity of midwifery models of care are increasing in Australia and while several instruments have been developed to measure satisfaction with maternity care most of these have not been validated and there are none that are appropriate to continuity of midwifery maternity care models. Aim To develop a questionnaire to measure women’s satisfaction with maternity services provided in a continuity of midwifery care service model. Methods A modified Delphi technique was used. A heterogenous panel of eight experts provided feedback over four rounds. The starting point for the questionnaire was informed by two systematic literature reviews focusing on available instruments for measuring maternal satisfaction with maternity care and what women value continuity of midwifery models of care. Findings The Continuity of Midwifery Care Satisfaction Survey (COMcareSS) was developed after four rounds of feedback with the expert panel. The survey comprises nine domains and fifty-nine questions. The domains include demographics, maternity care outcomes, facilities, the midwife/woman relationship, building capacity-empowerment, decision making and involvement, personalised care, advice care and support and general. Conclusions Consumer satisfaction is an important indicator of quality care. This is the first instrument to be developed that is appropriate to continuity of midwifery models of care. The important next step is to pilot test the instrument to establish its validity and reliability.

Problem Pervasive polemics of differing approaches to and values of maternity care limit possibilities of nuanced and productive understandings of how maternity care is experienced. Aim To explore how maternity care identities (midwife, obstetrician, childbearing woman) are shaped by binarised conceptualisations of childbirth. Methods The diffractive analysis of data gathered in collective biography research groups. Findings and discussion Maternity care identities are not complete, pre-established entities, but rather are, ‘in the making’, remade in every maternity care encounter. Conclusion Maternity care identities are defined by their encounters with other maternity care identities, and therefore, each maternity care identity plays a role in which experiences of maternity care come into being.

Two behavioural phenotypes in healthy people have been delineated based on their intrinsic attention to pain (IAP) and whether their reaction times (RT) during a cognitively-demanding task are slower (P-type) or faster (A-type) during experimental pain. These behavioural phenotypes were not previously studied in chronic pain populations to avoid using experimental pain in a chronic pain context. Since pain rumination (PR) may serve as a supplement to IAP without needing noxious stimuli, we attempted to delineate A-P/IAP behavioural phenotypes in people with chronic pain and determined if PR can supplement IAP. Behavioural data acquired in 43 healthy controls (HCs) and 43 age-/sex-matched people with chronic pain associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was retrospectively analyzed. A-P behavioural phenotypes were based on RT differences between pain and no-pain trials of a numeric interference task. IAP was quantified based on scores representing reported attention towards or mind-wandering away from experimental pain. PR was quantified using the pain catastrophizing scale, rumination subscale. The variability in RT was higher during no-pain trials in the AS group than HCs but was not significantly different in pain trials. There were no group differences in task RTs in no-pain and pain trials, IAP or PR scores. IAP and PR scores were marginally significantly positively correlated in the AS group. RT differences and variability were not significantly correlated with IAP or PR scores. Thus, we propose that experimental pain in the A-P/IAP protocols can confound testing in chronic pain populations, but that PR could be a supplement to IAP to quantify attention to pain.

Having a baby is one of the most profound events in a woman and couple’s life. For the woman, it is intensely physical as her body responds to the changing hormones and all body systems accommodate her growing fetus. For the couple, it marks a significant change in roles and in the relationship. While practices vary across cultures, as a society we recognize the importance of this event with rites of passage like for example “baby showers. ”In other words, having a baby is as much social as it is physical.

Aim Probiotics have been shown to prevent or treat a number of paediatric health problems; however, not much is known about how probiotics are used in the community. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and main predictors of probiotic supplementation among healthy pre-school-aged children. Methods Parents of 4- or 5-year-olds residing in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) were invited to complete a web-based questionnaire between February and May 2020. There were 469 responses concerning 494 children eligible for analysis. Prevalence was categorised as lifetime exposure and recent exposure. Predictors were determined through multiple logistic regression modelling. Results Almost half (47.4%) of the children had ever been exposed to probiotics and 14.9% had taken probiotics in the previous month. The strongest predictors of lifetime probiotic exposure were parental lifetime probiotic use (OR 13.3; 95% CI 7.4-24.1) and an interaction between functional food consumption and parental lifetime probiotic use (OR 5.6; 95% CI 2.6-12.1). The strongest predictor of recent probiotic exposure was parental recent probiotic use (OR 13.3; 95% CI 5.7-30.8). Conclusions This study illustrates the high prevalence of probiotic exposure among healthy pre-school-aged children in the ACT and emphasises the relationship between parental use of probiotics and exposure in children. These findings will allow comparison and analysis of trends over time. Practitioners should be aware of the evidence for and against probiotics as these findings suggest a high level of acceptability among parents.

