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In this research, we studied pristine (PGs) and Al, Ti, and Cr-doped graphene (DGs) via density functional theory calculations for adsorption of OF2 and O3 gas. Changes in the structural, electronic, and optical properties due to Al, Ti, and Cr-doping as well as gas adsorption have been studied. After doping with Al, Ti, and Cr atoms, the cohesive energies were −8.787, −8.754, and −8.768 eV, respectively, where the negative values indicate the structural stability of doped sheets. The OF2 adsorbed on the complexes of PGs, Ti-DGs, Cr-DGs, and Al-DGs showed strong adsorbate–adsorbent interaction with −0.468, −16.369, −11.096, and −9.158 eV adsorption energies, respectively. Similarly, for O3 gas, the adsorption energies of those sheets are −0.444, −10.575, −10.870, and −6.711 eV, respectively. From optical properties analysis, we found that the maximum reflectivity for gas-adsorbed Ti-DGs and Cr-DGs is found in the UV region, whereas the highest reflectivity for Ti-DGs and Cr-DGs is found in the visible range. Our studies reveal that all these DGs are good candidates for the adsorption and dissociation of OF2 and O3 gases.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of diet supplementation of enzymes during hot weather conditions on milk production and nutrient utilization in Murrah buffaloes. Twenty four Murrah buffaloes were distributed randomly into four equal groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with six buffaloes in each, on the basis of their body weight, lactation length and test day milk yield. Feeding trial was planned into four treatment groups, viz. T1 (Basal diet without enzyme supplementation), T2 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @800000 IU), T3 (Basal diet with supplementation of Cellulase @240000 IU) and T4 (Basal diet with supplementation of Xylanase @800000 IU and Cellulase@240000 IU). The results revealed that the average milk yield (5.93 L/day) was higher in T4 as compared to other treatment groups, i.e. 5.47, 5.59 and 5.88 L/day in T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively. Statistically the difference in milk yield was significantly higher in cellulase supplemented groups. The milk fat (%) was significantly higher in enzyme supplemented over control group. The results were shown an increment in all other major milk constituents in enzyme supplemented group in comparison to control group, while statistically the difference was found non-significant. The average DM intake (kg/d, kg/100 kg body wt. and g/kg W0.75) remained static in all treatment groups while the CP intake (g/d, g/100 kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly higher in cellulase supplemented buffaloes. The TDN intake (kg/d, kg/100kg BW and g/kg W0.75) was significantly higher in enzyme supplemented groups. Similarly the digestibility coefficient of CF, NDF and ADF were higher in buffaloes of T3 and T4 over control (T1) group. So, it is concluded from the present study that the milk production and milk composition improves in the combine use of xylanase and cellulase enzyme supplemented groups of buffaloes due to enhanced protein and energy intake and fibre digestibility.

Abstract Tetragonal graphene nano-capsule (TGC), a novel stable carbon allotrope of sp2 hybridization is designed and doped with phosphorus (P) to study the O3 and SO2 gas sensitivity via density functional theory calculation. Real frequencies verified the natural existence of both TGC and P-doped TGC (PTGC). Both TGC and PTGC suffer structural deformations due to interaction with O3 and SO2 gases. The amount of charge transfer from the adsorbent to the gas molecule is significantly greater for O3 adsorption than SO2 adsorption. The adsorption energies for TGC + O3 and PTGC + O3 complexes are − 3.46 and − 4.34 eV respectively, whereas for TGC + SO2 and PTGC + SO2 complexes the value decreased to − 0.29 and − 0.30 eV respectively. The dissociation of O3 is observed via interaction with PTGC. A significant variation in electronic energy gap and conductivity results from gas adsorption which can provide efficient electrical responses via gas adsorption. The blue/red shift in the optical response proved to be a way of detecting the types of adsorbed gases. The adsorption of O3 is exothermic and spontaneous whereas the adsorption of SO2 is endothermic and non-spontaneous. The negative change in entropy verifies the thermodynamic stability of all the complexes. QTAIM analysis reveals strong covalent or partial covalent interactions between absorbent and adsorbate. The significant variation in electrical and optical response with optimal adsorbent-gas interaction strength makes both TGC and PTGC promising candidates for O3 and SO2 sensing.

