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Éponge du genre Dysidea. Mission Tuam'2011 (archipel des Tuamotu). © E. Folcher L’étude des éponges a été délaissée jusqu’à présent en Polynésie française, leur faible attrait s’expliquant peut-être par leur esthétique, une méconnaissance globale, ou bien encore la concurrence avec d’autres espèces et variétés végétales et animales. Lors de nos campagnes océanographiques, de nombreuses espèces ont pu être récoltées et répertoriées. Leur intérêt comme source de molécules innovantes est indisc...

De la Polynésie française, chacun connaît les stéréotypes. Mais les cinq archipels, tous différents, sont surtout des terres de cultures : aux uns les cocoteraies, les tarodières ou les vergers, aux autres la perliculture et le tourisme, à tous la mer et la pêche. Implanté depuis cinquante ans en Polynésie française, l'Institut de recherche pour le développement a souhaité restituer les principaux programmes scientifiques menés dans ce pays. Bien souvent fruit des financements de l'Etat et du Territoire, la plupart du temps menés en partenariat avec l'université de Polynésie et les autres organismes, ces programmes concernant différents domaines scientifiques. De l'archéologie à la génétique, les sciences mobilisées sont nombreuses mais notre entrée est avant tout celle des questions de société, d'environnement et de santé... L'ambition de cet ouvrage est de permettre à chacun de s'approprier un état des connaissances produites localement. Au-delà, notre perspective, très collective, est de nourrir les relations entre la science et la société, et de fournir des éléments de réponse à la récurrente question, « quelles recherches pour le développement de la Polynésie française et ses habitants ? »

Leucascus digitiformis sp. nov. (Fig 6, Table 6) Etymology. From the Latim “digitus” (finger), for the finger-shaped cormus of this species. Type locality. Tekeho (Nuku Hiva), Marquesas Islands. French Polynesia. Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 6460 = MNHN-IP- 2018-31 — Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, Station MNH04 (08° 57.661’ S– 140° 10.149’ W), depth: 16 m, coll. C. Debitus, 30/VIII/2009, P114. Diagnosis. White Leucascus with digitiform cormus and large oscula. Skeleton composed of tripods, triactines and tetractines with large spines on the apical actine. Colour. White alive and in ethanol (Fig 6A). Morphology and anatomy. Sponge digitiform, massive but delicate (Figs 6A, B). The cormus is formed by thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes forming a continuous delicate cortex (Fig 6C). Each protuberance (digitus) present a terminal osculum surrounded by membrane. Below each osculum there is an atrial cavity supported by tetractines. Aquiferous system solenoid. The specimen is full of embryos. The skeleton is composed of tripods and triactines on the cortex (Fig 6C), triactines and tetractines in the choanosome (Fig 6D), and tetractines in the atrial wall. Spicules (Table 6) Tripods. Regular or sagittal. Similar to large triactines. Actines are conical with blunt tips (Fig 6E). Size: 88.0/ 9.3 µm. Triactines. Regular or sagittal. Actines are conical with blunt tips (Fig 6F). Size: 54.7/ 5.3 µm. Tetractines. Regular or sagittal. Actines are conical with blunt tips (Fig 6G). The apical actine is very long, thick, conical and sharp, covered by spines (Fig 6H). Size: 57.4/ 5.5 µm (basal actine); 35.4/ 5.0 µm (apical actine). Geographical distribution. Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands (present work). Remarks. Currently 10 species of Leucascus are recognised: L. simplex Dendy, 1892 (type species of the genus) from South Australia; L. albus Cavalcanti, Rapp & Klautau, 2013 from southeastern Brazil; L. clavatus Dendy, 1892 from South Australia; L. flavus Cavalcanti, Rapp & Klautau, 2013 from Indonesia; L. leptoraphis (Jenkin, 1908) from Antarctica; L. lobatus Rapp, 2004 from Greenland; L. neocaledonicus Borojević & Klautau, 2000 from New Caledonia; L. protogenes (Haeckel, 1872) from South Australia; L. roseus Lanna, Rossi, Cavalcanti, Hajdu & Klautau, 2007 from southeastern Brazil; and L. schleyeri Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018 from South Africa. Considering skeleton composition, L. digitiformis sp. nov. is similar to L. leptoraphis and L. lobatus, as all of them have tripods, triactines and tetractines. The new species, however, differs from them by several characteristics. For example, L. leptoraphis and L. lobatus have triactines and tetractines with cylindrical actines, while our new species has spicules with conical actines. Besides, in L. leptoraphis tetractines are very rare and in L. lobatus the tripods have a kind of rudimentary fourth actine in the tripods. Moreover, the spines of the apical actine of the tetractines of L. digitiformis sp. nov. differ from those of all the other species of Leucascus, as they are large in the new species. These large spines resemble those of Borojevia, however, the new species clearly has an atrial membrane, a characteristic of Leucascus and absent in Borojevia. Nonetheless, looking at Borojevia spp., we found that the habitus of Borojevia tubulata Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018, a species from Maldives, is very similar to ours. Besides, a picture showing the atrium of the specimen ZMA Por. 12435, from the Seychelles, suggests that that specimen has a true atrium, although this specimen had grouped molecularly inside Borojevia (Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018). We unfortunately did not succeed to get a DNA sequence of our specimen to compare it with B. tubulata. Therefore, we compared both species only morphologically and we found differences in the size of the spicules [B. tubulata— holotype—Tripods: 92˗133˗189/ 11˗13.4˗16; Triactines: 54˗63˗111/ 5.0˗6.3˗7.5; Tetractines: 51˗68˗96/ 6.0˗6.6˗9.0 (basal), 24˗37˗48/ 3.5˗4.4˗5.0 (apical)] (Table 6). As we found these differences in the size of the spicules and as Van Soest & De Voogd (2018) stated that their species do not have a true atrium, we decided to consider our species as a new one, still, it is desirable in the future to compare them molecularly., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on pages 275-277, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1892) Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela; with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 5, 69 - 116.","Cavalcanti, F. F.; Rapp, H. T & Klautau, M. (2013) Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy & Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 3619 (3), 275 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3619.3.3","Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99643 page / 46 / mode / 1 up] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1908. tb 07387. x","Rapp, H. T. (2004) The first record of the genus Leucascus D endy, 1892 from the Atlantic Ocean, with description of Leucascus lobatus sp. nov. (Porifera, Calcarea, Calcinea) from Greenland. Steenstrupia, 28 (2), 1 - 9.","Borojevic, R. & Klautau, M. (2000) Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia. Zoosystema, 22 (2), 187 - 201.","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 512 + 440 + 260 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11323","Lanna, E., Rossi, A. L., Cavalcanti, F. F., Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M. (2007) Calcareous sponges from Sao Paulo state, Brazil (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) with the description of two new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87, 1553 - 1561. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315407056871","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2018) Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Zootaxa, 4426 (1), 1 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4426.1.1"]}

