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Background: Common polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) have been linked to obesity in some populations. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship of the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism on body weight, cardiovascular risk factors and serum adipokine levels in morbid obese patients. Material and Methods: A sample of 129 patients with obesity was analyzed in a cross sectional design. Weight, blood pressure, basal glucose, c-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA), total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides blood and adipocytokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, TNF alpha, and interleukin 6) levels were measured. A tetrapolar bioimpedance and a prospective serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days written food records were realized. Genotype of FTO gene polymorphism (rs9939609) was studied. Results: Forty three patients (31.8%) had TT genotype, 55 patients (42.6%) TA genotype and 33 patients (25.6%) AA genotype. Body mass index (43.6 (2.6) kg/m² vs. 44.1 (2.9) kg/m²; p < 0.05), fat mass (52.0 (12.5) kg vs. 56.3 (11.7) kg: p < 0.05), weight (111.6 (16.2) kg vs. 114.9 (18.9) kg; p < 0.05), levels of C reactive protein (6.1 (4.3) mg/dl vs. 9.8 (7.1) mg/dl; p < 0.05) and levels of leptin (65.9 (52.2) ng/ml vs. 110.9 (74.1); < 0.05) were higher in mutant type group (A allele) than wild genotype group (TT). Conclusion: The FTO gene polymorphism, rs9939609, was found to be associated with weight, fat mass, C reactive protein and leptin levels in morbid obese patients with A allele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The alteration in the protein expression of UCP3 could reduce energy consumption and increase energy storage as fat. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of -55CT polymorphism of UCP3 gene in the metabolic response, weight loss and serum levels of adipokines following a hypocaloric diet rich in polyunsaturated fat in obese patients. Design: A sample of 133 obese patients were analyzed prospectively for 3 months. The hypocaloric diet was 1459 kcal, 45.7% carbohydrate, 34.4% from 19.9% lipids and proteins. The fat distribution was, a 21.8% saturated fat, 55.5% monounsaturated and 22.7% of polyunsaturated fat (7 g per day of fatty acids w6, 2 g per day of w -3 and a ratio w6/w3 of 3.5). Results: A total of 100 patients (28 males/72 females) (75.2%) had genotype - 55CC (wild genotype group) and 33 patients (8 males/25 females) (24.8%) -55CT genotype (group mutant genotype). In the wild genotype, body mass index (-2.5 ± 5.3 kg/m²), weight (-4.2 ± 3.7 kg), fat mass (-3,7 ± 3.3 kg), waist circumference (-4.1 ± 2.9 cm), systolic blood pressure (-4.9 ± 10.1 mmHg), total cholesterol levels (- 16.1 ± 23.6 mg / dl), LDL cholesterol (-11.1 ± 26.8 mg/dl), triglycerides (-12.0 ± 46.8 mg/dl), insulin (-1.8 ± 4.5 IU/L), HOMA-R (-0.6 ± 1.5) and leptin (-6.2 ± 8.4 ng/ml) decreased. In the mutant genotype anthropometric parameters were significantly decreased without significant changes in biochemical parameters. Conclusion: The T allele carriers of -55CT UCP3 polymorphism exhibit no metabolic response to weight loss induced by a hypocaloric diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Significant malnutrition exists in a high percentage of patients with head and neck cancer. Malnutrition is associated with defects in immune function that may impair the host response to malignancy. Malnutrition and immunosupression make patients highly susceptible to postoperative infections and complications. Objectives: Some studies of patients receiving immuno-nutrition in the perioperative period in head and neck cancer have shown beneficial effects on clinical outcome and inmune status. The authors carried out a systematic review of randomised control trials to determine whether perioperative immunonutrition has a role in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Methods: 14 trials of polymeric nutritional supplementation with immunonutrition were identified. Two studies compared two types of immunonutrition. Results: A reduction in the length of postoperative hospital stay was seen in some trials, but the reason for this reduction is not clear. Some studides showed statistical differences with less complications in arginine-enhanced group and also showed a significant decrease of fistula complications in patients