We conducted theoretical calculations to examine the energetic stability of pristine aluminum nitride (AlN) and N-defected AlN nanosheets, along with their structural, electronic, and optical properties, utilizing density functional theory. Furthermore, we explored the adsorption properties of BF3 and ClF3 toxic gases on both pristine AlN and N-defected AlN nanosheets. Our findings reveal that the N-defect on the AlN nanosheet enhances the gas adsorption energies (−1.354 and −13.263 eV) compared to the pristine AlN nanosheet. Additionally, the absolute value of the bandgap for the N-defected AlN nanosheet increases to 3.032 eV, exceeding the 2.997 eV value of the pristine AlN nanosheet. The gas molecules suffer significant deformation due to their interaction with adsorbents. Upon BF3 gas adsorption, the bandgap of the N-defected AlN nanosheet diminishes to zero. Moreover, the recovery time after gas adsorption on the N-defected AlN nanosheet surpasses that of the pristine AlN nanosheet. Both adsorbents showed a high absorption coefficient of over 104 cm−1 in the UV region. Significant peak shifting in the optical spectra of the N-defected AlN nanosheet was observed due to gas adsorption. The pronounced changes in structural, electronic, and optical properties following toxic gas adsorption suggest that N-defected AlN nanosheets are suitable for the adsorption (dissociation) of BF3 (ClF3) gases.

It is difficult to select low-cost filler materials. Specifically, carbon-based filling materials are a matter of concern, and developing a carbon-filled polymer composite with enhanced properties is necessary. In this study, the authors developed a polymer composite using virgin polypropylene (PP) as a matrix and affordable micrographite (µG) as a filler. The developed composite has many potential applications in the automotive, aerospace, and electronic industries. To prepare the test specimens, the composite was prepared using a twin-screw extruder containing 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 wt.% µG powder (BET surface area ≈ 29 m2/g; particle size > 50 µm) followed by injection molding. Different mechanical properties like the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were determined. The prepared composites were further characterized by means of XRD, TGA, DSC, FTIR, DMA, FESEM, and PLM tests. The results were analyzed and compared with those for PP. Improved tensile (up to ≈ 34 MPa) and flexural (up to ≈ 40 MPa) strength was observed with an increase in the µG content. However, the impact strength continuously decreased (maximum ≈ 32 J/m for PP) with fractures. These findings underscore that graphite plays a significant role in controlling the deformation behavior and ultimate strength of composites. An XRD analysis revealed that adding graphite restructured the crystalline arrangement of PP and altered the composite’s crystallographic properties. Nonetheless, no induction effect (β-phase formation) was observed. A moderate enhancement in the thermal stability was observed owing to a small increase in the melt (Tm), onset (Tonset), and residual (TR) temperatures. A microstructural analysis showed that the micrographite powder strongly prevented spherulite growth and modified the graphite powder’s rate of dispersion and agglomeration in a polymer matrix. The results show that graphite could be a viable low-cost alternative carbon-based filler material in polypropylene matrices.

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding different levels of rice dried distiller grains (rDDGS) on haemato-biochemical profile of Barbari goats. Twenty-four Barbari goats of 1-2 years of age were randomly divided into four groups (Control, T1, T2 and T3) having six animals in each group. Barbari goats in control group were fed with basal diet comprising of wheat straw, chaffed green maize fodder and compounded concentrate mixture in a ratio of 20:30:50. The animals in T1, T2 and T3 groups were fed with basal diet supplemented with 10, 20 and 30% of rDDGS on dry matter basis, respectively for the period of 90 days. Results revealed no significant differences on blood profile except WBC (×103/µl), neutrophil (%) and lymphocytes (%) in the groups supplemented with rDDGS. Total protein was found highly significant in T2 group followed by T1 and T3 groups. Total immunoglobulin, catalase, TBARS and ALT in rDDGS supplemented groups were also found significantly different. It was concluded that rDDGS can be incorporated in Barbari goat ration up to level of 20% without having any detrimental effect on health of goats.