Leucascus simplex Dendy, 1892 (Fig 7; Table 7) Synonyms. Leucascus simplex, Dendy 1892: 77, Kirk 1897: 313, Dendy 1913: 9, Dendy & Row 1913: 731, Row & Hôzawa 1931: 742, Cavalcanti et al. 2013: 277. Leucetta chagosensis, Hall et al. 2013: 500. Type locality. Port Phillip Heads, Australia Material examined. UFRJPOR 6451 = MNHN-IP- 2018-22 — Tahiti, Society Islands, Station ST12 (17°31.30’ S– 149°33.40’W), depth: 10 m, coll. C. Debitus, 23/III/2009, P2. UFRJPOR 6456 = MNHN-IP- 2018-27 — Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, Station MHO05 (9° 42.553’ S– 139° 01.18’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. C. Debitus, 08/IX/2009, P167. Other material. UFRJPOR 6458 = MNHN-IP- 2018-29 — Moorea, Society Islands, Station M01 (17°29.681’ S– 149°51.717’ W), depth: 8 m, coll. C. Debitus, 04/XII/2010, P221. UFRJPOR 8919 = MNHN-IP- 2018-60 — Tahiti, Society Islands, Station ST52 (17°47.147’ S– 149°25.359’ W), depth: 30 m, coll. S. Petek, 21/IV/2013, P480˗ST52. UFRJPOR 8921 = MNHN-IP- 2018-62 — Tahiti, Society Islands, Station ST27 (17°46.642’ S– 149°24.236’ W), depth: 20 m, coll. S. Petek, 12/IV/2013, P480˗ST27. Colour. White alive and beige to light yellow in ethanol (Fig 7A). Morphology and anatomy. Sponge massive, almost spherical. Sometimes there is more than one “sphere” attached to another (Figs 7A, B). Each sphere has an apical osculum sometimes surrounded by membrane. The cormus is formed by regular and tightly anastomosed tubes covered by a continuous, smooth, delicate cortex. The tubes near the surface are more parallel to each other than in the middle of the choanosome. The atrial cavity is large and delimited by endopinacoderm. Aquiferous system solenoid. The skeleton is composed of triactines and tetractines (Fig 7C). Triactines are more abundant than the tetractines. The atrial skeleton is composed of tetractines only. Spicules (Table 7) Triactines. Regular to sagittal. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig 7D). Size: 102.5/ 8.7 µm. Tetractines. Regular to sagittal. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig 7E). The apical actine is very thin (needle-like), cylindrical and sharp, covered with very short spines (Fig 7F). Size: 96.7/ 8.1 µm (basal actine); 72.8/ 2.7 µm (apical actine). Geographical distribution. Tahiti and Moorea, Society Islands; Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. XPirae (Tahiti- ST12). Mataeia (Rautirae. Tahiti-ST27). Mataeia (Aifa. Tahiti-ST52). Opunohu (Moorea). Hanamenu (Hiva Oa). French Polynesia and Marquesas Islands (Hall et al. 2013). Remarks. The specimens from French Polynesia have spicules with sharp tips, while in the holotype they are blunt. Besides, in the holotype the tetractines are rare, while in the specimens from French Polynesia they are abun- dant (although still less abundant than the triactines). The spicules from the french polynesian specimens are also thinner than those of the holotype [Triactines: 83.2–102.9 (±6.7)–114.4/ 11.7–13.3 (±0.9)– 15.9 µm; Tetractines: 72.8–100.1 (±9.2)–117.0/ 10.4–12.1 (±1.0)– 14.3 µm (basal), 26.0–42.3 (±8.8)–65.0/ 2.6–4.0 (±1.0)– 5.2 µm (apical)] (Table 7). In our C-LSU molecular tree L. simplex is sister species of L. flavus., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on pages 277-278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1892) Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela; with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 5, 69 - 116.","Dendy, A. & Row, R. W. H. (1913) The classification and phylogeny of the Calcareous Sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1913 (3), 704 - 813. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1913. tb 06152. x","Row, R. W. H. & Hozawa, S. (1931) Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Series 4, 6 (1), 727 - 809.","Hall, K. A., Sutcliffe, P. R, Hooper, J. N. A., Alencar, A., Vacelet, J., Pisera, A., Petek, S., Folcher, E., Butscher, J., Orempuller, J., Maihota, N. & Debitus, C. (2013) Affinities of Sponges (Porifera) of the Marquesas and Society Islands, French Polynesia. Pacific Science, 67 (4), 493 - 511. https: // doi. org / 10.2984 / 67.4.1"]}

Ernstia variabilis sp. nov. (Fig 5, Table 5) Etymology. From the Latin “variabilis” (varied, changeable), due to its variable spicule shape. Type locality. Rairoa, Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 8963 = MNHN-IP- 2018-56 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station trar08 (16°02.831’ S 142°25.701’ W), depth: 17 m, coll. M. Dumas, 05/XI/2018, P455- TRAR08. Paratype: UFR- JPOR 8918 = MNHN-IP- 2018-59 — Raivavae, Australes Islands, Station ARAI07 (23°53.282’ S– 147°40.902’ W), depth: 6 m, coll. C. Debitus, 23/III/2013, P455. Other material. UFRJPOR 8962 = MNHN-IP- 2018-71 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAR02 (16°01.99’ S 142°25.565’ W), depth: 20 m, coll. CS. Petek, 04/XI/2018, P455- TRAR02. UFRJPOR 8964 = MNHN-IP- 2018-42 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station trar09 (16°02.074’ S 142°25.701’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. V. Bouvot, 05/XI/2018, P455- TRAR09. UFRJPOR 8965 = MNHN-IP- 2018- 52 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station trar12 (16°00.896’ S 142°25.323’ W), depth: 20 m, coll. M. Dumas, 06/ XI/2018, P455- TRAR12. Diagnosis. Yellow Ernstia with spherical cormus and thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. A single long osculum atop of and atrial cavity. Skeleton composed of two categories of triactines and tetractines, mainly differentiated by shape and size. Aquiferous system solenoid. Colour. Yellow alive and light brown in ethanol (Fig 5A). Morphology and anatomy. Cormus spherical to subspherical formed by thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Figs 5A, B). There is usually one long apical osculum (Fig 5C), with a continuous endopinacoderm lining the atrial cavity. Aquiferous system solenoid. The skeleton is composed of two categories of triactines, two of tetractines, and trichoxeas (Fig 5D). The apical actines of the tetractines project into the tubes lumen and atrial cavity. The size of triactines II and tetractines II is different depending on the regions of the sponge: the spicules in the oscular region are noticeably larger than the spicules in the other parts of the body. Due to its transitional changes from osculum to choanosome, we consider it the same variable category. Tetractines occur in higher frequencies than triactines. Spicules (Table 5) Triactines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and smaller than triactines II. This category ressembles a young spicule on formation, but due to its relatively abundance, we considered it as a category apart. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 5E). Size: 41.4/ 5.3 µm. Triactines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and very abundant. Actines vary highly in shape and size. Spicules from the oscular region are usually cylindrical, ondulated and larger, with blunt tips. Spicules from choanosome are slightly conical to conical and straight, with blunt to slightly sharp tips (Fig 5E). Size: 94.3/ 6.9 µm. Tetractines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and smaller than tetractines II. This category ressembles a young spicule on formation, but due to its relatively abundance, we considered it as a category apart. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The apical actine is cylindrical, the same size of basal actines, sharp, smooth, and frequently curved (Fig 5G). Size: 43.0/ 5.1 µm (basal actine); 39.1/ 4.1 µm (apical actine). Tetractines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and very abundant. Actines vary highly in shape and size. Spicules from the oscular region are usually cylindrical, ondulated and larger, with blunt tips. Spicules from choanosome are slightly conical to conical and straight, with blunt to slightly sharp tips (Fig 5F). The apical actine is cylindrical, very long, sharp, smooth, and frequently curved (Fig 5G). Size: 90.6 / 7.0 µm (basal actine); 51.9/ 4.7 µm (apical actine). Geographical distribution. Raroia, Tuamotu Islands and Raivavae, Australes Islands (present work). Remarks. Ernstia variabilis sp. nov. formed a very well supported clade (100% bootstrap) with E. pyrum Sanamyan et al., 2019 and E. citrea Azevedo et al., 2017. The three species are morphologically almost identical, all of them having a spherical yellow cormus formed by tight and regularly anastomosed tubes, long apical osculum and solenoid aquiferous system. Although in the original description of E. citrea it was said that this species has asconoid aquiferous system, we re-analised it and found the membrane of pinacocytes surrounding the atrium, proving that its aquiferous system is solenoid, as Sanamyan et al. (2019) had observed for E. pyrum. We are describing E. variabilis sp. nov. as possessing two categories of triactine and two of tetractines. Re-analysing E. citrea, we think it has also these categories, though in the original description it was considered as having only one category of tri- and one of tetractines. The same can be considered for E. pyrum, if we take into account the size variation of the spicules and look at the original pictures (Sanamyan et al. 2019). Therefore, these three species can be distinguished only by slight differences in the size of their spicules. Ernstia variabilis sp. nov. has spicules thicker than those of E. citrea [Holotype—Triactine: 81.3 (4.3)/ 10.4 (0.7), Tetractine: 82.4 (6.2)/ 10.4 (1.1)] (to compare with Table 5). Ernstia pyrum has a little thicker spicules [Holotype—Triactine—surface and choanosome: 74.8 (14.4)/ 6.9, Triactine—atrial membrane: 83.7 (22.1)/ 7.9, Tri- actine—osculum: 103.9 (30.5)/ 6.9 (1.0), Tetractine—surface and choanosome: 73.6 (13.7)/ 6.6, Tetractine—atrial membrane: 94.1 (24.5)/ 7.4)] (to compare with Table 5). Hence, the three species are almost cryptic, however, we decided to distinguish them based on the molecular tree (Fig 13). In the tree, although the three species form a very well supported clade (100% bootstrap), E. citrea and E. variabilis sp. nov. form two well supported clades (99% and 100% bootstrap, respectively). As E. variabilis sp. nov. is the third species of the genus with solenoid aquiferous system, we proposed an emendation to the current diagnosis: Calcinea in which the cormus comprises a typical clathroid body. A stalk may be present. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and/or sagittal triactines and tetractines. Tetractines are the most abundant spicules or occur at least in the same proportion as the triactines. Tetractines frequently have very thin (needle-like) apical actines. Diactines may be added. Asconoid or solenoid aquiferous system (Klautau et al. 2013)., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on pages 273-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, C. A. M. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel's taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53, 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039"]}

