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Assessment is one of the thorniest aspects of teaching for creativity. Nevertheless, research suggests there is tremendous potential for nurturing creativity through assessment. This article identifies how music educators can leverage assessment for learning (formative assessment) as a powerful tool for cultivating creativity within a variety of music activities. Four core strategies are described: (a) developing flexible success criteria, (b) providing and supporting engagement with feedback, (c) activating self-assessment, and (d) optimizing the classroom context for creativity-nurturing assessment.

In this article, we look at three teacher education programs across three countries--Australia, Bhutan, and Canada--to examine how reflection is cultivated in pre-service teachers (also referred to as teacher candidates) through a pedagogy of self-assessment. We begin from the premise that a cornerstone of effective teaching is the capacity of an educator to reflect on their practice and to use their reflections for professional growth and development. Qualitative data were collected from teacher candidates from one teacher education program in each country to obtain the views and reflections of teacher candidates about the power and pedagogy of self-assessment to inform their learning and development. Analysis of results led to three overarching themes: (a) consistent learning priorities of pre-service teachers as they engage with reflection; (b) pedagogical features that leverage self-assessment strategies to enhance reflective practice; and (c) the possibilities for reflection to facilitate a professional stance towards learning. Each theme is discussed with consideration for teacher education practices and theory.

This study explores beginning teacher candidates' approaches to grading in relation to their broader conceptions of assessment through a survey research design. 248 Canadian teacher candidates responded to two scales: Teachers' Approaches to Grading (TAG) and Teachers' Conceptions of Assessment (TCOA). The results of factor analysis showed that teacher candidates approached grading in relation to four factors: (a) grade consequence, (b) holistic view of assessment, (c) holistic view of learners, and (d) classroom context. Their broad conceptions of assessment are related to three factors: (a) assessment as improvement and accountability, (b) assessment as irrelevant, and (c) assessment as inaccurate. The results of factor structures and intercorrelations within and across the TAG and TCOA scales showed that these beginning teacher candidates approached grading with variable complexity and attention to holistic view of assessment and of learners with an aim to support student learning.

Principals play a key leadership role in school effectiveness and student success; however, one area that has received relatively little attention so far is principals' embedded understanding of assessment and grading within the educational context where they work. We examined 141 Chinese school principals' conceptions of assessment and grading practices using a survey research design. Our results indicated that principals viewed summative assessment as necessarily serving two purposes: (a) accountability, and (b) improvement of teaching and learning. Assessment that does not serve these dual purposes was not viewed as maximally supporting learning in this educational context. The study further found that accountability pressures influenced principals' conceptions of assessment and consequently shaped their approaches to grading in China's examination-oriented culture. This study provides implications for a heightened understanding of principals' leadership in the crucial role that student assessment plays in both enhancing instruction and student learning and ever-expanding accountability mandates within the Chinese education context and other educational contexts globally.

Empirical research in education has largely adopted quantitative approaches to measure teachers' and students' perceptions of fairness and justice in classroom contexts. The purpose of this study is to understand the validity evidence of fairness and justice instruments including how fairness and justice have been conceptualized in measures. Through a systematic review method, 96 quantitative studies were identified and their measurement instruments were analyzed based on five validity criteria: (a) framework and conceptualization of construct, (b) response processes, (c) internal structure, (d) internal consistency reliability, and (e) relationship to other variables. Results showed that most studies conceptualized classroom fairness and justice from organizational and social psychological theories with only a few conducting rigorous statistical analyses to support their validity interpretations. Findings are critically discussed and point to the need to develop a theory of fairness and justice rooted in classroom contexts.

The educational system in Ghana has undergone various reforms as a result of colonisation, changes in government and constitutional amendments. These reforms have been accompanied by changes in educational assessment programmes. This paper explored the history of educational assessment in Ghana, understanding how educational reforms, colonisation and political accountability have shaped the use of assessment information in contemporary Ghanaian educational context. High-stakes nature of large-scale assessment in Ghana has cultivated infertile ground for teachers' formative assessment practices. Assessment is mainly perceived as serving accountability purposes, obscuring the improvement function (i.e. formative purpose) of assessment in students' learning and fuelling ongoing tensions between classroom assessment and the more visible, higher stakes summative assessments. Research-informed assessment policy and sustained collaborative professional learning about assessment are critical to support a conceptual shift among all educational stakeholders to help them understand, value, and use formative assessment to support the learning needs of every students.