treated with a high arginine dose enhanced formula, if compared with a medium dose of arginine. Conclussion: Those planning future studies face challenges. A suitable powered clinical trial is required before firm recommendations can be made on the use of immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients posto-peratively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the present study, we evaluated a short form version of MNA test in a multicenter study and the relationship of different biochemical markers with MNASF scores. Material and methods: This was a cross-sectional survey covering a sample of representative of the older institutionalized Spanish population aged above 65 years (n = 873). A Mini nutritional assessment short form test (MNA-SF) was used. Results: The number of patients classified as well nouri shed (42.1%) was larger in the 65-74 (52.6%) range than in the 75-84 (40.2%), 85-94 (43.8%) and > 95 (24%) age ranges. Risk of undernutrition occurred in a total of 506 patients (57.9%), risk of undernutrition was larger in > 95 (76%) range than in 65-74 (47.4%), 75-84 (59.8%) and 85-94 range (56.2%). No differences were detected between males and females at risk of undernutrition (odds ratio: 0.85 CI 95%: 0.64-1.12). Conclusion: In this multicenter study, institutionalized patients have a high prevalence of at risk of malnutrition assessed by MNA-SF test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inulin and FOS are prebiotics with potential benefit in cardiovascular risk factors. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is the metabolic precursor of the long chain n-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (20: 5n-3), this fatty acid has anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of our study was to evaluate the response of the cardiovascular risk profile in obese patients after inclusion in the diet of an ALA, FOS and inulin enriched-cookie. Material and methods: 36 patients were randomized in both branches: group I (inulin, FOS and ALA enriched cookie) Gullon SL(R) and group II (control cookie). Previous and after 1 month of the treatment, a nutritional and biochemical study was realized. Results: 15 patients finished the procotol in each group. In group I, a significantly increase in soluble fiber (2.3 ± 0.8 g/day vs 7.7 ± 0.8 g/day: p < 0.05) and ALA (0.6 ± 0.5 g/day vs 3.8 ± 0.5 g/day; p < 0.05) intakes was detected. In this group a significant decrease of total cholesterol (238.1 ± 45.3 mg/dl vs 210.5 ± 38.1 mg/dl: p < 0.05), LDL cholesterol (153.6 ± 23.2 mg/dl vs 127.1 ± 27.9 mg/dl: p < 0.05) and C reactive protein (6.6 ± 1.4 mg/dl vs 4.4+7-1.8 mg/dl: p < 0.05) was reached in males. Anthropometric parameters did not change in both groups. The increase in soluble fiber and ALA dietary intakes did not produce any gastrointestinal adverse effect. Conclusion: The increase of 2 grams per day of inulin, 3.1 grams per day of FOS and 3.2 grams per day of alpha linolenic (ALA) dietary intakes from an enriched-cookie, improved total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and C reactive protein levels in obese males. As far as we know, this is the first study that has evaluated the effect on risk factors of an ALA enriched cookies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A intragenic biallelic polymorphism (1359 G/A) of the CB1 gene resulting in the substitution of the G to A at nucleotide position 1359 in codon 435 (Thr), was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations. Intervention studies with this polymorphism have not been realized.Objective: We decided to investigate the role of the polymorphism (G1359A) of CB1 receptor gene on adipocytokines response and weight loss secondary to a lifestyle modification (Mediterranean hypocaloric diet and exercise) in obese patients.Design: A population of 94 patients with obesity was analyzed. Before and after 3 months on a hypocaloric diet, an anthropometric evaluation, an assessment of nutritional intake and a biochemical analysis were performed. The statistical analysis was performed for the combined G1359A and A1359A as a group and wild type G1359G as second group, with a dominant model.Results: Forty seven patients (50%) had the genotype G1359G (wild type group) and 47 (50%) patients G1359A (41 patients, 43.6%) or A1359A (6 patients, 6.4%) (mutant type group) had the genotype. In wild and mutant type groups, weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased. In mutant type group, resistin (4.15 ± 1.7 ng/ml vs. 3.90 ± 2.1 ng/ml: P < 0.05), leptin (78.4 ± 69 ng/ml vs 66.2 ± 32 ng/ml: P < 0.05) and IL-6 (1.40 ± 1.9 pg/ml vs 0.81 ± 1.5 pg/ml: P < 0.05) levels decreased after dietary treatment.Conclusion: The novel finding of this study is the association of the mutant allele (A1359) with a decrease of resistin, leptin and interleukin-6 secondary to weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Recently, it has been demonstrated that the polymorphism 385 C->A of FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase) was associated with overweight and obesity. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship of missense polymorphism (cDNA 385 C-A) of FAAH gene on obesity anthropometric parameters, cardiovascular risk factors and adipocytokines.Methods: A population of 279 females with obesity (body mass index 30) was analyzed. An indirect calorimetry, tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance, blood pressure, a serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days written food records and biochemical analysis (lipid profile, adipocytokines, insulin, CRP and lipoprotein-a) were performed. The statistical analysis was performed for the combined C385A and A385A as a group and wild type C385C as second group.Results: One hundred and ninety four patients (69.5%) had the genotype C385C (wild type group) and 76 (27.2%) patients had the genotype C358A or A358A (9 patients, 3.2%) (mutant type group). No differences were detected between groups in anthropometric parameters and dietary intakes. Triglycerides (118.9 ± 59.9 mg/dl vs 107.4 + 51.3 mg/dl;p < 0,05), glucose (100.4 ± 19.9 mg/dl vs 94.8 + 11.5mg/dl; p < 0,05), HOMA (3.74 ± 2.2 vs 3.39 + 2.7; p < 0,05) and interleukine 6 (3.3 ± 1.4 pg/ml vs 1.4 ± 2.1 pg/ml; p < 0,05) were higher in wild type group than mutant type group.Conclusion: The novel finding of this study is the association of the mutant type group A358C and A358A of FAAH with a better cardiovascular profile (triglyceride, glucose, interleukine 6 and HOMA levels) than wild type group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Patients with head and neck cancer undergoing surgery have a high incidence of ambulatory postoperative complications. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of an oral immunoenhanced supplement (arginine and glutamine) on nutritional and biochemical parameters in postsurgical ambulatory patients with head and neck tumor. DESIGN: A population of 39 ambulatory postsurgical patients with oral and laryngeal cancer was enrolled. At Hospital discharge postsurgical head and neck cancer patients were asked to consume two units per day of a specially designed enhanced supplement for a twelve week period. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.2+/-13.1 years (9 female/30 males). Duration of supplementation was 90.8+20 days. A significant increase of albumin (3.1±0.6 g/dl vs 4.12+0.7 g /dl; p<0.05), prealbumin (21.4±6.3 mg/dl vs 22.4+5.9 mg/dl; p<0.05) and transferrin (198.8±45.2 mg/dl vs 253.8+60.7 mg/dl; p<0.05) levels were observed. No differences were detected in weight and other anthropometric parameters. Ten patients (41.3%) received radiotherapy along the enhanced supplementation period and only 5 (20% of patients with radiotherapy) developed a clinical oral mucositis. CONCLUSIONS: At dose used, arginine and glutamine enhanced formula improved seric protein levels in ambulatory postoperative head and neck cancer patients with a low rate of oral mucositis in the subgroup with radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to examine the changes in hypertransaminasemia after weight reduction in obese patients with and without NAFLD and the relation with insulin resistance. RESEARCH METHODS: A population of 162 obese patients was randomly allocated to two groups: a) diet I (low fat) and b) diet II (low carbohydrate), dieting along 3 months. Patients were classified as group I (n=112) when serum ALT activity was normal or group II (NAFLD, n=30) when serum ALT activity was (>or=43 UI/L). RESULTS: In control group with diet I, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist to hip ratio, waist circumference, systolic pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HOMA and insulin levels decreased. In NAFLD group with diet I improved the same parameters and glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, gamaglutamine transferase levels, too. In