Clathrina fakaravae sp. nov. (Fig 3, Table 3) Etymology. From the type locality (Fakarava) Type locality. Maruka (Fakarava). Tuheiava (Tikehau). Avatoru (Rangiroa) Tuamotu Islands. French Polynesia. Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 6884 = MNHN-IP- 2018-49 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, station TRAN05 (14°56.481’ S– 147°51.752’ W), depth: 24 m, coll. E. Folcher, 23/V/2011, P322. Paratype: UFRJPOR 6873 = MNHN-IP- 2018-38 — Fakarava, Tuamotu Islands, Station TFAK08 (16°08.230’ S– 145°49.323’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. A. Renaud, 19/ V /2011, P305˗ TFAK08. Other material: UFRJPOR 6875 = MNHN-IP- 2018-40 — Tikehau, Tuamotu Islands, station TTIK03 (14°59.629’ S– 148°16.922’ W), depth: 40 m, coll. E. Folcher, 29/ V /2011, P305˗ TTIK03. Diagnosis. White Clathrina with large and loosely anastomosed tubes, no water-collecting tubes and three categories of triactines: conical, slightly conical and cylindrical. Colour. White alive and beige to light yellow in ethanol (Fig 3A). Morphology and anatomy. The cormus of this species is formed by large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes but in some regions the anastomosis is very tight, giving an appearance of a continuous membrane. Watercollecting tubes were not observed. Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed of two categories of triactines, one cylindrical to slightly conical (the most abundant) and the other conical (Fig 3B). Spicules (Table 3) Triactines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig 3E). Size: 95.7/ 7.2 µm. Triactines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). These spicules are larger. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 3D). Size: 159.8/ 12.3 µm. Geographical distribution. Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands; Fakarava, Tuamotu Islands; Tikehau, Tuamotu Islands. Remarks. Although the tight anastomosis of the tubes in some parts of the cormus gives the impression of a begining of a continuous membrane formation, there is no cavity (pseudoatrium), therefore, it could not be an Ascaltis. As it seems to us that there is no true continuous membrane, we consider we have a true Clathrina, perhaps with a beginning of cortex formation (cortical membrane). Unfortunately, for this species we were not able to get DNA sequence. Clathrina fakaravae sp. nov. has two categories of triactines (cylindrical to slightly conical and conical) and white cormus formed by irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes without water-collecting tubes, hence, we compared it with: C. rotundata Voigt et al., 2017 and C. zelinhae Azevedo et al., 2017. Clathrina rotundata, however, has also parasagittal triactines and actines with rounded tips, while the new species has always regular spicules with sharp tips. Clathrina zelinhae has tightly anastomosed tubes and the difference between the size of its conical and cylindrical spicules is much larger than in C. fakaravae sp. nov. [C. fakaravae sp. nov. —Triactines with cylindrical actines: 95.7 (±7.2)/ 7.2 (±1.5) µm; Triactines with conical actines: 159.8 (±13.2)/ 12.3 (±1.4) µm; C. zelinhae (holotype)—Triactines with cylindrical actines: 95.8 (±5.4)/ 3.9 (±1.0) µm; Triactines with conical actines: 271.1 (±13.2)/ 20.8 (±2.2) µm]. Therefore, our specimens constitute a new species for science.

Ascandra cf. crewsi Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 (Fig 2; Table 2) Synonym. Ascandra crewsi, Van Soest & De Voogd 2015: 36. Material examined: UFRJPOR 6462 = MNHN-IP- 2018-33 — Tairineneva, Raiatea, Society Islands, station SR02 (16° 45.326’ S– 151° 29.827’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. C. Debitus, 12/VIII/2009, P53. UFRJPOR 6463 = MNHN- IP- 2018-34, UFRJPOR 6464 = MNHN-IP- 2018-35 — Tahiti, Society Islands, station ST22 (17° 32.485’ S– 149° 35.205’ W), depth: 14 m, coll. C. Debitus, 29/ V /2009, P23. UFRJPOR 8916 = MNHN-IP- 2018-57 — Tahiti, Society Islands, station ST27 (17°46.642’ S– 149°24.236’ W), coll. S. Petek, 13/IV/2013, depth: 30 m, P485. UFRJPOR 8917 = MNHN-IP- 2018-58 — Tahiti, Society Islands, station ST29 (17°53.052’ S– 149°11.411’ W), coll. S. Petek, 14/IV/2013, depth: 20 m, P507. UFRJPOR 8920 = MNHN-IP- 2018-61 — Tahiti, Society Islands, station ST59 (17°47.343’S– 149°27.229’W), coll. C. Debitus, 13/IV/2013, depth: 15 m. Colour. White alive and white or light brown in ethanol (Fig 2A). Morphology and anatomy. Cormus delicate, formed by large, irregular, loosely anastomosed and ramified tubes with one or several oscula at the end of larger tubes (water-collecting tubes; Fig 2A). Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed of two size categories of tetractines (Fig 2B), of which the larger is rare, and by small rare triactines. Spicules (Table 2) Tetractines I. Large. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 2C). The sagittal spicules sometimes have curved paired actines. The apical actine is cylindrical, very long, sharp, smooth and frequently curved but straight apical actines are also present (Fig 2C). Size: 162.0–218.7/ 16.2–27.0 µm (basal), 75.0–150.0/ 5.0–15.0 µm (apical). Tetractines II. Small. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal. They are very similar to Tetractines I, but a little smaller and with thinner actines (Fig 2 D). Size: 110.7–178.2/ 10.8–16.2 µm (basal), 17.5–234.9/ 1.3–9.5 µm (apical). Triactines. Rare, small. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or sagittal. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 2E). The sagittal spicules sometimes have curved paired actines. Size: 77.5–137.5/ 8.8–10.0 µm. Ecology. This sponge was found in holes or below dead corals, in a slightly muddy environment. Geographical distribution. Papua New Guinea (type locality; Van Soest & De Voogd 2015) and Society Islands (Raiatea and Tahiti—present work). Remarks. Eleven species of Ascandra are currently known: Ascandra falcata Haeckel, 1872 from Lesina, Adriatic Sea (the type species of the genus); A. ascandroides (Borojević, 1971) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; A. atlantica (Thacker, 1908) from Cape Verde Islands; A. biscayae (Borojević & Boury-Esnault, 1987) from Bay of Biscay; A. brandtae (Rapp, Göcke, Tendal & Janussen, 2013) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica; A. contorta (Bowerbank, 1866) from the Mediterranean Sea; A. corallicola (Rapp, 2006) Trondheimsfjord, Norway; A. crewsi Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 from Wahoo, Papua New Guinea; A. densa Haeckel, 1872 from South Australia; A. kakaban Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 from Kalimantan, Indonesia; and A. minchini Borojević, 1966 from the Mediterranean Sea. Considering cormus and skeleton composition (triactines and two size categories of tetractines), the specimens from the French Polynesia are more similar to A. crewsi and A. kakaban. The latter, however, has the same proportion of triactines and tetractines, while A. crewsi has very few triactines, like our specimens. Therefore, although the spicules of the specimens from French Polynesia are a little larger and have tetractines with actines more conical than those of A. crewsi [A. crewsi —Triactines: 140.0˗150.0/ 10.0˗12.0 µm; Tetractines I: 159.0˗206.4˗246.0/ 15.0˗18.8˗21.0 µm (basal actines), 181.0˗226.3˗279.0/ 13.0˗15.3˗17.0 µm (apical actine); Triactines II: 54.0˗90.2˗117.0/ 7.0˗7.3˗8.0 µm (basal actines), 62.0˗95.8˗114.0/ 2.5˗3.1˗ 3.5 µm (apical actine)], we think they can be conspecific., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on pages 267-269, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3951 (1), 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3951.1.1","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 512 + 440 + 260 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11323","Borojevic, R. (1971) Eponges calcaires des cotes du Sud-Est du Bresil, epibiontes sur Laminaria brasiliensis et Sargassum cymosum. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 31, 525 - 530.","Thacker, A. G. (1908) On collections of the Cape Verde Islands fauna made by Cyril Crossland, M. A. The Calcareous sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 49, 757 - 782.","Borojevic, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. (1987) Revision of the genus Leucilla Haeckel, 1872, with a re-description of the type species- Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872. In: Jones, W. C. (Ed.), European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges. Sherkin Island Marine Station, Sherkin Island, County Cork, pp. 29 - 40.","Rapp, H. T., Gocke, C., Tendal, O. S. & Janussen, D. (2013) Two new species of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from the deep Antarctic Eckstrom Shelf and a revised list of species found in Antarctic waters. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 149 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3692.1.9","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 18176 page / 7 / mode / 1 up (accessed 12 January 2020)","Rapp, H. T. (2006). Calcareous sponges of the genera Clathrina and Guancha (Calcinea, Calcarea, Porifera) of Norway (northeast Atlantic) with the description of five new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 147 (3), 331 - 365. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2006.00221. x","Borojevic, R. (1966). Eponges calcaires des cotes de France. II. Le genre Ascandra Haeckel emend. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 107 (2), 357 - 367."]}