Background: Teachers' perspectives provide crucial insights into classroom practice in early childhood education settings. Although many kindergarten programmes emphasise play "and" assessment to support children's learning and development, recent research suggests that there are some disparities between teachers' articulated role of play and what they report assessing during periods of play. As a range of research designs can be used in efforts to probe the complex relationships between perspectives and practice, it is important to consider which methodological approach, or combination of approaches, may prove optimal in early years contexts. Purpose: The study sought to explore the relative merits of using: (1) semi-structured interview; and (2) video-elicitation interview approaches to gain deeper understanding of the connections between teachers' perspectives and practices within kindergarten education. Methods: An in-depth, qualitative enquiry was undertaken. This included classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and video-elicitation interviews from 20 kindergarten classrooms in Ontario, Canada. Interview data were thematically analysed. Findings: The analysis indicated that video-elicitation interviewing influenced the structure and content of participants' responses when compared with semi-structured interviews, providing additional and valuable insights into the ever-present negotiation between perspectives and practice. Conclusion: The study highlights how semi-structured and video-elicitation interview approaches each offer particular strengths and limitations, and can be used independently or in combination to gain a deeper understanding of the connection between teachers' perspectives and their classroom practices. The selection of one approach, or combination of approaches, needs to be carefully aligned with the overarching research goals of a study.

Over the past three decades, policy and professional standards have repeatedly called teachers to integrate assessment continuously across their practice in various ways to identify, monitor, support, evaluate, and report on student learning. Educational researchers have conceptualized and operationalized multiple constructs to understand teachers' classroom assessment practice including 'assessment competency,' 'assessment literacy,' and later, 'assessment capability' and 'assessment identity.' The result of these multiple constructs presents a constellation of assessment discourses, which have influenced contemporary educational policies and professional development practices across systems, shaping understandings of teachers' assessment work. Yet of concern is the resulting confusion that ensues when multiple discourses related to the same professional responsibility proliferate in a short timeframe, arising from dissimilar historic foundations, and each replete with epistemological assumptions and unique connotations for practice. As such, our aim in this paper is to critically map the constellation of assessment capacity discourses through a scoping review methodology to examine how these related discourses have been conceptualized for pre-service or in-service teachers. Driving this analytic mapping was the following research question: How are assessment competence, assessment literacy, assessment capability, and assessment identity conceptualized in peer-reviewed research? Specifically, we were interested in analyzing the evolution of each construct over time (i.e. since the introduction of the construct into peer-reviewed literature) and space (i.e. geography), and in considering how the constructs contribute toward a current view of teachers' assessment work. To this end, our provides the basis for theorizing new directions and possibilities for supporting teachers' in their assessment roles and responsibilities.

This article reports research that identified and analyzed assessment for learning strategies employed by six Canadian music educators to support and develop student creativity. Findings include descriptions of creativity-nurturing practices organized into four categories: (a) developing assessment criteria; (b) encouraging creative processes; (c) optimizing the classroom context; and (d) activating self-assessment. Results include detailed descriptions of strategies that educators can employ to leverage formative assessment to nurture student creativity within and beyond music education contexts.

This study employed a quantitative research design to investigate Chinese teachers' conceptions of classroom assessment and perceived skills. A total of 746 teachers were recruited through professional teaching groups. Results showed that a higher percentage of Chinese teachers selected contemporary assessment approaches to classroom assessment (e.g., assessment for learning) than more traditional approaches (e.g., assessment of learning). Chinese teachers also reported high levels of confidence in items that addressed aspects of assessment theory. Significant differences in approaches to classroom assessment were found across (a) age groups, (b) educational qualifications, and (c) between full-time classroom teachers and classroom teachers that held additional positions (e.g., school administrator, leader, head). Implications for educational policy-makers and practitioners in light of enhancing teacher assessment literacy are discussed.

Systemic disruptions from COVID-19 have transformed the assessment landscape in Canada and across the world. Alongside repeated shifts to emergency remote teaching, large-scale assessments and summative evaluations were cancelled in many jurisdictions, and repeated concerns were raised about ensuring equity and access to quality education. This paper investigates the rapid -- and in many cases innovative -- responses teachers offered to these challenges at the height of the pandemic. Drawing on prolonged semi-structured interviews with 17 secondary school teachers in Ontario, Canada, the paper provides a detailed account of Ontario's approach to assessment during COVID-19, exemplified by participants' lived experiences. Results highlight the notion of emergency remote assessment, the vital role of assessment in stemming widening equity and well-being gaps, and emerging consequences from this period. These data offer critical insights into the future of our forever-changed education landscape, and position classroom assessment as a priority player in this work.

