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The study is based on 128 basketball accidents. The following accident types were discovered: ankle sprains 54.7%, handling the ball (saving and catching) 15.6%, knee-joint-distorsions 10.2%, collisions, blows and kicks 11.7%, falls 3.9%, spontaneous damage of muscles and tendons 1.6% and getting hurt because of the equipment in the gym 2.3%. Prophylactic precautions might be physiological or synthetic taping, proprioceptor training and preventive sports medical checkups.

Stabilizing the balance of the boat is a main task of the rowing motion. This leads to movements which are asymmetrical relative to the boat's plane of symmetry. The three-dimensional motion of the boat should be measured when investigating the elements of keeping the balance. This spatial motion must be described by the three components of the translational velocity and the three components of the angular velocity. The latter values can be measured using gyros. A system was developed which employs these sensors. The system is small and light enough to be used aboard a single scull. Measurements which were obtained using this system conclude the article. They illustrate some factors of importance for the stability of the boat and demonstrate the suitability of the system presented.

Besides examining the properties of the material involved, this investigation assesses the so-called static and dynamic measurement errors of sensors used for air segment plethysmography. The static error which has been found with the new BN sensors amounts to 8% (old models: 31%-44%). The folding of the interior membrane of the sensor resting upon the skin, which increases proportionately to the stiffness of the material, is discussed as a source of error. If a lockable steel wrapping is employed as an exterior cover for the sensors, the static measurement error decreases by 30%-50%. These results suggest a recommendation to use a metal wrapping for the sensors as described above even with routine air segment plethysmographic examinations, and additionally to correct by mathematical means the static measurement error (which has to be determined for each sensor individually). The measurement error of the sensors of the new BN series amounts to less than 5% for a frequency of not more than 0.5 Hz; this means that blood flow values amounting to more than 50 ml/(min X 100 ml) are indicated correctly with respect to the actual frequency. If the usual linen covering is used instead of the steel cover, the linearity of the frequency is only valid up to 0.1 Hz--the corresponding blood flow value being 15 ml/(min X 100 ml).

During the course of a double-blind study in 30 orthostatically unstable adolescent subjects, the effect of oral dihydroergotamine (DHE) on the orthostatic circulatory regulation was examined. During standardized orthostatic strain the volume of blood sinking into the two legs is statistically significantly reduced to 125 +/- 61 ml (29%) under the influence of DHE after standing for only 11 sec. Furthermore, there is a significant reduction of the maximal arterial influx into the lower extremities as well as the resting heart rate and the maximal heart rate during orthostatic strain. No significant changes could be detected in the placebo group. Consequently, DHE is suitalbe for the treatment of the these disturbances of orthostatic circulatory regulation due to increased elasticity of the capacitive vessels in the lower extremities.

The quantitative significance of the sensory organs in sport is discussed by means of the visual parameters static and dynamic visual acuity and the equilibrium that is specific for a particular kind of sport. Spectators with normal visual acuity can identify footballs, tennis balls etc. used in game sports, with relative ease, compared with sports equipment used in athletics. However, since moving objects can attain an angular velocity of 400 degrees/s and higher in certain sports, the mean dynamic visual acuity is unable to cope with such speeds, this being only 200 to 230 degrees/s. Dynamic visual acuity can be trained, thus attaining higher levels in game sports. Processes of balance regulation during cycling (or in rhythmical sports gymnastics) are discussed in connection with and subsequent to the problem of the intersensory perception conflict. Finally, the article sums up criteria for the observation of movement and for minimising intersensory perception conflicts.

In 23 patients suffering from intermittent claudication due to chronic occlusions of the femoral artery proved on angiography, a double-blind study was performed to compare the effects of treatment with oxyfedrine and interval-training and of interval-training alone. The claudication distance, physical work capacity and physical work intensity were measured on the treadmill before, during and after 10-weeks training period in each case. After training, the walking ability improved in both groups, however, quantitatively being more pronounced in the oxyfedrine group. In the placebo group, the increase in physical work intensity was mainly caused by the improvement of walking ability in patients with higher levels of performance at the beginning of the training. In the oxyfedrine group, on the other hand, a continuous and regular increase in physical work intensity was found at all levels of performance and during the whole training period. For the differences found, blood supply lowering mechanisms after physical training and improvement of collaterals after combination oxyfedrine and physical training are discussed. The possibility of additive action of the pharmacologic treatment and physical training are pointed out.