Leucetta chagosensis Dendy, 1913 (Fig 8, Table 8) Synonyms. Leucetta chagosensis —Dendy 1913: 10, Dendy & Row 1913: 733, Dendy & Frederick 1924: 482, Burton 1963: 241, Borojević 1967: 2, Pulitzer-Finali 1982: 89, Gosliner et al. 1996: 16, Lévi et al. 1998: 77, Wörheide & Hooper 1999: 882, Borojević & Klautau 2000: 194, Wörheide et al. 2002: 1753, Wörheide et al. 2005: 379, Baine & Harasti, 2007: 15, Wörheide et al. 2008: 1, Voigt et al. 2012a: 101, Van Soest & De Voogd 2015: 51, 2018: 76; L. infrequens— Row & Hôzawa 1931: 747, Burton 1963: 241, Borojević & Klautau 2000: 195; L. expansa— Row & Hôzawa 1931: 749, Burton 1963: 241; Ascoleucetta sagittata Cavalcanti et al. 2013: 308, Van Soest & De Voogd 2015: 49; Leucetta sp.— Colin & Arneson 1995: 60 (photo 230). Material examined. UFRJPOR 6455 = MNHN-IP- 2018-26 — Moorea, Society Island, Station SM01 (17°29.681’ S– 149°51.717’ W), depth: 10 m, coll. C. Debitus, 04/XII/2010, P2- SM01. UFRJPOR 6889 = MNHN-IP- 2018- 54 — Makemo, Tuamotu Islands, Station TMAK06 (16°28.120’ S– 143°57.200’ W), depth: 18 m, coll. B. Bourgeois, 10/ V /2011, P266. UFRJPOR 6871 = MNHN-IP- 2018-36 — Fakarava, Tuamotu Islands, Station TFAK04 (16°05.231’ S– 145°44.127’ W), depth: 50 m, coll. B. Bourgois, 18/ V /2011. UFRJPOR 6874 = MNHN-IP- 2018- 39 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAN04 (15°05.314’ S– 147°56.531’W), depth: 30 m, coll. E. Folcher, 23/ V /2011. UFRJPOR 6876 = MNHN-IP- 2018-41 — Fakarava, Tuamotu Islands, Station TFAK02 (16°04.900’ S– 145°41.497’ W), depth: 15m, coll. S. Petek, 17/ V /2011. UFRJPOR 6878 = MNHN-IP- 2018-43 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAN01 (15° 13.359° S– 147°14.832’ W), depth: 40 m, coll. B. Bourgeois, 22/ V /2011. UFRJPOR 6882 = MNHN-IP- 2018-47 — Toau, Tuamotu Islands, Station TTOA03 (15°47.480’ S– 145°55.120’ W), depth: 18 m, coll. A. Renaud, 21/ V /2011. UFRJPOR 6885 = MNHN-IP- 2018-50 — Tetiaroa, Society Islands, Station STET01 (17°02.258 S– 149°33.707 W), depth: 40 m, coll. A. Renaud, 31/ V /2011, P266˗ STET01. UFR- JPOR 8955 = MNHN-IP- 2018-64 — Makemo, Tuamotu Islands, Station TMAK11 (16°38.485’ S– 143°387.934’ W), depth: 30 m, coll. M. Dumas, 08/XI/2018, P669- TMAK11. UFRJPOR 8956 = MNHN-IP- 2018-65 — Makemo, Tuamotu Islands, Station TMAK11 (16°38.485’ S– 143°38.934’ W), depth: 20 m, coll. S. Petek, 08/XI/2018, P670- TMAK11. UFRJPOR 8958 = MNHN-IP- 2018-67 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAN06 (14° 55.927° S– 147°43.329’ W), depth: 30 m coll. M. Dumas, 13/XI/2018, P669- TRAN06. UFRJPOR 8959 = MNHN-IP- 2018-68 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAN18 (14° 55.841° S– 147°44.019’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. M. Dumas, 11/XI/2018, P669- TRAN18. UFRJPOR 8960 = MNHN-IP- 2018-69 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAN18 (14° 55.841° S– 147°44.019’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. M. Dumas, 11/XI/2018, P670- TRAN18. Comparative material. BMNH 1920.12.9.51 (holotype). Colour. Yellow alive, beige in ethanol (Fig 8A). Morphology and anatomy. Sponge massive, spherical to sub-spherical, covered by a smooth cortex. Apical osculum surrounded by membrane (Fig 8A). Hard and friable. There are subcortical inhalant cavities and the canals are disposed in parallel, giving a radial organisation to the choanosome. Large exhalant canals arrive into the atrium, giving it a reticulated appearance. Aquiferous system leuconoid. The skeleton is composed of giant triactines, present mainly on the cortex, and small triactines and tetractines (Fig 8B). The small triactines are present on the cortex and choanosome, while the small tetractines, which are few, are found only in the choanosome, mainly in the exhalant canals. Spicules (Table 8) Giant triactines. Regular. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 8E). Variable sizes. Size: 523.0/ 40.0 µm. Triactines. Regular to subregular. Actines are conical with sharp tips but some few spicules have cylindrical actines. The apical actine of the tetractines is conical and sharp (Fig 8F, I). Size: 139.1/ 13.6 µm. Tetractines. Regular to subregular. They are very few. Actines are conical with sharp tips but some have cylindrical actines. The apical actine is conical, sharp, smooth and curve (Fig 8G). Size: 107.8/ 10.0 µm (basal actine); 32.0/ 5.2 µm (apical actine; Fig 8H). Geographical distribution. Indian Ocean—Chagos Archipelago (Dendy 1913), Abrolhos Islands (Dendy & Frederick 1924), Red Sea and Maldives (Wörheide et al. 2008, Voigt et al. 2012a); Western Pacific Ocean—Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Western Australia, French Polynesia, and Samoa (Wörheide & Hooper 1999, Wörheide et al. 2002, 2005, 2008, Voigt et al. 2012a), New Caledonia (Borojević 1967, Lévi et al. 1998, Borojević & Klautau 2000). Remarks. Leucetta chagosensis is a species originally described from Chagos Archipelago (Indian Ocean). Although in the original description Dendy (1913) had mentioned only the presence of large and small triactines, we found few tetractines in the holotype (Table 8) and these spicules are being observed in all specimens identified as L. chagosensis. This species is considered to be widespread in the Indo-Pacific where it is characterised by its bright yellow colour when alive, lobose habitus, large triactines and small triactines and tetractines, the latter being rare. It is possible that L. chagosensis represents a species complex (Wörheide et al. 2002, 2005, 2008; Voigt et al. 2012a), however, as this putative species complex has not been solved yet, we call our specimens L. chagosensis., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on pages 279-281, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Dendy, A. & Row, R. W. H. (1913) The classification and phylogeny of the Calcareous Sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1913 (3), 704 - 813. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1913. tb 06152. x","Dendy, A. & Frederick, L. M. (1924) On a collection of sponges from the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 16, 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1924. tb 00052. x","Burton, M. (1963) Revision of the classification of the calcareous sponges. British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp","Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196709519066","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982 [1980 - 1981]) Some new or little-known sponges from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 48 - 49, 87 - 141.","Gosliner, T. M., Behrens, D. W & Williams, G. C. (1996) Coral reef animals of the Indo-Pacific: animal life from Africa to Hawaii exclusive of the vertebrates. Sea Challengers, Monterey, 314 pp.","Levi, C., Laboute, P., Bargibant, G. & Menou, J. L. (Eds.) (1998) Sponges of the New Caledonian Lagoon. Editions ORSTOM, Paris, 211 pp.","Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef. 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43, 859 - 891.","Borojevic, R. & Klautau, M. (2000) Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia. Zoosystema, 22 (2), 187 - 201.","Worheide, G., Hooper, J. N. A. & Degnan, B. M. (2002) Phylogeography of Western Pacific Leucetta ' chagosensis' (Porifera: Calcarea) from ribosomal DNA sequences: implications for population history and conservation of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (Australia). Molecular Ecology, 11, 1753 - 1768. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2002.01570. x","Worheide, G., Sole-Cava, A. M. & Hooper, J. N. A. (2005) Biodiversity, molecular ecology and phylogeography of marine sponges: patterns, implications and outlooks. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 377 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / 45.2.377","Baine, M. & Harasti, D. (2007) The marine life of Bootless Bay, Papua New Guinea. Motupore Island Research Centre, Papua New Guinea, pp. 1 - 144.","Worheide, G., Epp, L. S. & Macis, L. (2008) Deep genetic divergences among Indo-Pacific populations of the coral reef sponge Leucetta chagosensis (Leucettidae): Founder effects, vicariance, or both? BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 24","Voigt, O., Wulfingl, E. & Worheide, G. (2012 a) Molecular Phylogenetic Evaluation of Classification and Scenarios of Character Evolution in Calcareous Sponges (Porifera, Class Calcarea). PLoS ONE, 7, e 33417. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0033417","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3951 (1), 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3951.1.1","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2018) Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Zootaxa, 4426 (1), 1 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4426.1.1","Row, R. W. H. & Hozawa, S. (1931) Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Series 4, 6 (1), 727 - 809.","Colin, P. L. & Arneson, C. (1995) Tropical Pacific Invertebrates. A field guide to the Marine Invertebrates occurring on Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs, Seagrass Beds and Mangroves. Coral Reef Press, Irvine, pp. 1 - 296."]}