AIM Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and acute gastroenteritis (AGE) significantly impact health service use among children; however, recent trends in hospital admission rates are not well documented. Our objectives were to describe admission rates for RTI and AGE among children in one jurisdiction over a 10-year period and their associated length of stay (LOS), monetary costs and chronic conditions. METHODS This is retrospective review of hospital admissions data for Australian Capital Territory residents aged 0-16 years admitted with a primary diagnosis commensurate with RTI or AGE. RESULTS Between 2009 and 2018, there were 8668 admissions. Admission rates rose from 9.2/1000 age-adjusted population in 2009 to 10.5/1000 in 2018. LOS reduced by 10 h (43 to 33 h). The median cost per admission was AUD$3158 (AUD$148 to AUD$175 271) and 16.4% of children had a chronic condition, associated with longer LOS and higher episode costs. Median age at admission was 1 year 5 months. Infants were admitted three times as often as older children and admissions for lower RTI were more common than for upper RTI or AGE (P

Background The amount of weight gained in pregnancy has the potential to impact the health of a woman and her baby in the short and long term. The existing literature demonstrates that women identify several barriers and enablers to maintain healthy weight gain in pregnancy. Understanding these barriers and enablers assists practitioners and maternity services to better support women to maintain healthy gestational weight gain. Aim While the existing literature is largely focussed on women who are overweight or obese, this paper aims to explore the experiences of women from a range of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories regarding their weight gain in pregnancy. Method Fifteen women from the Australian Capital Territory participated in semi-structured interviews in the postpartum period to explore the barriers and enablers for healthy weight gain in pregnancy. Qualitative data were analysed using descriptive thematic analysis techniques. Findings Women identified several barriers and enablers to maintain healthy weight gain in pregnancy. These included pregnancy-related physiological changes, personal and cultural attitudes and beliefs, availability of psychological support, social and community networks, attitudes and advice from their treating health professionals, and availability of education. Discussion This study is consistent with existing literature in confirming that women experience a range of personal, social, and cultural factors that impact upon weight gain in pregnancy. Participants identified inconsistent education and advice regarding gestational weight gain. This has clinical implications for clinicians and maternity services for improvement in the education and support of pregnant women regarding weight gain in pregnancy.

Misperception of others' sexual willingness or consent is widely considered to contribute to sexual coercion. Sexual arousal is commonly present among those in situations with potential to result in sexual assault. The current research tests the effects of sexual arousal on related attitudes: including those toward token resistance, assertive sexual strategies, and affirmative consent. Sexual arousal was primed through a narrative writing paradigm. Results indicate sexual arousal led all participants to be more likely to endorse belief in female token resistance, and led women to more strongly endorse men's assertive sexual strategies. Implications for research on sexual consent are discussed.

Problem In countries where education programmes are assessed as meeting international standards there is limited knowledge about the challenges facing midwifery education. Background/aim The positive impact of quality midwifery education on maternal and newborn health is acknowledged by the World Health Organisation. However, there is limited research identifying the issues faced in providing quality midwifery education. The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and determine priority projects to strengthen midwifery education across Australia and New Zealand. Methods A two-round Delphi study with experts in midwifery education was undertaken. Findings In round one, 85 participants identified an initial 366 issues for midwifery education. Through thematic content analysis these were categorised into 89 statements reflecting five major themes: In round two, 105 midwifery experts from Australia n = 86 (79%) and New Zealand n = 23 (21%) rated the 89 statements in order of priority. Across the combined data (Australia and New Zealand) a total of 19 statements gained consensus of ≥80%. Discussion Five priority themes were identified including; (1) enabling success of First Peoples/Māori midwifery students; (2) increasing the visibility and influence of midwifery within regulation, accreditation and university governance; (3) determining how best to deliver the clinical practicum component of programmes; (4) reviewing midwifery programmes to enhance design, content and delivery; and (5) ongoing education and support for the midwifery workforce. Conclusion In Australia and New Zealand, it is imperative that collaborative work is undertaken to design and action identified projects addressing these priorities.