control group with diet II, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist to hip ratio, waist circumference, systolic pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HOMA and insulin levels decreased. In NAFLD group with diet II improved the same parameters and glucose, triglycerides, ALT and gamaglutamine transferase levels, without statistical changes in AST. CONCLUSION: We showed that weight reduction secondary to two hypocaloric diets was associated with improvement in hipertransaminasemia and insulin resistance in NAFLD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship of resistin levels with cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance and inflammation in naïve diabetic patients. SUBJECTS: A population of 66 naïve diabetic patients with obesity was analyzed. A complete nutritional and biochemical evaluation was performed. RESULTS: The mean age 56.9+/-11.6 years and the mean BMI was 37.8+/-6.3. Patients were divided in two groups by median resistin value (3.3ng/ml), group I (patients with the low values, average value 2.5+/-0.5) and group II (patients with the high values, average value 4.8+/-1.8). Patients in the group I had lower waist circumference, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein than patients in group II. Correlation analysis showed a significant correlation among resistin levels and the independent variables; BMI (r=0.26; p<0.05), waist circumference (r=0.38; p<0.05), fat mass (r=0.28; p<0.05), LDL-cholesterol (r=0.3; p<0.05), C-reactive protein (r=0.28; p<0.05). In the multivariate analysis, resistin concentration increase 0.024ng/ml (CI 95%: 0.006-0.42) for each mg/dl of C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: Circulating resistins are associated with C-reactive protein in an independent way in naïve diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship of resistin levels with inflammatory markers and anthropometric parameters in morbid obese patients. SUBJECTS: A population of 46 morbid obese was analyzed. A complete nutritional and biochemical evaluation was performed. Patients were divided in two groups by median resistin value (3.49 ng/ml), group I (low values, average value 2.60 +/- 0.5) and group II (high values, average value 5.71 +/- 2.25). RESULTS: Patients in the group II had higher weight, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen and C reactive protein than patients in group I. In the multivariate analysis with age- and sex-adjusted basal resistin concentration as a dependent variable, only fibrinogen and LDL cholesterol remained as an independent predictor in the model (F = 8.5; p < 0.05). Resistin concentration increase 0.01 ng/ml (CI 95%: 0.003-0.017) for each mg/dl of fibrinogen increased. Resistin concentration increase 0.03 ng/ml (CI 95%: 0.003-0.049) for each mg/dl of LDL-cholesterol increased. CONCLUSION: Circulating resistin concentrations are associated with different inflammatory markers, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and anthropometric variables in morbid obese patients. Further studies are needed to explore these interesting relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The genetic variant (Trp64Arg) is a missense mutation located within the beta3 adrenoreceptor (Beta3AR). The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of Trp64Arg polymorphism in the Beta3AR gene on insulin resistance in obese patients and the allelic distribution of this polymorphismin a geographic area of Spain. DESIGN: A population of 264 obese patients was analyzed. A bioimpedance, blood pressure, an assessment of nutritional intake, and biochemical parameters were measured. The beta 3 adrenoreceptor gene polymorphism(Trp64Arg) was genotyped. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty six patients (77 males/149 females) (85.6%) had the genotype Trp64/Trp64 (wild type group) with and average age of 41.12 +/- 13.1 years and 38 patients (16 males/22 females) Trp64/Arg64 (14.4%) (mutant type group) with an average age of 40.5 +/- 12.7 years. High frequencies of Arg64 allele were observed in Salamanca and Valladolid. In the mutant type group, HOMA (3.75 +/- 2.77 vs 5.27 +/- 5.4; p < 0.05) was higher than wild type group. CONCLUSION: The finding of this study is the association of the Trp64/Arg64 Beta3AR with higher levels of HOMA. Frequencies of this polymorphism are different among geographic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin II regulates the