Leucetta microraphis Haeckel, 1872 (Fig 9, Table 9) Synonyms. Dyssycus primigenius, Lipostomella primigenia, Amphoriscus primigenius, Coenostomus primigenius, Artynas primigenius, Aphroceras primigenium, Leucometra primigenia— Haeckel 1872: 118; Leucetta primigenia var. microraphis— Haeckel 1872: 118, Ridley 1884: 482; Leucetta microraphis — Von Lendenfeld 1885: 1117, Dendy & Row 1913: 734, Dendy & Frederick 1924: 482, Row & Hôzawa 1931: 746, Tanita 1942: 111, Burton 1963: 270, Borojević 1967: 3, Borojević & Peixinho 1976: 1003, Pulitzer-Finali 1982: 87 (Pericharax orientalis according to Wörheide & Hooper 1999), Borojević & Klautau, 2000: 193, Wörheide & Hooper 1999: 879, Van Soest & De Voogd 2015: 54, 2018: 80; Leucandra primigenia var. microraphis— Row 1909: 186; Leucandra microraphis— Dendy 1892: 104; Leuconia dura— Poléjaeff 1883: 65, Lendenfeld 1885: 1118, Dendy 1892: 104; Leucaltis floridana var. australiensis— Carter 1886: 145; Leucandra carteri Dendy 1892: 103; Leucetta carteri— Dendy & Row 1913: 734, Burton 1963: 241, Borojević 1967: 5; Leucetta primigenia— Colin & Arneson 1995: 60 (photo 229); Gosliner et al. 1996: 16 (photo 4), Erhardt & Baensch 1998: 22 apud Van Soest & De Voogd 2015. The same authors mentioned that the specimens identified by Breitfuss (1896, 1898) as Leucetta solida were probably L. microraphis. Material examined. UFRJPOR 6450 = MNHN-IP- 2018-21 — Bora Bora, Society Island (Leeward), ST SBB1 (16° 28.773’ S– 151° 41.287’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. J. Orempuller, 09/VIII/2009, P29. UFRJPOR 6452 = MNHN- IP- 2018-23 ˗ Tahiti Island (17° 32.140’ S– 149° 35.449’ W), depth: 25 m, coll. C. Debitus, 28/ V /2009, P19, ST21. UFRJPOR 6453 = MNHN-IP- 2018-24 — Tahiti, Society Islands, ST2 (17° 31.225’ S– 149° 33.220’ W), depth: 14 m, coll. C. Debitus, 24/III/2009, P8˗ST2. UFRJPOR 6457 = MNHN-IP- 2018-28 — Moorea, Society Islands, Station SM01 (17°29.681’ S– 149°51.717’ W), depth: 14 m, C. Debitus, 04/XII/2010, P8˗ SM01. UFRJPOR 6459 = MNHN-IP- 2018-30 — Raiatea, Society Island, Station SR10 (16° 49.873’ S– 151° 20.825’ W), depth: 40 m, coll. C. Debitus, 16/VIII/2010, P64. UFRJPOR 6881 = MNHN-IP- 2018-46 — Tetiaroa, Society Islands, Station STET01 (17°02.258 S– 149°33.707 W), depth: 35 m, coll. E. Folcher, 31/ V /2011, P348˗ STET01. UFRJPOR 6888 = MNHN-IP- 2018-53 — Tetiaroa, Society Islands, Station STET03 (16°58.916 S– 149°34.559 W), depth: 40 m, coll. D. Fleurisson, 01/ VI /2011, P348˗ STET03. UFRJPOR 8961 — Tetiaroa, Society Islands, Station TTET02 (16°59.967S– 149°35.440W), depth: 28 m, coll. M. Dumas, 21/XI/2018, P678˗ TTET02. Colour. White to light blue or violet alive (Fig 9A) and beige to light brown in ethanol (Fig 9B). Morphology and anatomy. This species is massive, hard and friable. It is harsh to the touch and has an amorphous shape (Figs 9A, B). It has several apical oscula, surrounded by membrane, and large atrium. The canals are visible through the cortex, giving an anastomosed appearance to the sponge. Aquiferous system leuconoid (Fig 9C). The specimen UFRJPOR 6450 has embryos. The skeleton is composed of giant triactines present in the cortex (Fig 9D) and choanosome and small triactines and tetractines (Fig 9E). The small triactines are present in the cortex and choanosome, while the small tetractines are found only in the choanosome. The tetractines are very few and they are present only surrounding the canals. Spicules (Table 9) Giant triactines. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and subregular (not equiradiate). Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 9F). Variable sizes. Size: 1108.3/ 137.5 µm. Triactines. Regular to sagittal. Actines are conical with blunt tips (Fig 9G) but some triactines with cylindrical actines were also observed (Fig 9I). Size: 145.4/ 15.0 µm. Tetractines. Regular to sagittal.Actines are conical with blunt tips (Fig 9H) but some tetractines have also cylindrical actines (Fig 9J). The apical actine is very thin, conical, sharp, and smooth (Fig 9K). Sometimes it is undulated Size: 136.3/ 10.4 µm (basal actine); 30.8/ 5.9 µm (apical actine). Geographical distribution. Indo-Pacific (Poléjaeff 1883, Ridley 1884, Von Lendenfeld 1885, Carter 1886, Dendy 1892, Row 1909, Dendy & Frederick 1924, Row & Hôzawa 1931, Colin & Arneson 1995, Gosliner et al. 1996, Erhardt & Baensch 1998, Wörheide & Hooper 1999, Borojević & Klautau 2000, Van Soest & De Voogd 2015, 2018). Remarks. Leucetta microraphis is a widespread species with conserved skeleton but variable habitus. As these variable habitus have been considered only polymorphism (except for L. sulcata Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018, see Discussion), we identified our specimens as L. microraphis, however, it is possible that we have a new species of Leucetta in French Polynesia. We discuss this subject in more detail at the end of the paper., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on pages 281-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 512 + 440 + 260 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11323","Ridley, S. O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Alert', 1881 - 2. British Museum (Natural History), London), pp. 366 - 482 + 582 - 630.","Von Lendenfeld, R. (1885) A Monograph of the Australian Sponges (Continued). Part III. Preliminary description and classification of the Australian Calcispongiae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 9, 1083 - 1150.","Dendy, A. & Row, R. W. H. (1913) The classification and phylogeny of the Calcareous Sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1913 (3), 704 - 813. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1913. tb 06152. x","Dendy, A. & Frederick, L. M. (1924) On a collection of sponges from the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 16, 1 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1924. tb 00052. x","Row, R. W. H. & Hozawa, S. (1931) Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Series 4, 6 (1), 727 - 809.","Tanita, S. (1942) Report on the Calcareous sponges obtained by the Zoological Institute and Museum of Hamburg. Part II. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Series 4, 17 (2), 105 - 135.","Burton, M. (1963) Revision of the classification of the calcareous sponges. British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp","Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196709519066","Borojevic, R. & Peixinho, S. (1976) Eponges calcaires des cotes nord et nord-est du Bresil. Bulletin du Museum d'histoire Naturelle de Paris, 402, 987 - 1036.","Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1982 [1980 - 1981]) Some new or little-known sponges from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Universita di Genova, 48 - 49, 87 - 141.","Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef. 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43, 859 - 891.","Borojevic, R. & Klautau, M. (2000) Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia. Zoosystema, 22 (2), 187 - 201.","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3951 (1), 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3951.1.1","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2018) Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Zootaxa, 4426 (1), 1 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4426.1.1","Row, R. W. H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182 - 214. [https: // academic. oup. com / zoolinnean / article / 31 / 206 / 182 / 2682838] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1909. tb 00983. x","Dendy, A. (1892) Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela; with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 5, 69 - 116.","Polejaeff, N. (1883) Report on the Calcarea dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger', during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 8 (2), 1 - 76.","Carter, H. J. (1886) Descriptions of the sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Philip Heads, South Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 15 - 18, 431 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609460169","Colin, P. L. & Arneson, C. (1995) Tropical Pacific Invertebrates. A field guide to the Marine Invertebrates occurring on Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs, Seagrass Beds and Mangroves. Coral Reef Press, Irvine, pp. 1 - 296.","Gosliner, T. M., Behrens, D. W & Williams, G. C. (1996) Coral reef animals of the Indo-Pacific: animal life from Africa to Hawaii exclusive of the vertebrates. Sea Challengers, Monterey, 314 pp.","Erhardt, H. & Baensch, H. A. (1998) Meerwasser Atlas 4. Wirbellose. Mergus Verlag, Melle, 1214 pp.","Breitfuss, L. L. (1896) Kalkschwamme von Ternate Molukken), nach den Sammlungen Prf. W. Kukenthal's (Vorlaufige Mittheilung). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19, 433 - 435.","Breitfuss, L. L. (1898) Kalkschwamme von Ternate. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschender Gesellschaft, 24, 169 - 178."]}