Correctional facilities provide health care to large numbers of medically underserved people. As such, preventive health in correctional settings is an important yet underused investment in public health. Because they often have histories of poor access to health care, the justice-involved population is more likely than the general population to be diagnosed with advanced-stage cancers. We report on the first 2 years of an ongoing collaboration between a state correctional system and state health department to implement annual colorectal cancer screening for sentenced people using fecal immunochemical testing (FIT). Preparation for the annual iterations begins in January, and patient engagement begins in March. In the first year of implementation (2018), 1396 of 1856 (75.2%) sentenced people completed an eligibility screen, and 254 of 321 (79.1%) eligible patients completed a FIT (eligible patients were aged ≥50 [≥45 if Black] in year 1 [lowered to ≥45 in year 2] and reported no previous relevant medical or family history of colorectal cancer); 54 (21.3%) completed FITs were positive. Of the 54 patients with positive FITS, 33 (61.1%) completed follow-up colonoscopies resulting in the identification of polyps in 26 (48.1%) patients with a positive FIT. We found invasive adenocarcinoma for 2 (3.7%) of the positive FITs (6.1% of colonoscopies performed). In the second year (2019), after a conversion from paper to tablet-based eligibility screening, 1707 of 2059 (82.9%) sentenced people completed an eligibility screen, and 200 of 285 (70.2%) eligible patients completed a FIT, 27 (13.5%) of whom had a positive result. We share lessons learned about implementing mass screening to encourage further communication among departments of health and corrections to advance preventive health.

We previously published the prevalence and predictors of probiotic use among a cohort of healthy 4 and 5-year-old children. Here we explore the species and strains most commonly used, the reasons probiotics are used, perceptions of the impact on children's health and parental behaviours around probiotic supplementation in children.Parents of 4 and 5-year-old children living in the Australian Capital Territory were invited to participate in an observational, cross-sectional study by completing a web-based survey between February and May 2020. Data concerning 481 children were eligible for analysis. Results are presented as simple proportions, with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals where appropriate.Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis were the most frequently reported species, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG was the most frequently reported strain. The most common reason for administering probiotics to the 228 (47.4%) of 481 children ever exposed was to promote general health (54%). Half (51%) of parents perceived probiotics had improved their child's general health, although this was more likely for children who had recently (odds ratio (OR): 2.69, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.47-4.93) or regularly (OR: 2.92, CI: 1.46-5.85) used probiotics or whose parent had recently used probiotics (OR: 2.47, CI: 1.34-4.55). Initial exposure to probiotics occurred before the age of 2 years in 65% of the cohort.This community-based study suggests that parents use probiotics primarily to improve children's general health and with modest perceived effect. The long-term effects of early and prolonged exposure to probiotics are not well understood.

Neuronal populations in the brain are engaged in a temporally coordinated manner at rest. Here we show that spontaneous transitions between large-scale resting-state networks are altered in chronic neuropathic pain. We applied an approach based on the Hidden Markov Model to magnetoencephalography data to describe how the brain moves from one activity state to another. This identified 12 fast transient (~80 ms) brain states including the sensorimotor, ascending nociceptive pathway, salience, visual, and default mode networks. Compared to healthy controls, we found that people with neuropathic pain exhibited abnormal alpha power in the right ascending nociceptive pathway state, but higher power and coherence in the sensorimotor network state in the beta band, and shorter time intervals between visits of the sensorimotor network, indicating more active time in this state. Conversely, the neuropathic pain group showed lower coherence and spent less time in the frontal attentional state. Therefore, this study reveals a temporal imbalance and dysregulation of spectral frequency-specific brain microstates in patients with neuropathic pain. These findings can potentially impact the development of a mechanism-based therapeutic approach by identifying brain targets to stimulate using neuromodulation to modify abnormal activity and to restore effective neuronal synchrony between brain states.

How potential sexual partners and third-party observers perceive women's sexual intentions can affect the propensity to commit or excuse sexual aggression. We examined the effect of feelings of pow...

