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Objectives. To investigate associations between COVID-19-related factors and depressive symptoms among primary care workers (PCWs) in São Paulo, Brazil, and to compare the prevalence of probable depression among PCWs before and during the pandemic. Methods. In a random sample of primary care clinics, we examined 6 pandemic-related factors among 828 PCWs. We used multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios for probable depression. We assessed the prevalence of probable depression in PCWs before and during the pandemic in 2 comparable studies. Results. Adjusted prevalence ratios were substantial for insufficient personal protective equipment; experiences of discrimination, violence, or harassment; and lack of family support. Comparisons between PCWs before and during the pandemic showed that the prevalence of probable depression among physicians, nurses, and nursing assistants was higher during the pandemic and that the prevalence among community health workers was higher before the pandemic. Conclusions. Our findings indicate domains that may be crucial to mitigating depression among PCWs but that, with the exception of personal protective equipment, have not previously been examined in this population. It is crucial that governments and communities address discriminatory behaviors against PCWs, promote their well-being at work, and foster family support. ( Am J Public Health . 2022;112(5):786-794. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306723).

Purpose: To study the topography of retinal breaks and their agreement with Lincoff's rules., Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective descriptive study of patients with recent rhegmatogenous retinal detachments followed on the ophthalmology service of Abass Ndao Hospital from January 2006 through December 2016. Patients with no prior retinal treatment were included., Results: Over 11 years, we reviewed 97 patients with 107 eyes with retinal detachments. The mean age of our patients was 51.7 years, range 23-79 years. There were 69 male patients, for a male:female ratio of 2.46. Refraction revealed that 38.1% of patients were myopes. Fourteen percent (14%) of patients had experienced trauma to the eye with the detachment. The right eye was involved in 54.6% of patients. The onset was insidious in 54.6% of cases and sudden in 23.7% of cases. All patients had decreased visual acuity, associated with a scotoma in 26.8% of cases. Visual acuity was decreased to light perception through 7/10. In 64.9% of cases, Lincoff's rules were observed., Discussion: Lincoff's rules are still relevant for localization of the breaks in retinal detachments., Conclusion: Diagnosis of a retinal detachment is an essential step, since it determines the treatment. Lincoff's rules still have a role in finding the retinal break in retinal detachments., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Our goal was to evaluate the normal macular thickness in Blacks by OCT and to determine socio-demographic and clinical parameters which may influence it., Materials and Methods: This was a multicenter, prospective, descriptive study over 6 months. It included Black adults followed in the ophthalmology departments of Abass Ndao and Aristide-Le-Dantec hospitals in Dakar. Included subjects had corrected visual acuity of 10/10 (0 logMAR) and P2 (+0.1 logMAR), clear ocular media, and no retinal abnormalities. We used the Topcon 3D 2000 OCT to measure the central thicknesses of the cornea (CT) and of the macula (MT), and cup to disc ratio (C/D) in each eye. Socio-demographic, clinical and tomographic data were collected on a survey form and correlated to the MT. The analysis was carried out by the Epi info 7 software. We used the Chi 2 comparison test with a P value˂0.05., Results: One hundred and nine patients were included. The mean age was 27.39 years with a male/female ratio of 0.65. The subjects were emmetropic in 54.13% of cases. The mean CT was 519.97μm, the mean C/D was 0.23, and the mean MT was 264.35μm. The P-value (P) was greater than or equal to 0.1 for all the factors studied., Conclusion: MT in our study was lower than that of Whites, and the various parameters studied did not demonstrate a statistically significant influence on MT., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To appreciate the epidemiological characteristics and to show the therapeutic aspects of the giant retinal tears., Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from January 2014 to June 2017 on subjects with giant retinal tears. Patients with media opacities limiting examination were excluded., Results: We identified 17 cases of giant retinal tears. The frequency of detachments related to a giant retinal tear was 17% compared to all retinal tears. The mean age was 50.75 years with a sex ratio (M/F) of 6.5. We found three cases of high myopia, one case of hyperopia and four trauma cases. All patients had a decrease in visual acuity. The average time to consultation was four weeks. The mean intraocular pressure was 8mmHg. The tear was found in the left eye in eight cases and in the right eye in five cases; two cases were bilateral. We performed intraocular surgery in five eyes and laser in four eyes. We achieved anatomical reattachment and functional improvement in all operated patients., Comments and Conclusion: The prognosis of a giant retinal tear remains guarded, especially if patients are seen and treated late. Laser photocoagulation of giant tears remains effective, especially in cases of early diagnosis., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In Senegal, 10% of the population are said to be carriers of hemoglobin S, the most widespread hemoglobinopathy in the world. It is responsible for potentially blinding ophthalmological manifestations. Few practitioners refer patients for ophthalmologic screening. The goal of our study was to assess the level of knowledge of practitioners of the blinding ocular lesions of sickle cell disease., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out over five months. It included Dakar university hospital practitioners aside from ophthalmologists. On the survey form, each practitioner specified his or her specialty and responded to eight questions regarding sickle cell patients seen in consultation, knowledge of the blinding lesions related to the disease, and ocular monitoring for blinding systemic diseases. The practitioners were divided into three groups: department of medicine and medical specialties (group I), surgery and surgical specialties (group II), and biology and functional testing (group III). The descriptive analysis was done with the EPI-INFO software version 6.04., Results: The participation rate was 45.88%. Group I represented 45.29% of the sample, Group II 35.85% and Group III 18.86%. In all, 87.73% of practitioners saw sickle cell patients in consultation, 75.47% were aware of ocular involvement related to sickle cell disease, and 58.49% were aware of blinding lesions. 