This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of inulin on growth performance, feed conversion and nutrient digestibility in Barbari goats fed high and low concentrate diet for a period of 90 days. Twenty four yearling female Barbari goats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n=6) according to average body weight (18.24±1.16 kg). Treated animals in Group 1 were fed low concentrate diet (LCD; concentrate roughage ratio 40:60) and Group 2 (LCIN) with 2% inulin supplementation (% DM basis). Similarly, Group 3 was fed high concentrate diet (HCD; concentrate roughage ratio 60:40) and Group 4 (HCIN) with 2% inulin supplementation. Results showed that average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were higher in inulin supplemented groups than the non-supplemented group. There was no increase in mean live body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI) with inulin supplementation either in LCD or HCD treatment groups.The mean body condition score (BCS) was also similar in all groups. However, faecal score (FS) was superior in inulin supplemented group observed after 30 days of feeding trial. There was significant improvement in the digestibility coefficient of crude protein and DCP intake. It was concluded that inulin supplementation either in high concentrate and low concentrate diet of growing goats resulted in improvement in growth performance, faecal score and nutrient digestibility.

In this industrial era, the use of low-dimensional nanomaterials as gas sensors for environmental monitoring has received enormous interest. To develop an effective sensing method for ethylene oxide (EO), DFT computations are conducted using method ωB97X-D and B3LYP with 6-31G(d,p) basis set to evaluate the adsorption behavior of ethylene oxide gas on the surfaces of pristine, as well as Scandium and Titanium decorated B12N12, Al12N12, and Al12P12 nanocages. Several properties like structural, physical, and electronic are studied methodically to better understand the sensing behavior. Scandium-decorated aluminum phosphate and boron nitride nanocages were shown to perform better in terms of adsorption properties. The short recovery time observed in this study is beneficial for the repetitive use of the gas sensor. The Natural Bond Orbital and molecular electrostatic potential analysis demonstrated a substantial quantity of charge transfer from adsorbate to adsorbents. The bandgap alternation after adsorption shows an influence of adsorption on electronic properties. The interactions of adsorbate and adsorbents are further studied using the ultraviolet–visible predicted spectrum, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules all of which yielded promising findings.

Introduction: Obesity had been the most neglected public health problem increasing at an alarming rate affecting both the developed and developing countries. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is highly prevalent worldwide affecting 20–50% of the global population. Thus, a research was conducted to evaluate the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease among 35–44-year-old patients who were visiting the Oral Medicine and Radiology Department (OMDR) in TMDCRC, Moradabad. Objective: To know the prevalence of obesity and periodontal health. To record the body mass index (BMI) and to co-relate with periodontal disease. To recommend preventive measures for periodontitis and the obese population. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of OMDR, TMDCRC, Moradabad. A total of 566 subjects were examined aged 35–44 years visiting the out patient department (OPD) of the OMDR Department. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Questionnaire-based proforma was used comprising information regarding oral hygiene practices, frequency of toothbrushing, and method of brushing. A World Health Organization (WHO)-modified 2013 assessment form was used to record the periodontal status of the participants. Results: The examination of 550 subjects was done. It was found that there is a significant association of periodontal disease in factors like BMI, age, gender, smoking status, and loss of attachment (LOA) is found in BMI, gender, smoking status, and smoking frequency. It was also found that there is a significant association of the community periodontal index (CPI) scores in obese individuals. Conclusion: The main aim is to find and control the risk factor and eliminate it. Our study confirms that obesity is one of the risk indicators of periodontitis. With the scope and limitations of the study, it has been concluded that obesity and periodontitis have a significant relationship with each other. This study states the importance of good oral hygiene maintenance in obese and normal patients.

First Principle DFT calculations employing the B3LYP/LanL2DZ/SDD level of theory were used to analyze the various characteristics of boron nanoclusters (B6, B8, and B10). These pure structures were further doped with four transition metals (Ta, Ti, Tc, and V) to examine the enhancement of the pure structures' structural, electrical, and optical features. To study structural stability, we have estimated cohesion energy and imaginary frequencies. Cohesion energies were entirely negative, with a range of −3.37 eV to −8.07 eV, and most constructions had no imaginary frequencies, indicating their structural occurrences. The calculated adsorption energy suggests that the order of stability of the pristine boron nanoclusters is B10>B8>B6, and TcB10 and Tc2B10 are the more stable structures. Mulliken charge, DOS, HOMO-LUMO, and the HOMO-LUMO gap have all been examined in-depth to provide insight into electrical characteristics. UV–Vis and CD measurements show the doped boron nanoclusters have excellent optical properties. Aside from calculating thermodynamic functions, we have also calculated the global DFT parameters, which give us a deep quantum mechanical understanding of the optimized structure for further research and applications in the field of science and technology.

