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Background: Mammography and ultrasound are the best-known techniques used for screening and diagnosis of breast cancer. This study evaluated the accuracy of sonomammography in diagnosing breast lesions, both benign and malignant separately and confirmation of the findings by histopathology.Methods: A prospective study was conducted for 18 months in women aged above 15 years with breast lesions or symptoms of breast diseases. The diagnosis protocol consisted of clinical breast examination, mammography, ultrasound and histopathological examination. Mammograms were interpreted according to the breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) diagnostic categories on a five-point scale. This was followed by ultrasound imaging of the breast and axilla with ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (sonomammography-FNAC) from the breast lump.Results: Among the 52 patients, three patients were divorced, 40 were married and nine were unmarried. Eight had a history of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) use and one patient had a family history of breast lesions. The mammography report revealed 31 patients suspected to be malignant and 21 patients to be benign. According to the sonomammography report, 32 patients were suspected to be malignant while 20 patients were suspected to be benign. Correlation between mammography report, sonomammography report and grade versus histopathological finding also showed significance with p

Our objective was to learn the possible effects of fixed orthodontic therapy on the periodontium of the extraction sites adjacent to canines and first molars. This was a prospective cohort study.Sixty-two systemically healthy subjects were selected. The study was divided into the period of oral hygiene instructions and the period of active orthodontic treatment. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were recorded for the canines and first molars at baseline, after 1 month of orthodontic therapy, and every 3 months until the completion of the orthodontic treatment.There was a statistically significant increase in all clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and attachment loss; P 0.05) on the first molars compared with the canines. Significant increases in attachment loss were noted in both the canines (baseline, 0.06 ± 0.01 mm; end of treatment, 0.17 ± 0.02 mm) and the molars (baseline, 0.07 ± 0.01 mm; end of treatment, 0.20 ± 0.02 mm).Attachment loss cannot be explained solely by the effect of plaque or the banding of teeth. Other factors such as tooth extractions adjacent to the canines, tooth movement, and occlusal trauma may have contributing roles in the loss of periodontal support in adolescent patients.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of human telomerase reverse transcription (hTERT) enzyme in chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) compared with healthy individuals.A total of 79 individuals consented to participate in the study. The study sample comprised healthy individuals (n = 30), patients with CP (n = 30), and patients with AgP (n = 19). Gingival tissue was collected and evaluated for hTERT expression by Western blot and immunohistochemical methods. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed using the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples.The hTERT messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression was significantly higher in AgP compared with CP (P0.001). In GCF, 53.33% of patients with CP and 68.42% of patients with AgP were showing hTERT mRNA expression, but it was not detected in the control group. The AgP tissue showed higher hTERT expression compared with CP (P0.001). The hTERT mRNA expression did not show a correlation with gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (AL) in patients with AgP, whereas hTERT protein expression was strongly correlated with GI, PI, PD, and AL in patients with AgP. The protein expression of hTERT shows significant but moderate correlation with GI and AL in patients with CP.High expression of hTERT might be associated with periodontal disease progression, suggesting that hTERT could be a potential prognostic marker.

Context: Host's immune response elicits cytokines in response to bacterial challenge. We explore role of one such cytokine interleukin-18 (IL-18) in periodontal health and disease. Aims: IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory and tumor suppressive cytokine. Dental literatures suggest that IL-18 might have a role to play in the progression from oral health to periodontal disease. Therefore, this study was undertaken to elucidate the level and role of IL-18 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of individuals with healthy gingiva, chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, and aggressive periodontitis before and after periodontal therapy. Settings and Design: Eighty individuals chosen for the study were divided into healthy control group (1A), chronic gingivitis (2A), chronic periodontitis (3A), and aggressive periodontitis (4A) with twenty individuals each. Criteria for the division were the subject's gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and radiographic evidence of bone loss. Materials and Methods: The individuals underwent treatment (scaling in case of Groups 1A and 2A and scaling and root planing followed by flap surgery in Groups 3A and 4A) to form posttreatment Groups 1B, 2B, 3B, and 4B, respectively. Thus, a total of 160 GCF and 160 serum samples were collected and tested by ELISA. Statistical Analysis Used: Intergroup comparison was done by post hoc Tukey's test. Results: The mean IL-18 concentration was greatest in Group 3A (GCF 144.61 pg/μl, serum 55.12 pg/ml) followed by Group 4A (GCF 98.55 pg/μl, serum 39.06 pg/ml), Group 2A (GCF 22.27 pg/μl, serum 27.73 pg/ml) and lowest (GCF 17.94 pg/μl, serum 11.49 pg/ml) in Group 1A. Posttreatment groups (1B–4B) showed reduction in the mean IL-18 concentration in both GCF and serum. Conclusions: As the inflammation increased, there was a concomitant increase in the level of IL-18 and vice versa following periodontal therapy.