Leucandra tahuatae sp. nov. (Figs 10, 11, 12, Table 10) Etymology. From the type locality (Tahuata) Type locality. Matatehoke, Tahuata, Marquesas Island, French Polynesia. Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 6454 = MNHN-IP- 2018-25 — Matatehoke, Tahuata, Marquesas Island, Station MT01 (9° 53.589’ S– 149° 33.220’ W), depth: 33 m, coll. C. Debitus, 10/IX/2009, P177. Diagnosis. Sponge white, tubular, with cortical triactines, large and small choanosomal triactines, and choanosomal and atrial tetractines. Colour. White alive and beige in ethanol (Fig 10A). Morphology and anatomy. Sponge tubular with apical osculum (Figs 10A, B) surrounded by membrane (Fig 10C). Surface smooth. Large central atrium. Aquiferous system leuconoid. The cortical skeleton is composed of tangential triactines (Figs 11A, B). In the choanosome there are large triactines (larger than those of the cortex) and small choanosomal triactines and tetractines. Some of these small triactines and the small tetractines surround the choanosomal canals (Fig 10E). The subatrial skeleton is composed of triactines that point their unpaired actine to the cortex (Fig 10F). The atrial skeleton has tangential tetractines that point their apical actine into the atrium (Figs 10F, 11C, D). Spicules (Table 10) Cortical triactines. Subregular. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. Sometimes they are undulated. The unpaired actine is shorter than the paired ones (Fig 12A). Size: 449.0/ 32.6 µm (paired), 369.0/ 28.3 µm (unpaired). Choanosomal large triactines. Subregular. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. Sometimes they are undulated. The unpaired actine is shorter than the paired ones (Fig 12B). Size: 796.7/ 53.0 µm (paired), 537.8/ 50.3 µm (unpaired). Choanosomal small triactines. Strongly sagittal, with curved paired actines when they are surrounding the canals. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. One of the paired actines is frequently shorter than the other actines (Fig 12C). Size: 151.4/ 11.0 µm (paired), 172.1/ 12.6 µm (unpaired). Choanosomal small tetractines. Strongly sagittal with curved paired actines, as they are find surrounding the canals. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine can present the same length of the paired ones or be shorter. The paired actines are undulated. The apical actine is much shorter and thinner. It is conical, sharp an smooth (Fig 12D). Size: 158.1/ 11.7 µm (paired), 184.1/ 13.0 µm (unpaired), 50.9/ 8.9 µm (apical). Subatrial triactines. Strongly sagittal (T-shaped). Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. The unpaired actine is longer than the paired ones (Fig 12E). Size: 163.6/ 13.2 µm (paired), 261.3/ 16.3 µm (unpaired). Atrial tetractines. Sagittal. Actines are slightly conical with sharp tips. The basal actines show the same length and they are straight. The apical actine is shorter than the basal ones, conical, sharp and smooth (Fig 12F). Size: 214.8/ 14.9 µm (paired), 215.5/ 14.8 µm (unpaired), 50.1/ 8.1 µm (apical). Ecology. There was algae inside the atrium of this sponge. Geographical distribution. Marquesas Island, French Polynesia (present work). Remarks. Most leucandras present diactines in their skeleton but L. tahuatae sp. nov. is part of a small group of this genus without diactines. Another characteristic that differentiates the new species from most leucandras is the presence of a subatrial skeleton. However, sometimes it is very difficult to be sure if a species does not have subatrial skeleton or if its author just did not mention it. Hence, to compare our new species other species of Leucandra, we considered only those with skeleton composed of cortical triactines, choanosomal large and small triactines, choanosomal tetractines, and atrial tetractines. We found only three most similar species to L. tahuatae sp. nov.: L. ramosa (Burton, 1934), L. mozambiquensis Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018, and L. pilula Van Soest & De Voogd, 2018. Leucandra ramosa was originally described from Australia. It can be differentiated from L. tahuatae sp. nov. by its greyish-brown colour in ethanol (the new species is white) and by the size of some spicule categories. Cortical triactines: up to 210.0/ 11.0 (L. ramosa); 260.0˗ 449.0 ˗700.0/ 25.0˗ 32.6 ˗40.0—paired actine, 180.0˗ 369.0 ˗550.0/ 10.0˗ 28.3 ˗35.0—unpaired actine (L. tahuatae sp. nov.). Choanosomal large triactines: up to 960.0/ 64.0 (L. ramosa); 508.1˗ 796.7 ˗1016.1/ 37.8˗ 53.0 ˗64.9—paired actine, 378.4˗ 537.8 ˗756.7/ 37.8˗ 50.3 ˗54.1—unpaired actine (L. tahuatae sp. nov.). Choanosomal small triactines: up to 240.0/ 12.0 (L. ramosa); 108.0˗ 151.4 ˗202.5/ 9.5˗ 11.0 ˗13.5— paired actine, 129.6˗ 172.1 ˗221.4/ 10.8˗ 12.6 ˗13.5—unpaired actine (L. tahuatae sp. nov.). Leucandra mozambiquensis, recently described from Mozambique Channel, can be differentiated from the new species by its external morphology, as it is an “irregular cup-shaped hollow mass” (Van Soest & De Voogd 2018) while the new species is tubular, and mainly by the presence of tetractines instead of triactines in the subatrial skeleton. Leucandra pilula, described from Seychelles, is globose, while L. tahuatae sp. nov. is tubular. The former has oxhorn-shaped cortical triactines, while ours has equiangular cortical triactines. Besides, some of their spicule categories have sizes. Cortical triactines: 216.0˗ 281.0 ˗372.0/ 16.0˗ 21.6 ˗28.0—paired actine, 178.0˗ 245.0 ˗326.0/ 15.0˗ 22.7 ˗31.0—unpaired actine (L. pilula); 260.0˗ 449.0 ˗700.0/ 25.0˗ 32.6 ˗40.0—paired actine, 180.0˗ 369.0 ˗550.0/ 10.0˗ 28.3 ˗35.0—unpaired actine (L. tahuatae sp. nov.). Subatrial triactines: 100.0˗ 186.0 ˗303.0/ 11.0˗ 16.6 ˗29.0—paired actine, 94.0˗ 172.0 ˗254.0/ 9.0˗ 17.8 ˗26.0—unpaired actine (L. pilula); 116.1˗ 163.8 ˗243.0/ 10.2˗ 13.2 ˗16.2—paired actine, 164.7˗ 261.3 ˗335.1/ 10.8˗ 16.3 ˗21.6—unpaired actine (L. tahuatae sp. nov.). Atrial tetractines: 136.0˗ 239.0 ˗380.0/ 9.0˗ 17.1 ˗32.0—paired actine, 101.0˗ 186.0 ˗271.0/ 14.0˗ 19.4 ˗32.0—unpaired ac- tine, 45.0˗ 84.0 ˗130.0/ 4.0˗ 8.4 ˗11.0—apical actine (L. pilula); 155.0˗ 214.8 ˗325.0/ 13.5˗ 14.9 ˗15.0—paired actine, 150.0˗ 215.5 ˗300.0/ 12.5˗ 14.8 ˗15.0—unpaired actine, 30.0˗ 50.1 ˗67.5/ 6.3˗ 8.1 ˗10.0—apical actine (L. tahuatae sp. nov.), Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on pages 283-286, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Burton, M. (1934) Sponges. Great Barrier reef Expedition, 1928 - 29, 4 (14), 513 - 621.","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2018) Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Zootaxa, 4426 (1), 1 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4426.1.1"]}