Evaluation and identification of resistant donors for brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.), an economically important insect pest of rice, is a continuous process to develop new resistant rice varieties. However, several rice landraces of north-eastern India are not yet characterized for BPH resistance. In the present study, a set of 218 rice landraces were screened in both greenhouse and open-field conditions for three consecutive years, and thereafter forty selected promising entries were explored to evaluate their phenotypic and genotypic reactions against BPH biotype 4. Based on phenotypic evaluations, five landraces were identified as resistant, while 31 were moderately resistant, and grouped under the major cluster I and II, respectively, in a circular dendrogram. Antixenosis and antibiosis studies of these landraces divulged that, compared to the susceptible check variety, resistant landraces exhibited the lowest feeding rate, survival, and nymphal and adult settling, but higher frequency of unhatched eggs of BPH. Un-infested resistant landraces registered higher levels of ascorbic acid, oxalic acid and crude silica, however, elevated levels of total free amino acid, potassium and crude silica were observed under BPH herbivory. The present study focuses on identifying new donors having BPH resistance resources which could be useful in genomic studies for the development of BPH biotype 4 resistant rice varieties.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is one of the most devastating invasive polyphagous pests, which has attracted recent global attention by developing resistance to various insecticidal active ingredients with independent mode of action. Fluxametamide, a newly commercialized isoxazoline insecticide, is exceptionally selective towards several lepidopteran pests. The present study aimed to evaluate resistance risk in FAW to fluxametamide and the fitness costs associated with fluxametamide resistance. A field-collected and genetically mixed population of FAW was artificially selected through continuous exposure to fluxametamide. After successive selection of 10 generations, there was no obvious increase in the LC50 (RF: 2.63-fold). The realized heritability (h2) of fluxametamide resistance was estimated as h2 = 0.084 using a quantitative genetic approach. Compared with the susceptible F0 strain, the Flux-SEL (F10) strain of FAW displayed no significant cross-resistance to broflanilide, chlorantraniliprole, fipronil, indoxacarb, lambda cyhalothrin, spinetoram, and tetraniliprole, except emamectin benzoate (RF: 2.08-fold). Increased activity of glutathione S-transferase (ratio 1.94) was observed in the Flux-SEL (F10) strain of FAW, while the cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase activities were not altered. The fluxametamide-selection significantly affected the development and reproductive traits of FAW with a lower R0, T and relative fitness (Rf = 0.353). The results alluded that the risk of fluxametamide resistance evolution in FAW is relatively lower; however, proactive implementation of resistance management approaches should be done to maintain the field efficacy of fluxametamide against FAW.

Investment in ICTs has not always yielded the expected results due to inadequate usage of ICTs by extension staffs. Our study aims to present a more general account of the use of ICTs and preferences of extension and advisory workers at the grassroots level. Following the technology acceptance model (TAM) and Dillman survey method, a google form was used to collect data from 131 sub-district level extension officers covering 48 (out of 64) districts of Bangladesh. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling was used to analyse the data and test the complex causal relationship of TAM components. Results revealed that the extension and advisory workers obtained ICT tools from the extension organization but received insufficient organizational supports to purchase internet packages, maintenance costs, and training to continue the use of it. Factor like perceived usefulness of ICTs positively influenced the extension workers' intention to use ICT-based information systems. A better understanding of the underlying reasoning behind the intention to use ICTs could aid future intervention design and facilitate ICT adoption in extension services in Bangladesh and beyond.

Background: Bangladesh is a developing country; so, it is faced with the great challenge of food insecurity. In spite of achieving self-sufficiency in food production, a huge number of people experience the food insecure situation in this country. Since long time ago, scientists are striving to feed the growing population of Bangladesh. However, this study was conducted to assess the present situation of food security in Bangladesh. Methods: This systematic study investigated the available literature and recorded the related and different dimensions of food security in Bangladesh. Results: Bangladesh has made remarkable improvements in food availability, access, and utilization in the last few decades, but it is not the case regarding the food stability. The country experiences numerous challenges regarding food insecurity. Bangladesh has made significant improvement in cereals (rice) production. Despite the increase in the income of people, the food quality is not good. Unequal land ownership and income distribution have made the food access below par. Food utilization has improved but balanced food intake is still far below the standard. A notable portion of people are still severly food insecure and malnourished. To ensure food security, government of Bangladesh has undertaken several programs but they were not sufficient to cope with this everlasting issue. Conclusion: Despite the improvement in many aspects of food security, people of Bangladesh still lack dietary diversification, which leads to nutritional imbalance. In addition, several factors challenge the food security. Therefore, GOs and NGOs should work from the same platform to address the challenges affecting food security in Bangladesh efficiently.