94.62% of practitioners saw sickle cell disease patients without systematically recommending ophthalmological consultation., Conclusion: Practitioners' level of knowledge of the blinding ocular lesions of sickle cell disease is considered to be low., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Purpose: The purpose was to record the causes of leukocoria among children under 10years of age and to determine the proportion of rare causes of leukocoria., Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted over a period of ten years, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2013, in patients under 10years of age who were referred for leukocoria., Results: Leukocoria represented one of the ten reasons for consultation among children under 10years of age. The mean age of our patients was 42.5months. In 76 % of cases, the leukocoria patients were children under 6years of age. Male patients were affected more commonly, with a sex-ratio of 1.5. Patients coming from Dakar and its suburbs represented two thirds of the total. Bilateral involvement represented 53.7 % of the total. Cataracts were responsible for 74.3 % of cases, retinoblastoma 20.58 %, retinal detachment 0.96 %, retinopathy of prematurity 0.96 %, pupillary membrane persistence 0.96 %, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous 0.64 %, endophthalmitis 0.64 %, optic nerve coloboma 0.32 %, iris heterochromia 0.32 % and ametropia 0.32 %., Discussion: The total percentage of rare causes was 5.12 % in our study, including one case of hyperopia. These etiologies, although rare, do exist., Conclusion: Rare causes of leukocoria require special attention. The discovery of leukocoria necessitates rigorous etiological work-up. Ametropia must be a diagnosis of exclusion., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Our goal is to assess the Quality of Life (QL) of our patients after cataract surgery., Materials and Methods: We performed a multicenter prospective study from July 2012 to December 2013 including patients undergoing cataract surgery, aged 18 and older. A survey sheet with sociodemographic data, clinical data and QL survey (VF-14) was given to each patient after surgery at day 7 (D7), one month (M1) and two months (M2) postoperatively. The final score was obtained by the following formula: QL=V (%)=(F __/__ C)×25. The data analysis was performed using SPSS software., Results: A total of 100 patients were included, 56 men, and 61 years was the mean age. The mean QL score was 29.86% at D7, 73.97% at M1 and 81.21% at M2. Subjects between 18 and 30 years of age had a score of 90.15% vs. 82.52% at M2 for older patients. After optical correction, the quality of life scores increased from 83.22% at D7 to 93.18% at M2. Patients who did not have functional signs had a QL score of 83.94%. Anxious patients had a QL score of 44% at D7, 61.23% at M1 and 52.67% at M2., Conclusion: Good surgical outcomes require, in addition to clinical success, good quality of life. Several factors may influence this quality of life., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Cycloplegia allows for an objective refraction in children. Atropine is the gold standard but causes prolonged blurred vision. Cyclopentolate is less effective but less disabling. Tropicamide is a weak cycloplegic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cyclopentolate and tropicamide combination (CTA) versus atropine for refraction in black children., Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective study between October 2011 and July 2012 on all children seen in consultation. Objective refraction was performed after cycloplegia with cyclopentolate 0.5% combined with tropicamide 0.5%, and then after cycloplegia with atropine., Results: Thirty-three patients were recruited, 14 boys and 19 girls. The average age was 9.9 years. The mean age of the patients was 9.9 years. Astigmatism was found in 96.9% of cases. It was 1.34±1.32 diopters with CTA and 1.35±1.22 diopters with atropine. The mean axis was 98.15 and 99.8, respectively. Hyperopia and myopia were found in 39 and 27 eyes, respectively with ACT (average 1.73 and 5.37 diopters), and in 41 and 19 eyes with atropine (average 2.06 and 6.11 diopters)., Discussion: There is a good correlation of results with regards to cylindrical and spherical refractive error between the two protocols. Atropine is the best cycloplegic, however ACT provides reliable results., Conclusion: The cyclopentolate-tropicamide combination is satisfactory for routine cycloplegia in children., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Compliance to medical treatment expresses the patient's perception of the disease and the treatment prescribed by the doctors. Lack of compliance endangers chronic glaucoma care, which explains the importance it has been given these last years. The objectives of this survey were to evaluate the compliance of adult patients suffering from primary open angle glaucoma to discover the influential factors., Materials and Methods: We conducted a survey at the ophthalmology clinic of Le Dantec Hospital from January 1997 to May 1998 among 31 adults being treated for primary open angle glaucoma. An indirect evaluation of the patients' compliance was made on the basis of a questionnaire after examination of their medical files. It was deemed good, average, or bad depending on: regularity of the patient's visits to the doctors, regularity of the treatment, respect of the doctor's prescription and the prescribed times for taking the medicine. The Chi square independence test was used to study the influence of the following factors: age, sex, residence, socioeconomic status, duration of symptom progression, level of instruction, counseling, and treatment., Results: The patients' mean age was 60.5 years. Compliance was deemed good for 29% of the total cases, average for 32.3%, and bad for 38.7%. Only factors such as the regular visits to the doctor, the regularity of the treatment, and respect of the doctor's prescription and the prescribed times for taking the medicine were found to be influential (p<0.05)., Conclusion: The medical treatment of primary open angle glaucoma, whether temporary or permanent, with a maximum of efficacy and a minimum of side-effects requires good compliance on the part of the patient. This compliance in turn requires a good doctor-patient relationship based on effective repeated counseling to educate patients, help them understand the disease, and act on the influential factors.