Given the longstanding role of grades in education, and their increased use for high-stakes decisions including student mobility, admission, selection, and accountability, this paper presents a systematic review of grading policies across all 10 Canadian provinces and 3 territories. In total, 23 policies were inductively analyzed for their articulation of (a) the purposes of grades, (b) the methods used for generating grades, and (c) the relationship between grading and formative assessment. Our analysis revealed significant areas of consistency across Canada while also highlighting important areas of variation. Implications of these findings on the value and use of grades within and across educational systems in Canada are discussed.

Background: The presence and function of assessment in Canadian classrooms has changed in the past thirty years. Driving this continuously evolving landscape of classroom assessment is the fundamental belief that classroom assessment can be effectively used to monitor and support student learning and achievement. A central challenge amid this changing landscape is that teachers are required to keep pace with increasing assessment expectations, with research continuing to show that teachers are generally underprepared for the current context of assessment they may face. A potential root cause of this reported unpreparedness relates to teacher preparation in assessment during initial teacher education programmes. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine approaches to assessment education across Canadian teacher education programmes. Drawing on data from teacher educators and teacher education documents (e.g. course syllabi), two research questions guided this study: (1) What are the programmatic provisions for assessment education across Canadian teacher education programmes?; and (2) What are teacher educators' approaches to assessment education? Method: This study explores the landscape of assessment education across Canada through analyses of interviews with teacher educators (n = 25) and programme documentation drawn from 12 teacher education programmes. Findings: The analyses identified six overarching themes that characterise contemporary assessment education: (1) similar structures of assessment education; (2) limited time for assessment education; (3) inconsistent messaging; (4) focus of learning; (5) attitudes and explicitly modelling assessment; and (6) building explicit connections to teaching contexts across kindergarten-12th grade (student ages 5-18). Conclusions: Understanding how teachers are educated in assessment is the first step in redressing teachers' low levels of assessment literacy. This exploratory pan-Canadian study provides a theoretical and descriptive foundation for future research into assessment education in Canada and elsewhere, with the aim of improving teacher education in assessment.

While integrated STEAM education has been shown to support the cultivation of critical global competencies, teachers have identified classroom assessment as a key barrier to facilitating integrated learning. This research investigated how exemplary teachers navigated classroom assessment challenges and practices within integrated STEAM education contexts. Employing an in-depth qualitative design, this study drew on data from interviews with 14 exemplary STEAM teachers and assessment artifacts (e.g., assessments, resources, lesson/unit plans). Through an inductive analysis, synergies and tensions within three overarching themes were identified: planning for assessment, formative assessment, and grading/evaluation. Teachers' planning practice was characterized by a focus on key learning skills as well as divergent opinions regarding a backwards design approach. Central to teachers' STEAM education practice, formative assessment was used to drive the iterative design cycle. When grading, teachers relied on their professional judgment and supported student self-advocacy. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Classroom assessment dynamics are shaped by individual and local understandings of assessment (assessment micro-cultures), as well as common assessment beliefs and practices that stem from system-wide features, such as large-scale testing (assessment macro-cultures). Teachers' approaches to assessment reveal how they navigate assessment micro- and macro-cultures to support student learning and achievement. Despite increasing migration of students between the U.S., China, and Canada, little research has examined the different approaches to assessment students encounter when they move between these contexts. Thus, the specific supports they need to adapt to their new assessment cultures and have equitable access to learning have remained unclear. This exploratory research compared teachers' approaches to assessment in the U.S., China, and Canada. Latent class analysis identified five types of assessors across these contexts: "teacher-centric assessors," "hesitant assessors," "moderately student-centric assessors," "highly student-centric assessors," and "eager assessors." Associations between assessor type and country were identified, revealing different patterns in how teachers approach assessment in each education context.