Fluxametamide, a novel isoxazoline insecticide, is newly registered for the control of various lepidopteran, coleopteran and thysanopteran insect pests on lethal and sublethal levels. In the present study, the toxicity and sublethal effects of fluxametamide on diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.), an invasive lepidopteran foliage feeder of cruciferous vegetables, were assessed to explore its bio-ecological impact on pest populations. The toxicity of fluxametamide to the third instar larvae of P. xylostella was 0.18 mg L−1 (LC50) at 72 h bioassay. After treatment with LC10 and LC30 concentrations of fluxametamide, the fourth instar larval duration, the rate of deformed pupa and adults, and the adult pre-oviposition period were significantly increased, whereas the pupation rate and pupal weight were significantly decreased in the F0 generation. In the F1 generation, sublethal effects of fluxametamide were indicated by a reduced fecundity, rate of pupation and adult emergence, pupal weight, and adult longevity, however a significant increase in eggs and total larval duration, deformed adults rate, and total longevity and pre-oviposition period was observed in the offspring. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0) of sublethal treatments were significantly lower than the control. The relative fitness of F1 was 0.68 and 0.64 in LC10 and LC30 treatments, respectively. The LC30 fluxametamide treatment exhibited increased glutathione S-transferase activities (elevated 1.433-fold) in P. xylostella. Our results suggest that in addition to its high lethal toxicity, the sublethal concentrations of fluxametamide might suppress the reproduction, development and survival of the P. xylostella population and its progeny, which can help to optimize integrated pest management program.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the egg traits among improved varieties of chicken reared under backyard poultry production system. The results indicated superiority of rearing these improved varieties under backyard production system in terms of their external and internal egg traits. Significant differences were observed in egg weight, shape index and shell weight of eggs which was superior in CARI-Devendra birds followed by CARISonali and CARI-Hitkari. The yolk weight in different varieties of chicken differ significantly. However, no difference in albumin weight was observed in the study. The egg indices and haugh unit was also superior in CARI-Devendra than other varieties of chicken. Further, it was found that management and its interaction had significant effect on egg weight and yolk colour in few varieties. Thus, it may be suggested that egg traits differ in different improved varieties of chicken and CARI Devendra and CARI Sonali may be promoted under backyard production system according to the demand for brown and white eggs, respectively.

Background and Aim: In the recent past, few studies have been carried out in chicken to assess the effect of Azolla meal and raw Azolla feeding on the performance of chicken. If turkeys effectively use unconventional feedstuffs like Azolla without reducing the performance, it will increase the profitability of turkey business. Hence, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dried Azolla pinnata vis-a-vis raw Azolla as choice feeding on the growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood biochemical attributes, and immune competence traits of growing turkeys under intensive system. Materials and Methods: A total of 72, 8-week-old grower turkey poults of black variety were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments having three replicates each with eight birds. The birds of the control group (T1) were fed a basal diet (CP - 19.71% and ME - 2789.79 Kcal/kg), while the other group (T2) and choice-feeding group (T3) were fed 5% of basal diet replaced by dry Azolla powder on DM basis and ad libitum Azolla along with basal diet, respectively. Results: There was no significant difference among the different groups in the average weekly weight gain during the entire experiment. FCR was significantly better (p

Aim: In the recent past, few studies have been carried out about sea buckthorn (SBT) and giloe in chicken as a part of the quest for suitable alternatives to antibiotics. However, studies in turkeys are lacking. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of SBT and giloe leaf meal by dietary feed supplementation in turkey poults. Materials and Methods: A total of 1-day-old turkey poults (n=84) of small white variety were distributed into four dietary treatments having three replicates each with seven birds. The study was conducted in turkey poults during 0-8 weeks of age. During the experiment, the poults were fed basal ration (28% crude protein [CP], 2800 Kcal/kg ME) T1, T2-basal ration was supplemented with SBT leaf meal powder at 0.5%, T3-basal ration was supplemented with giloe leaf meal powder at 0.5%, and T4-basal ration was fed along with supplementation of both SBT at 0.5% and giloe leaf meal powder at 0.5%. Results: T2 turkey poults had a significantly higher (p

Graphene has accomplished huge notoriety and interest from the universe of science considering its exceptional mechanical physical and thermal properties. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon having one atom thick size and planar sheets thickly stuffed in a lattice structure resembling a honeycomb structure. Numerous methods to prepare graphene have been created throughout a limited span of time. Due to its fascinating properties, it has found some extensive applications to a wide variety of fields. So, we believe there is a necessity to produce a document of the outstanding methods and some of the novel applications of graphene. This article centres around the strategies to orchestrate graphene and its applications in an attempt to sum up the advancements that has taken place in the research of graphene.