Objective: To evaluate the periodontal status of HIV seropositive patients and to find out if any correlation exists between the severity of periodontal disease and the CD4 cell count in HIV patients. Methods: One hundred and thirty patients attending the Viral Diseases OPD, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata were examined. They were grouped according to the CD4 cell count as Group A - Subjects with CD4 Cell count < 200/ 毺 L and Group B - Subjects with CD4 Cell count 曒 200/ 毺 L. Their community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) score were recorded. Results: It was found that most of the patients in each group were having score ‘2’ (i.e. presence of supra or subgingival calculus), as their highest score. A statistically significant association was found between immune status as depicted by CD4 cell count and periodontal status as shown by highest CPITN score in the present study. Conclusions: The present study confirms the effect of immunosuppression on periodontal diseases in HIV infected patients.

Background: Several synthetic alloplastic materials have been used in the past as an implant in infrabony defects with a goal to reconstruct the lost part of attachment apparatus via new osseous tissue formation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare clinico-radiographically, the effect of bioactive glass (BG), hydroxyapatite (HA), and BG-HA composite bone graft particles in the treatment of human infra-bony periodontal defects. Materials and Methods: Indigenous synthetic HA, BG, and BG-HA composite bone graft materials were developed in the laboratory. Twenty eight infrabony periodontal defects were equally distributed (i.e., seven defects) into four groups. The defects were treated separately with three types of graft materials and non-grafted manner (open flap debridement alone, control) to evaluate both the soft and hard tissue responses after six months of surgery. Evaluation was done by studying different parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, relative attachment level, probing pocket depth, and radiographic bone fill in Intra Oral Peri-Apical radiograph. Results: The healing of defects was uneventful and free of any biological complications. The gain in relative attachment level, reduction of probing pocket depth, and bone fill was statistically significant in all four groups. BG and BG-HA synthetic bone graft implanted sites showed significant bone fill (P

Background: Current trends in clinical dental implant therapy include modification of titanium surfaces for the purpose of improving osseointegration by different additive (bioactive coatings) and subtractive processes (acid etching, grit-blasting). The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the behaviour of hydroxyapatite and the newly developed bioactive glass coated implants (62 implants) in osseous tissue following implantation in 31 patients. Methods: Bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite was suitably coated on titanium alloy. Hydroxyapatite coating was applied on the implant surface by air microplasma spray technique and bioactive glass coating was applied by vitreous enamelling technique. The outcome was assessed up to 12 months after prosthetic loading using different clinical and radiological parameters. Results: Hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass coating materials were non-toxic and biocompatible. Overall results showed that bioactive glass coated implants were as equally successful as hydroxyapatite in achieving osseointegration and supporting final restorations. Conclusions: The newly developed bioactive glass is a good alternative coating material for dental implants.

Background: This paper presents the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in a given population of West Bengal and its relationship with their age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational background, and dietary habits. Also, the treatment needs on the basis of Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), which might be helpful for future planning of dental services. Materials and Methods: A sample of 22,452 individuals aged 15 years and above was selected using a random cluster sampling from the population. All the subjects sampled were weighed by age, sex, community, income group, educational level, diet pattern, and habitation. The WHO CPITN was used to assess the levels of periodontal condition and treatment needs. Results: Score 2 was most prevalent in all the groups. Periodontal disease is widespread in West Bengal and a positive relation appears to exist between age, sex, socio-economic status, education level, and dietary habits with periodontal status. Comprehensive oral hygiene instruction and dental prophylaxis need to be initiated. Conclusion: The data on periodontal conditions presented in this study are similar to data available from WHO on global oral health. These estimates are important for the future planning of dental services in the state.

Objective: To search adequate epidemiological data on periodontal conditions for the planning of oral health programs in Indian population. and to determine the prevalence of periodontal diseases, in regards to age and gender of urban and rural population in West Bengal, India. Methods: 22542 subjects aged 15 years onwards, representative of rural and urban areas of West Bengal were examined for their periodontal conditions using the community periodontal index (CPI). Results: Supra and/or sub gingival calculus dominated as the most frequent score (score 2) among males (76.51%) and females (76.58%). which was least affected in young age group and higher in rural population. Severity of highest score were significant (P＜0.00l) according to their gender, age group and habitation and had independent effects (P＜0.00l) on it. Mean number of sextants affected by scores 1. 2, 3. & 4 were more in the rural areas. Assessed treatment needed was predominantly type Ⅱ (Scaling and improved oral hygiene). Conclusions: The severe periodontal condition (Score 2. 3 and 4) is observed among rural males in older age group more than its urban counterparts of West Bengal. India.