Kindergarten teachers face the challenge of integrating contemporary assessment practices with play-based pedagogy. The current study addresses this challenge by presenting a kindergarten assessment framework rooted in theory and current classroom practices, based on teacher interview and observational data collected in 20 kindergarten classrooms. Ten teachers subsequently participated in extended observations and video elicitation interviews. Results uncovered seven different assessment pathways by which teachers mobilized learning goals through play pedagogies and assessment. Based on these pathways, a comprehensive assessment framework was developed underscoring the cyclical relation between student learning goals, types of play, and assessment contexts and practices. This framework supports teachers' negotiation and integration of assessment practices with play-based pedagogies to promote both academic and developmental learning goals.

We are at a critical moment for assessment in schools. Teachers are called to navigate advances in classroom assessment research, top‐down assessment policies, and lingering effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Embedded in this context are also systemic challenges to teachers’ assessment practice. This paper analyses these challenges to characterise the current context for teachers’ assessment work and considers teachers’ innovative responses to these challenges. Data are drawn from 168 qualitative responses to a baseline assessment innovation survey across 10 Canadian provinces and territories as well as 10 other international jurisdictions. Eight themes were identified related to teachers’ assessment challenges and innovations, including: negating innovation, the emotions of assessment, grade obsession and the gradeless spectrum, conflicting orientations towards assessment, the use of ‘assessment talk’, data overload, equitable assessment and actions that make learning and assessment visible. These findings directly support the widespread goal of implementing assessments that effectively and consistently serve student learning. The paper concludes with a discussion on how teachers move from facing assessment challenges to engaging in assessment innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the challenges associated with promoting and modeling assessment for learning within initial teacher education programs. Based on their experiences teaching in a variety of higher education institutions within Canada and the United States and on a critical synthesis of literature, the authors identify three broad constraints that contribute to the current theory-praxis divide. Specifically, the article outlines temporal, programmatic, and institutional constraints that typically undermine the spirit of assessment for learning within initial teacher preparation programs. After documenting these constraints, the paper concludes with a research agenda for aimed at promoting more effective integration of assessment for learning in teacher education programs.

The purpose of the study was to examine the experiences of current high school students and teachers in Ontario regarding their experiences with personal financial curriculum and teaching at the secondary level, and to identify the ways in which this important educational experience may have helped prepare students to become financially literate. We considered this overarching issue using a transdisciplinary lens from the perspective of the three stakeholder groups. Using a case study research design, the first of its kind in Ontario or Canada on this topic, We utilized interviews and artifacts to uncover student and teacher experiential data across three high schools in southeastern Ontario. The major findings were that current students and teachers perceived curriculum and teaching experiences as seriously lacking in effectively preparing them to be financially literate, and that a fundamental reorientation around transdisciplinary, student-led learning was key to transforming such learning into a more meaningful and valuable educational experience. With mandatory, properly supported, student-oriented (transdisciplinary) instruction, the potential exists for more effective and valuable learning, resulting in better equipped high school students who were properly prepared to successfully navigate financial issues and the path ahead.

Over the past two decades, creativity has emerged as one of the core 21st century learning objectives within K-12 education systems around the world. While some literature has demonised assessment as something that inhibits creativity, a growing body of research supports feedback-driven teaching--also known as formative assessment or "assessment for learning"--as an effective pedagogical approach across contexts and content areas. Given this empirical foundation, we propose that assessment for learning holds powerful potential for helping students to learn about being creative. To examine intersections of creativity and assessment in K-12 educational contexts, we carried out the scoping review study reported here, with the aim of advancing understanding of how assessment can support and promote creativity in classroom contexts. Fifty-one research articles were selected for review, based on inclusion criteria which required that articles (a) reported the collection and analysis of quantitative or qualitative data, (b) addressed K-12 classroom or extra-curricular contexts, (c) addressed the formative or summative assessment of creativity for pedagogical intent, (d) were peer-reviewed, and (e) were published in English. Analysis of the research revealed two dominant and consistent themes. Firstly, multiple studies indicated the importance of defined criteria for effective and useful creativity assessment within K-12 classroom contexts. Secondly, a number of studies identified the particular value of self-assessment and/or reflection in supporting creativity. We discuss implications of these findings in relation to educational policies and practices that seek to promote creativity, and areas for future research.