Clathrina huahineae sp. nov. (Fig 4; Table 4) Synonym. Clathrina sp. nov. 5, Klautau et al. 2013: 449. Etymology. From the type locality (Huahine Island). Type locality. Fare. Huahine Island, Society Islands, French Polynesia. Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 6461 = MNHN-IP- 2018-32 — Huahine Island, Society Islands, Station SH 02 (16° 42.596’ S– 151° 02.640’ W), depth: 14 m, coll. C. Debitus, 20/VIII/2009, P99. Teavonae (Takaroa). Avatoru (Rangiroa). Mehetia. French Polynesia. Paratype: UFRJPOR 6886 = MNHN-IP- 2018-51 — Mehetia, Society Islands, Station SME02 (17°53.110’ S– 148°04.454’ W), depth: 16 m, coll. E. Folcher, 26/IV/2011, P228– SME02. Other material: UFRJPOR 6879 = MNHN-IP- 2018-44 — Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TTAK01 (14°27.717’ S– 145°02.356’ W), depth: 12 m, coll. D. Fleurisson, 14/ V /2011, P228- TTAK01. UFRJPOR 6880 = MNHN-IP- 2018-45 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAN07 (14°56.215’ S– 147°42.024’ W), depth: 30 m, coll. A. Renaud, 24/ V /2011, P228- TRAN07. UFRJPOR 8954 = MNHN-IP- 2018-63 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAR15 (16°09.586’ S 142°31.998’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. M. Dumas, 07/XI/2018, P667- TRAR15. UFR- JPOR 8957 = MNHN-IP- 2018-66 — Makemo, Tuamotu Islands, Station TMAK09 (16°38.948’ S– 143°33.333’ W), depth: 23 m, coll. S. Petek, 08/XI/2018, P671- TMAK09. Diagnosis. Yellow Clathrina with large and loosely anastomosed tubes, water-collecting tubes and triactines with very thin, cylindrical actines and rounded to blunt tips. Colour. Yellow alive and beige in ethanol (Fig 4A). Morphology and anatomy. The cormus of this species is massive but delicate, formed by large, irregular, and loosely anastomosed tubes. Large water-collecting tubes are present. Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed of two size categories of triactines (Fig B). The triactines I are smaller (Fig 4C) and the triactines II are larger and more abundant (Fig 4D). Spicules (Table 4) Triactines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical, with sharp tips (Fig 4C). Size: 65/ 7.1 µm. Triactines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate), subregular or parasagittal. Actines are cylindrical, very thin, with rounded to blunt tips (Fig 4D). The spicules with rounded tips seem to be larger. Frequently actines are undulated. Size: 142.4/ 7.5 µm. Geographical distribution. Huahine Island, Society Islands; Teavonae (Takaroa); Avatoru (Rangiroa); Mehetia; Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands; Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands. Remarks. According to our molecular analysis, Clathrina huahineae sp. nov. is sister species of the Tropical Western Atlantic species C. mutabilis Azevedo et al., 2017. They are morphologically very similar. Both are yellow and formed by large, loose and irregularly anastomosed tubes and present water-collecting tubes. Besides, they have two kinds of spicules, a regular small triactine with conical actines and sharp tips, which is less abundant, and an abundant regular, subregular or parasagittal large triactine with cylindrical actines. Their only morphological differences are the post-fixation colour, which is white in C. mutabilis and beige in C. huahineae sp. nov., and the tip of the triactines II, which are blunt to rounded in the new species and blunt to sharp in C. mutabilis. We also found a slight difference in the size of the spicules, thicker in C. mutabilis (Holotype, UFRJPOR 6526—Triactine I: 56.7–69.8–91.8/ 8.1–8.4– 9.5 µm; Triactine II: 94.5–121.7–148.5/ 6.8–8.1– 9.5 µm). The other species of Clathrina morphologically similar to the new species are C. beckingae Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 and C. purpurea Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015. Unfortunately, they could not be molecularly compared because there are no ITS sequences available of those species. Both C. beckingae and C. purpurea have cormus formed by irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes, water-collecting tubes and triactines with very thin cylindrical actines (6 µm). Those species are from Indonesia and can be differentiated from C. huahineae sp. nov. by the colour, which is yellow in our species, white in C. beckingae and reddish purple in C. purpurea (Van Soest & De Voogd 2015). Besides, C. purpurea does not have water-collecting tubes and C. beckingae has smaller spicules (48.0–84.9–106.0/ 6.0 µm)., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on page 271, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, C. A. M. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel's taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53, 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3951 (1), 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3951.1.1"]}

International audience; Herein, we describe the isolation and spectroscopic identification of eight new tetrabrominated tyrosine alkaloids 2–9 from the Polynesian sponge Suberea ianthelliformis, along with known major compound psammaplysene D (1), N,N-dimethyldibromotyramine, 5-hydroxy xanthenuric acid, and xanthenuric acid. Cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities were evaluated for some of the isolated metabolites. They exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against KB cancer cell lines, but psammaplysene D (1) displayed substantial cytotoxicity as well as acetylcholinesterase inhibition with IC 50 values of 0.7 µM and 1.3 µM, respectively.