In eight persons central hemodynamic parameters as well as peripheral circulatory parameters were measured before and during spinal anaesthesia (L3/4; 5 ml Carbostesin mit Adrenalin): heart rate, arterial pressure, central venous pressure, peripheral venous pressure, peripheral blood flow, venous capacity (Cv 70) using a venous pressure of 70 mm Hg (lethysmographic method) as well as intravascular basic volume. Intravascular basic volume and the venous capacity are representing total intravascular volume; changes in this parameter- in correlation to a well defind intravenous pressure - give information on the distensibility of capacitance vessels. During spinal anesthesia an increase in resting blood flow of the calf as well as in total blood volume was noted as a result of a decreasing total peripheral resistance and changes in blood distribution (shunting, nutritive blood supply). Intravascular total blood volume in the calf increased from 9.7 +/- 1.0 ml/100 ml to 10.9 +/- 1.1 ml/100 ml, being caused mainly by changes in basic volume not so much by changes in venous capacity. These results may be interpreted as an increase in distensibility of the low pressure vessels during spinal anesthesia.

A series of well-known orthostatic tests were performed in order to substantiate complaints of patients in respect to blood volume drawn into both legs as an early orthostatic regulation. It could be shown that the blood volume pooled in the legs changed highly from test to test up to 250%. There was evidence that with increasing stagnating blood volume, there was not only an increase of arterial blood influx to the lower extremities, but a maximum of heart rate as well as reaction to the orthostatic stress. Under standardized conditions, 14 orthostatically unstable subjects have been tested. 57% of them collapsed in the course of the tests. Following a 14-day administration of dihydroergotamine, the percentage of collapsing subjects was reduced to 7%. At the same time there was a decrease in the following simultaneously measured circulatory parameters as heart rate, mean arterial pressure and heart volume, especially in cases where these changes of parameters were significantly high at the beginning of the experiment. Suggestions are given when it is necessary to detect disturbance of early orthostatic regulation in patients subjected to orthostatic tests. The importance of the dicroty quotient of the arterial pulse as a diagnostic criterion is emphasized.

The measurement of tissue volume in the calf area carried out by computer-tomography and planimetry showed a nearly elliptic form, an average bony part of 9.9 ml (9.3%), and an average tissue volume of 97.7 ml (90.7%). When compared with the tissue volume approximation (cylinder formula) the tissue volumes thus specified were too large. The error, depending on the circumference of the calf, was about 5 to 15%. There was a difference of 5% between the venous capacity measured by computer-tomography on the one hand and air segment plethysmography on the other. The reason for this is found in the varying density of veins in the examined area. The application of the sensor on the skin caused an average reduction of 5.4% in total volume and thus in the blood volume of about 59% in the examined area. The pressure-dependent venous capacity was measured with and without application of the sensors on the skin and controlled by computer-tomography. The results showed an average difference of only 2.1%. Thus it is obviously unimportant for the results of the investigation presented, if the venous capacity is measured on the basis of the reduced total volume caused by the application of the sensors on the skin. With regard to the computer-tomographical and planimetrical control and the error of measurement discussed, the results suggest a sufficient precision of the venoextensiometry measuring the pressure-dependent venous capacity.

Forearm and digital blood flow were measured by venous occlusion plethysmography in 7 patients with terminal renal failure before and 8 days after surgically created arterio-venous end-to-end fistula similar to the method of Brescia and Cimino. The forearm blood flow rose significantly from 3.30 +/- 1.75 to 6.98 +/- 4.74 ml/min - 100 ml. Total forearm blood flow increased from 32.9 +/- 16.8 ml/min to 69.8 +/- 45.8 ml/min. Digital blood flow was not significantly altered. The relatively low fistula flow was due to the early postoperative measurement since it increased later.