Kindergarten teachers are confronted with an evolving context for teaching and assessment. Recent reforms throughout the world have resulted in two fundamental shifts: (a) a growing emphasis on academic learning and increased use of assessment to support and monitor students' academic and developmental progress and (b) the use of play as a dominant pedagogical approach. Across these shifts, little research has been conducted on the integration of assessment with play-based learning to support teachers' practices. The present study addresses this gap by presenting empirical data from 20 purposefully selected kindergarten classrooms on how teachers (a) conceptualize the relationship and challenges between assessment and play, (b) enact assessment practices, and (c) address challenges implementing assessment during play. Results of this study demonstrate the various ways assessment and play can operate within kindergarten education to support student learning while providing an empirical foundation for future research into early primary assessment theory and practice.

Teachers' competence in educational assessment is a key feature in teacher professionalism. Understanding of assessment competence has evolved from the learning of technical skills in assessment to a context-dependent, socially defined understanding encompassing a multitude of approaches to assessment. Thus, a holistic approach to assessment competence is used in this research to specifically consider the role of education culture on assessment competence. In particular, we compared Canadian and German student teachers with regard to their self-rated competence in, and approaches towards, educational assessment. While structural analysis revealed that the overall dimensions in which assessment is perceived do not depend on culture, ANOVAs pointed at some differences between the two countries, particularly concerning assessment purposes and approaches to fairness.

The synergy, or lack thereof, between large-scale and classroom assessment has been fiercely debated in both academic and policy spheres for decades around the world. This paper seeks to explicate how different countries are utilizing large-scale testing and test results at the classroom level. Through country profiles, this paper analyzes contemporary developments on the tensions and synergies between large-scale assessment and classroom teaching, learning, and assessment observed across seven international jurisdictions: United States, Canada, Australia, England, Germany, Finland, and Singapore. The paper concludes with an analysis of international trends leading to a synthesis of root causes contributing to the current limited uptake of large-scale assessment results at classroom levels.

Currently, kindergarten education is shaped by two priorities: (1) the recognition that early learning must maintain a developmental orientation and support socio-personal growth; and (2) a growing emphasis on standards-based curriculum and the use of assessment to support children's learning. While some researchers have argued these two priorities are counter-related, research demonstrates the potential to embed these goals through play-based pedagogies. The purpose of this paper is to explore how kindergarten teachers leverage assessment practices, particularly Assessment as Learning (AaL), to support children learning within play-based classrooms. Centrally, we argue that a focus on AaL and self-regulation might be the fulcrum that hinges play-pedagogies with standards-based education and assessment mandates, helping to diminish the divide between these two priorities. Data are drawn from 20 kindergarten classrooms via initial interviews, observations and video-elicitation teacher interviews. Findings identify how kindergarten teachers are productively using assessment to promote learner independence within play-based classrooms.

Recognising that assessment literacy is a complex construct comprised of knowledge, skills, and dispositions, the authors sought to better understand how teacher candidates develop assessment literacy by focusing on the dispositional construct of approaches to assessment. Teacher candidates' approaches to classroom assessment were analysed at three points in their preservice programme, and by way of comparison the assessment approaches of co-operating teachers were also analysed. Results indicated that teacher candidates' approaches to assessment did not vary at different points in their development. Co-operating teachers' and teacher candidates' assessment approaches were closely aligned in terms of the dominant approaches each group reported. This study contributes understandings about the possible limitations and potential roles of teacher preparation programmes in the development of teacher candidates' approaches to assessment.

Educational assessment is a complex area of teacher professionalism involving negotiation of purposes and practices within sociocultural contexts. Developing teachers' assessment literacy has thus become a priority across education systems. Additionally, student teachers' assessment approaches and confidence in their assessment competence may be influenced by their personality and the prevailing educational cultures. This cross-cultural study on student teachers in Canada and Germany examined the relationship between personality traits and assessment literacy. Regression analyses revealed that self-rated assessment literacy was supported by sense of self-efficacy, suggesting that experiences of success in teacher education are important in developing assessment literacy. While summative approaches to assessment were not associated with personality, formative approaches were particularly influenced by personal values such as empathy and composure. Overall, the findings were fairly stable across the two educational contexts. Implications for teacher education in the field of assessment include an emphasis on leveraging student teachers' values.