Aim: To evaluate the methane generation potential and digestibility of different (normal and three high-quality protein maize [HQPM]) varieties of maize fodder with goat rumen liquor in vitro. Materials and Methods: Methane production potential and digestibility of different varieties of maize fodder were tested in in vitro gas production test. Seven varieties of maize, four normal (HTHM 5101, DHM 117, HM 5, and Shaktiman/900 M Gold), and three high-quality protein (HQPM 5, HQPM 7, and HQPM 9/Vivek) were grown in different plots under the same environmental and agro-climatic conditions. Fodders were harvested at 45-50 days of sowing, and the representative samples of fodder from different varieties of maize were collected for analysis. Dried and grinded form of these maize fodder varieties was tested for gas, methane, and digestibility using goat rumen microflora in in vitro gas syringes. Results: Gas production (ml/g dry matter [DM]) was highest for HM5 variety (97.66, whereas lowest for HQPM 9 variety (64.22). Gas production (ml/g degraded DM [DDM]) and methane (%) were statistically similar in different varieties of maize fodder. The methane production expressed as ml/g DM and ml/g DDM was significantly (p

Aim: The present study was conducted to see the effect of feeding different levels of Azolla meal on blood biochemicals, hematology and immunocompetence traits of Chabro chicken. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 160 Chabro chicks, which were randomly divided into four treatment groups each with four replicates of 10 birds. The first treatment (T1) served as a control in which basal diets was offered without Azolla supplementation while in T2, T3, and T4 groups, basal diet was replaced with Azolla meal at 5%, 7.5%, and 10% levels, respectively. A feeding trial was conducted upto 8 weeks. At the last week of trial, blood samples were collected randomly from one bird of each replicate and plasma was separated to estimate certain biochemical parameters, some blood metabolites, minerals and enzymes like alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocytes count and differential leukocytes count were estimated in fresh blood just after collection. The humoral immune response was measured against sheep red blood cells,and cell-mediated immune response was measured against phyto hemagglutinin lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA-P). Results: The study showed that hematological profile of the Chabro bird was not affected by any treatment except heterophil and lymphocyte which was found higher in T2 and T3 groups and eosinophil was found higher in a T3 group than control. Blood glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and triglycerides were found similar in all the groups and within the normal values for broiler chicken. Liver enzymes and macro mineral content in blood were found similar in all the treatment groups and within normal physiological range. Although AST was found higher in 10% replacement group than control, the value was within normal range for broiler chicken. Although antibody titer was found similar in all the experimental groups in the present study, cell-mediate immune response (response to PHA-P) was found higher in 5%, 7.5%, and 10% replacement groups than control(p

Aim: The aim of the current study was to protect the protein in mustard cake by different levels of formaldehyde treatment with a view to optimize the level of formaldehyde. Materials and Methods: Different levels of formaldehyde treatment (0, 1, 1.5 and 2% of crude protein) containing concentrate and roughages diet in 40:60 ratio were tested for their effect on nutrients digestibility, in vitro ammonia release, in vitro gas production and change in protein fractions. Non-significant (p≤0.05) effect on pH, microbial biomass, partitioning factor, total gas production (TGP), TGP per g dry matter and TGP per g digestible dry matter (ml/g) was observed in almost all the treatments. Results: Total volatile fatty acids at 2% formaldehyde treatment level of mustard cake was lower (p

Aim: Present study was conducted to examine the modulatory effect of different essential oils on rumen fermentation pattern in vitro using wheat straw based diet (concentrate: wheat straw 50:50). Materials and Methods: Four essential oils i.e. cinnamon, garlic, oregano and rosemary oils were tested at concentration of 0, 30, 300 and 600 mg/litre (ppm) of total culture fluid using in vitro gas production technique. Total gas production, methane production, nutrient degradability, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and ammonia nitrogen concentration were studied in vitro using buffalo rumen liquor. Results: Results indicated that all four essential oils decreased gas production significantly (P