Problem Birth can be a contentious issue with maternity care providers and consumers alike advocating fiercely defended and polarising views. These positions are largely shaped by opposing biomedical and natural childbirth constructions of birth. Contemporary debate on homebirth is one such example which illustrates this divide. Aim To reconceptualise birth by deconstructing current constructions of childbirth contained in homebirth articles published by one online media source in Australia. Methods Australia’s self-acclaimed largest women’s media company was searched for articles pertaining to homebirth. Articles which met inclusion criteria were analysed using poststructural feminist theory and deconstruction techniques informed by Davies and Gannon, Butler and others. Findings Gender essentialism present in both the biomedical and natural childbirth approaches constructs birth as an act of nature, dictated by biology rather than one with a sociohistorical location. Discussion Gender essentialism at birth serves to obscure the sociohistorical determinants of birth, making it appear as a static, immutable sort of act, rather than one which is defined by its sociohistorical location and which can be redefined, even reinvented, by its sociohistorical location. Conclusion Gender essentialism is an enduring phenomenon, underpinning seemingly opposing constructions of childbirth. Disengaging childbirth from essentialisms of woman’s nature may create possibilities and meanings of childbirth that could be useful for childbearing women.

Background Continuity of midwifery care is the best maternity care model for women at any risk level, and there is a global imperative to improve access to midwifery-led care. However, diverse perspectives about how best to prepare graduates for working in midwifery continuity of care models persist. The continuity of care experience standard in Australia was anticipated to address this. Aim To challenge the dearth of published information about the structures and processes in midwifery education programs by identifying: the educational value and pedagogical intent of the continuity of care experience; issues with the implementation, completion and assessment of learning associated with continuity of care experience; and discuss curriculum models that facilitate optimal learning outcomes associated with this experience. We discuss the primacy of continuity of care experience in midwifery education programs in Australia. Discussion The inclusion of continuity of care experience in midwifery programs in Australia became mandatory in 2010 requiring 20, however this number was reduced to 10 in 2014. Research has shown the beneficial outcomes of continuity of care experience to both students and women. Continuity of care experience builds mutual support and nurturing between women and students, fosters clinical confidence, resilience, and influences career goals. We require curriculum coherence with both structural and conceptual elements focusing on continuity of care experience. Implications and recommendations Education standards that preference continuity of care experience as the optimal clinical education model with measurable learning outcomes, and alignment to a whole of program philosophy and program learning outcomes is required.

This chapter presents midwifery as unique amongst the healthcare professions because it mostly focuses on physiological processes and a period of transition in the life of a woman and her family. Thus, midwives work across a childbearing continuum and the health-ease dis-ease continuum. The “midwifery model of care” and its approach to childbearing focuses on wellness rather than illness and works closely with women to help them mobilize their own resources to move towards greater health. But the contrasting pathogenic approach to maternity care is still ubiquitous in contemporary healthcare provision with over-medicalization of childbirth and overuse of interventions, which can also cause more harm than good.While there is resonance between midwifery practice and salutogenesis, research examining the relationship is still in its infancy. Few researchers explicitly draw on salutogenic theory. Of these, few studies and scoping reviews are described in more detail. They suggest that there is an alignment between salutogenesis and midwifery practice.The chapter concludes by stressing that salutogenesis, with its focus on health rather than pathology, offers a promising way forward to underline that much of midwifery work is health promotion and must be operationalized accordingly in midwifery practice.

This quantitative study investigates linkages between integrative learning experiences provided by student-run firms and fostering professional self-efficacy or the confidence to do one’s job effectively and efficiently. Based on a survey of 182 students involved in student-run agencies, this research measured students’ professional self-efficacy (confidence) in being able to perform 23 communication tasks. It also measures attribution respondents award to their student-run agency experiences in attaining that confidence. The study suggests changes to pedagogy and provides evidence for the effectiveness of student-run firms in preparing graduates for responsibilities in the professions of advertising, public relations, integrated communication, and strategic communication.

Probiotic supplements have been suggested as therapy for a range of health problems in children. This article aims to map the literature around probiotic use in well children, with a focus on prevalence. Using a scoping review methodology, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, HealthSource and SAGE, as well as Google and MedNar for grey literature, in July 2018. We followed the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews and used the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool to assess articles for quality. Seven studies including a total of 24,742 children were identified. The prevalence of probiotic use ranged from 4% to 51%. The most common predictors of use were parental probiotic use, and higher maternal education and income. Only one small study reported the strains of probiotics used. Neither the reasons for using probiotics, nor parental perceptions of efficacy were adequately explored. Most parents obtained their information about probiotics from the Internet or family members. Despite the number of children in the community reported to have used probiotics, there are few well-designed and/or well-reported studies of prevalence, and inadequate data concerning the strains of probiotics used, reasons for their use and their perceived efficacy.

Prevailing research on assortative mating marginalizes the agency of third parties. Yet, in China, an intergenerational perspective may be useful because family members have participated in spouse ...