Background: The use of different bioactive materials as coating on dental implant to restore tooth function is a growing trend in modern Dentistry. In the present study, hydroxyapatite and the bioactive glass-coated implants were evaluated for their behavior in osseous tissue following implantation in 14 patients. Materials and Methods: Bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite formulated and prepared for coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Hydroxyapatite coating was applied on the implant surface by air plasma spray technique and bioactive glass coating was applied by vitreous enameling technique. Their outcome was assessed after 6 months in vivo study in human. Results: Hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass coating materials were nontoxic and biocompatible. Uneventful healing was observed with both types of implants. Conclusion: The results showed bioactive glass is a good alternative coating material for dental implant.

Gastro-intestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are a biologically distinct heterogenous group of tumours of the gut. They are said to arise from interstitial cells of Cajal in gut wall. The turnour results from mutation of c-kit gene which codes for CD117 containing tyrosine kinase receptor of Cajal cells. Identification of this mutation by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the key to the diagnosis of these tumours. CD117 negative GISTs develop from gene mutation through alternate pathway (PDGFRA). The accurate diagnosis is important as specific chemotherapeutic agents are now available for their management. We have studied 8 cases of GISTs during last 2 years in our institute. Half of the cases were female, six cases were in the age group between 35 to 50 years, the other two being of 19 and 70 years. On histology, 5 cases were categorized as high grade on the basis of their size and mitotic count. All cases were subjected to IHC. Only 4 cases were CDll7 positive, one case was positive for S100 and one case for SMA. Remaining 2 cases, negative for CD117, S100 and SMA, histologically resembled GISTs. CD117 positive cases are ideal candidates for treatment with molecularly targeted specific chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., imatinib as these tumours are non-responsive to conventional chemotherapy. Histologically diagnosed stromal tumours of the gut should be subjected to immunostain for CD117 so that specific medical management can be provided to prevent recurrence and metastasis as well as pre-operative debulking of the tumour.

Background: Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been considered a candidate of genetic risk markers for aggressive periodontitis (AP). AP has also been associated with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) dysfunction. The role of monocyte subsets in AP has also not been completely explored. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess in, AP subjects, the possible association between defective PMN adhesion and β2 -integrin expression; defective neutrophil migration and actin polymerization level; the expression of ABO blood group and HLA antigen; and the percentage of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes and CD45RA monocytes. All these parameters have been compared with the subjects of chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 subjects of the age group 20-50 years, free from any known systemic disease, were divided into three groups - Group I - periodontally healthy control (n = 15), Group II - CP (n = 15) and Group III - AP (n = 15). Peripheral blood samples were collected. ABO grouping and HLA typing were performed. β2 -integrin expression, actin polymerization level and percentage of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes and CD45RA monocytes were estimated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Results: Most of the subjects of AP belonged to the blood group AB, and an increased frequency of HLA-A30, CW1 and DR1 (P < 0.1) and B44 and DQ2 (P < 0.05) were also observed in this group. In the AP group, both average values (β2 -integrin and actin level) were significantly less than those of normal subjects (P < 0.001). The mean percentage of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes was found to be maximum in CP, followed by AP, and then in healthy subjects, while the mean percentage of CD45RA was maximum in AP, followed by CP, and then in healthy subjects. Conclusions: With the present state of knowledge from this study, a definite association of ABO blood groups and HLA phenotypes with periodontal diseases is yet to be established. Leukocytic functional defects were found in AP subjects. A statistically significant percentage of CD14+ CD16+ and CD45RA monocytes were found in AP subjects as compared with the normal control and CP groups.

Background: Aggressive periodontitis (AgP) has been associated with polymorphonuclear leukocyte's (PMNL) dysfunction and periodontal pathogens possess variety of virulence factors that can impair PMNL's function. This study investigated the possible association between defective neutrophil adhesion and β2 -integrin expression and defective neutrophil migration and actin polymerization level in the peripheral blood of neutrophils from the patients with AgP. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 individuals both male and female, age ranges between 13 – 48 years, were included in the study. Healthy controls (group I, n=10), chronic periodontitis (ChP) (group II, n=10), and AgP (group III, n=10), all without any systemic diseases and non-smokers, were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were taken and β2 -integrin expression and actin polymerization levels were estimated by using fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Results: In AgP cases, both average values (β2 -integrin and actin level) were significantly less than that of normal subjects (