Anaesthesia related complications in plastic surgeries are fortunately rare, but potentially catastrophic. Maintaining patient safety in the operating room is a major concern of anaesthesiologists, surgeons, hospitals and surgical facilities. Circumventing preventable complications is essential and pressure to avoid these complications in cosmetic surgery is increasing. Key aspects of patient safety in the operating room are outlined, including patient positioning, airway management and issues related to some specific conditions, essential for minimizing post-operative morbidity. Risks associated with extremes of age in the plastic surgery population, may be minimised by a better understanding of the physiologic changes as well as the pre-operative and post-operative considerations in caring for this special group of patients. An understanding of the anaesthesiologist′s concerns during paediatric plastic surgical procedures can facilitate the coordination of efforts between the multiple services involved in the care of these children. Finally, the reader will have a better understanding of the perioperative care of unique populations including the morbidly obese and the elderly. Attention to detail in these aspects of patient safety can help avoid unnecessary complication and significantly improve the patients′ experience and surgical outcome.

Arsenic poisoning is now considered as one of the biggest environmental disaster and a major public health issue. Incidence of arsenicpoisoning has been reported from many parts of the world. While Bangladesh and West Bengal (India) account for the most of the incidence, occasional reports from Mexico, Taiwan and mainland China have also appeared.It is a natural metalloid found in low concentrations in virtually every part of the environment as it is used in a wide variety of industrial applications, from computers to fireworks. Ground water arsenic is the major source of poisoning in animals and human. About 80% of ingested arsenic is absorbed and metabolized in liver and then excreted through urine and faeces while upon chronic exposure, it is deposited in liver, kidney and skin. Human populations are also being exposed to this poison by consuming the milk of affected animal.Inorganic forms of arsenic are more toxic compared to organic forms. Acute toxicity is rare in nature in comparison to chronic toxicity, which is prevalent in contaminated areas. Most non-ruminants are more susceptible to intoxication than ruminants. Chronic exposure of arsenic in animals and human beings causes severe adverse effects in the form of lowered immunity, diseases and production performances. [Vet World 2013; 6(1.000): 53-58]

Drought is an extreme and frequent event in the north-west region of Bangladesh and it adversely affects the livelihood of the farming community. Identifying the coping strategies that farmers use in the face of drought is crucial in order to understand how farmers minimize the effects of drought on their production, especially in the face of climatic changes that may impact the occurrence of extreme weather events. The purpose of this study was to assess farmers’ coping strategies for droughts by identifying which strategies are used and the influencing factors. A mixed methods approach using qualitative and quantitative data was employed. Preliminary data were collected using structured interviews and focus group discussions in which the findings were triangulated in order to design a questionnaire. The study respondents were 100 farmers operating in north-west Bangladesh. The findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics, coefficient of correlation, multiple linear and step-wise regressions. The results reveal that the respondents have limited drought coping strategies, even though the region is prone to frequent droughts. Among the fourteen identified drought coping strategies, the use of deep tube wells for irrigation water was the most widely reported and the farmers perceived it as the most important coping strategy. Shallow tube wells closely followed as the second most commonly used coping strategy reported by the respondents. Among the identified coping strategies, the least practiced was the use of treadle pumps. The findings from the study showed that age, education, farm size, annual family income, extension media contact, and organization participation were significantly associated with the choice of coping strategy that the farmers employed. Additionally, farm size, age, and education were identified as influential factors that affected the farmers’ choice of which drought coping strategies to use. The study identified important issues for policy makers engaged with governmental programs that aim to enhance the farmers’ drought coping mechanisms. The methods employed and the results of this study could be usefully applied in other districts of Bangladesh, or other areas of the world suffering from the negative effects of drought on agricultural production.

Peppermint oil is easily available as a constituent of medicines. A near fatal case due to ingestion of toxic dose of oral peppermint oil is being reported. The patient came in a comatosed state and was in shock. She was managed with mechanical ventilation and ionotropes. Her vital parameters reached normal within 8 hours and became conscious by 24 hours. The side effects of peppermint oil are considered to be mild but this case report warns that ingestion of oral toxic doses of peppermint oil could be dangerous.