production of adipokines. The objective was to study the effect of treatment with telmisartan versus olmesartan in hypertensive obese and overweight patients. SUBJECTS: A sample of 65 overweight and obese patients with mild to moderate hypertension was analyzed in a prospective way with a randomized trial. Patients were randomized to telmisartan (80 mg/day) or olmesartan (40 mg/day) for 3 months. Weight, body mass index, blood pressure, basal glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, HOMA, QUICKI, leptin and adiponectin were determined at basal time and after 3 months of treatment. RESULTS: Sixty five patients gave informed consent and were enrolled in the study. Patients treated with telmisartan had a significative decrease of glucose 10.53 mg/dl (CI 95%: 2.6-18.5), insulin 2.51 mUI/L (CI 95%: 2.07-7.17) and HOMA 1.08 (CI 95%: 0.39-2.55). Patients treated with olmesartan had a significative decrease of total cholesterol 20.2 mg/dl (CI 95%: 5.8-34.9) and LDL cholesterol 22.6 mg/dl (CI 95%: 9.7-35.6). Only leptin levels have a significant decrease in telmisartan group 7.39 ng/ml (CI 95%: 1.47-13.31). CONCLUSION: Telmisartan improved blood pressure, glucose, insulin, HOMA and leptin in hypertensive diabetic patients. Olmesartan improved blood pressure and lipid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A silent intragenic biallelic polymorphism (1359 G/A) (rs1049353) of the CB1 gene resulting in the substitution of the G to A at nucleotide position 1359 in codon 435 (Thr), was reported as a common polymorphism in Caucasian populations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of the missense polymorphism (G1359A) of CB1 receptor gene on obesity anthropometric parameters, cardiovascular risk factors and adipocytokines in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. DESIGN: A population of 60 naïve diabetic patients was analyzed. An indirect calorimetry, tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance, blood pressure, a serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days written food records and biochemical analysis (lipid profile, adipocytokines, insulin, CRP and lipoprotein-a) were performed. The statistical analysis was performed for the combined G1359A and A1359A as a group and wild type G1359G as second group, with a dominant model. RESULTS: The mean age was 57.44 +/- 11.7 years and the mean BMI 37.84 +/- 6.4, with 14 males and 46 females. Thirty-five patients (58.3%) had genotype G1359G (wild type group) and 25 (42.7%) patients G1359A (mutant type group). Age was similar in both groups (wild type: 56.3 +/- 11.8 years vs mutant group: 58.7 +/- 10 years:ns). Sex distribution was similar in both groups (wild vs mutant type groups), males (22.9% vs 24%) and females (77.1% vs 76%). No differences were detected between groups in anthropometric parameters, cardiovascular risk factors, dietary intake and adipocytokines levels. CONCLUSION: The finding of this study is the lack of association of G1359A polymorphism of CB receptor 1 gene with obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and adipocytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for morbid obesity, reducing obesity-associated comorbidities. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the fatty acid-binding protein-2 Ala54Thr polymorphism outcomes 1 y after biliopancreatic diversion in morbidly obese patients. METHODS: A sample of 41 morbidly obese patients (body mass index >40 kg/m(2)) were operated upon from December 2004 to December 2006. Weight, fat mass, blood pressure, basal glucose, triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured at the basal visit and at each visit. The frequency of patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia was recorded at each visit. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (56.1%) had genotype Ala54/Ala54 (wild group) and 18 patients had genotype Ala54/Thr54 (15 patients, 36.5%) or Thr54/Thr54 (3 patients, 7.4%; mutant group). In the wild group, body mass index, weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations decreased. Diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged. In the mutant group, the same parameters improved, without statistical differences from the wild group. Initial excess weight percent loss at 1 y of follow-up was similar in both genotype groups (61.8% versus 61.9%, NS). CONCLUSION: Polymorphism Ala54Thr of fatty acid-binding protein did not have an effect on weight loss or