Genus Raspailia Nardo, 1833 Raspailiidae with a more-or-less compressed axial skeleton and a radial, plumose or simply reticulate extra-axial skeleton, with choanosomal spicules consisting of two, three or more different size classes (styles and/or oxeas), and echinating acanthostyles microcionid-like or secondarily modified (from Hooper et al. 2008)., Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Debitus, C��cile, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2018, A new species of the sponge Raspailia (Raspaxilla) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from deep seamounts of the Western Pacific, pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1221670, {"references":["Nardo, G. D. (1833) Auszug aus einem neuen System der Spongiarien, wonach bereits die Aufstellung in der Universitats - Sammlung zu Padua gemacht ist. In: Isis, oder Encyclopadische Zeitung Coll. Oken, Jena, pp. 519 - 523.","Hooper, J. N. A., Sutcliffe, P. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A. (2008) New species of Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from southeast Queensland. In: Davie, P. J. F. & Phillips, J. A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum-Nature, 54 (1), 1 - 22."]}

Subgenus Raspaxilla Topsent, 1913 Synonymy: Raspaxilla Topsent, 1913: 616 (Type species: Raspaxilla phakellina Topsent, 1913: 617, by monotypy). Echinaxia Hallmann, 1916a: 543; 1917: 391 (Type species: Axinella frondula Whitelegge, 1907: 509, by original designation). Axinectya Hallmann, 1917: 393 (Type species: Axinella mariana Ridley & Dendy, 1886: 480, by original designation). Definition. Raspailia with echinating rhabdostyles geometrically very different from the usually longer choanosomal styles (the latter without any basal rhabd); extra-axial styles forming a radial skeleton perpendicular to the axis; and well differentiated axial and extra-axial skeletons (the former compressed, the latter plumoreticulate and/or radial) (from Hooper et al. 2008)., Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Debitus, C��cile, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2018, A new species of the sponge Raspailia (Raspaxilla) (Porifera: Demospongiae: Axinellida: Raspailiidae) from deep seamounts of the Western Pacific, pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1221670, {"references":["Hallmann, E. F. (1916) A Revision of the Genera with Microscleres included, or provisionally included, in the Family Axinellidae, with Descriptions of some Australian Species. Part ii. (Porifera). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 41 (3), 495 - 552.","Hallmann, E. F. (1917) On the Genera Echinaxia and Rhabdosigma [Porifera]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 42 (2), 391 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4856","Ridley, S. O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by the H. M. S. \" Challenger \". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18 (108), 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998","Hooper, J. N. A., Sutcliffe, P. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. A. (2008) New species of Raspailiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida) from southeast Queensland. In: Davie, P. J. F. & Phillips, J. A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, The Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum-Nature, 54 (1), 1 - 22."]}

Raspailia (Raspaxilla) frondosa sp. nov. (Figs 1–4, Table 1) Etymology. Latin for leafy, reflecting the gross morphology of the sponge resembling the frond of a fern. Material examined. Holotype: MNHN-IP-2015-1402 (fragment of the holotype QM G335124) Station DW3110, New Caledonia Ridge 23o1.35’ S 168o16.99’ E to 23o1.71’S 168o15.86E, 270–310 m, Coll. Cécile Debitus, 28.x.2008 (Samadi 2008). Paratypes: QM G335144 (same data as holotype). QM G318701 NORFOLK 1 Station DW 1724, Norfolk Ridge Seamount Banc.no.1. 23o17.05’S 168o14.28’E, Dredge 200–291 m, Coll. Bertrand Richer de Forges, 27.vi.2001 (Richer de Forges 2001). Description. Growth form: A stalked foliaceous, flabellate to reniform sponge growing mainly in one plane but showing some undulations. The blades are between 55 and 65 mm high and 55 to 85 mm wide, with a maximum thickness of 3 mm at the base sloping to less than 1 mm at the apex. It has a circular stalked base with a diameter of 10 mm and small basal holdfast. Colour: Pale cream to orange on deck and beige to brown in ethanol. Texture: Firm and barely compressible, but easy to tear. Surface: Oscules are not visible, however on the surface the absence of parchment-like ectosome over the aquiferous channels resembles leaf veins (this is could also be due to friction or predation). Otherwise the surface is highly hispid and velvety from protruding long styles. Ectosomal skeleton: Membranous, parchment-like, without a specialised ‘raspailiid’ skeleton of spiculebouquets, but with a thick palisade of subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome up to 0.5–2 mm. Choanosomal skeleton: With well-differentiated axial and extra-axial skeletons. The axial skeleton is compressed, lacking spicules, but with heavy interlaced spongin fibres forming a wide core up to 50% of the diameter of the skeleton. Long subectosomal styles and shorter choanosomal rhabdostyles have their bases embedded in the axial spongin skeleton, standing perpendicular to the axis forming a radial extra-axial skeleton, with the subectosomal styles protruding through the ectosome and the choanosomal rhabdostyles supporting the parchment-like ectosome on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the sponge. Megascleres (Table 1). There are only two categories of megascleres. Choanosomal rhabdostyles are very smooth, moderately thick, with a smooth non-tylote base, varying from slight to well-developed rhabds (97–469 x 6.2–31.6 µm). Subectosomal styles are rare ( Microscleres: Absent. Molecular data. DNA barcodes for 28S and CO1 could not be retrieved for the holotype or for the paratypes. All samples underwent two different DNA extractions (see Methods section) and multiple amplification attempts with different deviations from the PCR protocol, but amplification success could not be achieved under the described methods.

WOS:000434220200016; International audience; We report herein a ring-distortion strategy applied to marine natural substances ilimaquinone and 5-epi-ilimaquinone. A chemically diverse library of molecules was synthesised that included rearrangements of the sesquiterpene moiety and original reorganisations of the quinone ring. Chemoinformatic analyses evaluated the rise of structural diversity and the exploration of chemical space. Some focussed biological activities of this library were also investigated; quorum sensing activity of Vibrio harveyi was envisaged and some of the new compounds were shown to be good quorum sensing inhibitor candidates, whereas others were activators. Toxicities were also evaluated and some products showed micromolar activities against human umbilical vein endothelium, human hepatocellular carcinoma and human lung carcinoma (A549) cells.

International audience; Four new sporochartines B-E were isolated from the marine fungus Hypoxylon monticulosum CLL-205, isolated from a sponge belonging to the Sphaerocladina order and collected in Tahiti coast. Sporochartine A (1), the first representative of this family was previously isolated from the same fungus. The structures of sporochartines B-E were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS and IR data. Their configurations were established according to ROE correlations and comparison with the absolute configuration of sporochartine A (1) previously obtained from X-ray analysis. Sporochartines A-D (2-4) may be derived from endo Diels-Alderase type catalysis and sporochartine E (5) from an exo Diels-Alderase catalysis. The spatial conformation of sporochartines drastically influences the results of the cytotoxic bioassay against HCT-116, PC-3 and MCF-7 human cancer cell lines.

International audience; Four bicyclic and three pentacyclic guanidine alkaloids (1–7) were isolated from a French Polynesian Monanchora n. sp. sponge, along with the known alkaloids monalidine A (8), enantiomers 9–11 of known natural product crambescins, and the known crambescidins 12–15. Structures were assigned by spectroscopic data interpretation. The relative and absolute configurations of the alkaloids were established by analysis of 1H NMR and NOESY spectra and by circular dichroism analysis. The new norcrambescidic acid (7) corresponds to interesting biosynthetic variation within the pentacyclic core. All compounds exhibited antiproliferative and cytotoxic efficacy against KB, HCT116, HL60, MRC5, and B16F10 cancer cells, with IC50 values ranging from 4 nM to 10 μM.