This research explores how faculty members' conceptions of assessment and confidence in assessment change as a result of an instructor training course. Based on a sample of 27 faculty members enrolled in a semester-long instructional development course, this survey-based study provides initial evidence that faculty members can develop confidence in assessment while adopting increasingly complex conceptions of assessment. Based on this study's findings, we argue that instructional development programs for college faculty have a critical role to play in stimulating faculty learning about assessment of student learning and are an important component in promoting a positive assessment culture.

Collaborative inquiry (CI) has emerged as a dominant structure for educators' professional learning in the 21st century. The purpose of this paper is to analyze publicly available documents and policies related to CI in Ontario in order to better understand the documentary scope and spread of this professional learning model in the province. We begin by defining the parameters of CI as a dominant professional learning model before detailing our methodology for selecting and analyzing CI policies and documents at both ministry and school board levels. In our subsequent analysis, we enumerate emergent themes and findings and offer three sample case studies that illustrate how school boards in the province are documenting their experiences with CI. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of potential tensions within current CI policies as a basis for future research and policy development.

The purpose in this article was to examine teacher candidates' conceptualizations of the intersection between assessment and diversity at the end of their initial teacher education program. At the onset of this study, it was expected that teacher candidates would be able to articulate a professional stance toward each of these core-teaching competencies discretely but that they may not yet be able to articulate an integrated approach to using assessments to support individualized teaching and learning. This expectation was held because of the bifurcated nature of preservice teacher education in the areas of assessment and diversity. Despite policy mandates (NCLB, 2002; USDOE, 2010) and professional competency standards (Brookhart, 2011; JCSEE, 2003, in press) that require an integrated teaching approach, few teacher education programs provide teacher candidates to operationalize the linkages between assessment and educational diversity as these topics are typically taught in separate and discrete courses (Crocker & Dibbon, 2008; DeLuca, 2012a, 2012b; DeLuca & Klinger, 2010). While the dominant finding from this study-that the majority of teacher candidates articulate relatively superficial connections between assessment and diversity-is not surprising, results do highlight strengths and gaps in teacher candidates' conceptualizations of assessment and diversity.

Conceptualizing fairness through social psychology theory has recently been called for in classroom assessment (CA) literature. This study used two open-ended questionnaires to explore university students' critical incidents of fairness and unfairness and their affective and behavioral reactions to experiences of un/fairness. The findings showed that students' perceptions of CA fairness were comprised of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice principles. Collectively, students considered the distribution of outcomes, the procedures for outcome distributions, the interpersonal relationships, and the communication procedures in conceptualizing fairness. Students also reported positive feelings such as happiness, satisfaction, feeling valued, and hopefulness when describing fair incidents, while they tended to report negative feelings such as anger, upset, disappointment, and embarrassment as responses to unfair incidents. Students also reported increased classroom engagement and greater adaptation in responses to fairness incidents, while they reported class disengagement, inaction, and dissent as responses to unfair incidents. Building on these empirical findings, a more comprehensive conceptualization of fairness in CA contexts is proposed.

There is rising concern in research and practice to improve early years mathematics education as initial mathematical mastery sets the foundation for future academic success. In response to these concerns, this study used observational data from 20 kindergarten classrooms to understand current pedagogies teachers use for mathematics. In particular, our study is situated in kindergarten classrooms that promote play as a dominant pedagogical approach as research and policies endorse play as an effective teaching strategy for early learners. However, research also suggests that teachers express challenges implementing novel pedagogies, such as play, and use various forms of instruction when teaching math. Results showed teachers used four mathematics pedagogies (free play, guided play, teacher-directed play, and direct instruction). The enactment of these pedagogies gave rise to three classroom pedagogical orientations: child-controlled, shared-control, or teacher-controlled math contexts, indicating that combinations of play and direct instruction pedagogies are used to teach math in kindergarten.

Fairness has recently moved into the spotlight as a core foundation of classroom assessment (CA). However, despite its significance for high-quality CA, fairness definitions and theories have been limited in the literature. Driven by the critiques directed at the 'inadequacy' and 'fuzziness' around CA fairness and recommendations to conceptualise fairness particularly for CA contexts, this paper aims to provide an explicit definition of CA fairness. Specifically, this paper brings together current scholarship in organisational justice theory and recent findings from the CA fairness literature to offer a more thorough conceptualisation. This conceptualisation not only presents a distinction between justice and fairness, but also provides a novel discussion of the relationship between justice and fairness with consideration for potential effects on students' learning. The paper concludes with an agenda for further research on CA fairness.