clinical outcomes after bariatric surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Although immune dysfunction in patients with cancer could be multifactorial, the immune system may be modulated by nutritional substrates and genetic background. Our study evaluated the effect of G308A polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene on inflammatory markers in patients after surgery for head and neck cancer who received early enteral nutrition. METHODS: A population of 60 patients with oral and laryngeal cancer was enrolled. At surgery patients were treated with a hyperproteic enteral diet. Perioperatively and on postoperative day 6 the following parameters were evaluated: serum values of prealbumin, transferrin, total number of lymphocytes, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, and C-reactive protein. In addition, genotyping of G308A gene polymorphism was assessed. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 61.1 +/- 14.6 y (four women, 56 men) with a body mass index of 25.4 +/- 5.2 kg/m(2) and a previous weight loss of 0.35 +/- 0.2 kg. Forty patients (37 men, 3 women; 66.6%) had the genotype G308/G308 (wild group) and 20 patients (19 men, 1 woman; 23.4%) had the genotype G308/A308 (mutant group). A significant increase in prealbumin and transferrin levels was detected in both groups. C-reactive protein decreased in both groups (wild group: 105.1 +/- 60 versus 53.8 +/- 62.3 mg/dL, P < 0.05; mutant group: 99.5 +/- 46 versus 43.9 +/- 51.9 mg/dL, P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 decreased in both groups (wild group: 20.1 +/- 22 versus 6.2 +/- 4.1 pg/mL, P < 0.05; mutant group: 22.3 +/- 38 versus 9.2 +/- 7.4 pg/mL, P = NS). Lymphocytes increased in both groups (wild group: 1102 +/- 468 versus 1600 +/- 537 10(3)/mL, P = NS; mutant group: 1441 +/- 739 10(3)/mL versus 1669 +/- 614 10(6)/mL, P = NS). TNF-alpha showed no changes. CONCLUSION: The G308A polymorphism of the TNF-alpha gene did not affect levels of inflammatory markers in patients after surgery for head and neck cancer who were treated with early enteral nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to detect differences in weigth loss with a hypocaloric diet in obese patients depending on their glycaemic status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population of 76 obesity outpatients was analysed in a prospective way. The following variables were specifically recorded at basal time and after 3 months of hypocaloric diet (1200 kcal/day): weight, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio. Basal glucose, insulin, fibrinogen, cortisol, c-reactive protein, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides blood levels were measured. HOMA was calculated. An indirect calorimetry, tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance and a serial assessment of nutritional intake with 3 days written food records were performed. RESULTS: The mean age was 46.9 +/- 17.1 years and the mean BMI 34.6 +/- 5.3. All subjects were weight stable during the 2 weeks period preceding the study (body weight change, 0.3 +/- 0.1 kg). Anthropometric measurements showed an average waist circumference (108.7 +/- 15.7 cm), waist-to-hip ratio (0.93 +/- 0.11), and average weight (88.7 +/- 16.9 kg). Bipolar body electrical bioimpedance showed a fat mass of 37 +/- 12.3 kg. Indirect calorimetry showed a resting metabolic rate (RMR) (1674.3 +/- 392 kcal/day). Patients were divided in to two groups by glycaemic status (group I: normal glycaemic metabolism, fasting glucose levels <109 mg/dl; n = 50) and (group II: impaired glycaemic metabolism, fasting glucose levels >110 mg/dl, n = 26). Waist circumference (I: 108 +/- 17.1cm vs. 104.6 +/- 16.7 cm; P < 0.05) and (II: 113.6 +/- 9.8 cm vs. 110.9 +/- 8.9 cm; P < 0.05), weight (I: 90.6 +/- 19.2 kg vs. 86.3 +/- 18.6 kg:P < 0.05) and (II: 89.2 +/- 11.3 kg vs. 86.4 +/- 11.6 kg: P < 0.05) and BMI (I: 34.2 +/- 5.6 vs. 33.7 +/- 5.5; P < 0.05) and (II: 34.8 +/- 4.2 vs. 34.2 +/- 4.6; P < 0.05) improved in both groups with hypocaloric diet. Blood systolic pressure, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol improved in both groups, without statistical differences. In group II improved glucose levels and HOMA index, too. Patients of group II had higher systolic blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a), RCP levels and HOMA index than patients in group I. ANOVA analysis did not show differences among weight loss in tertiles of HOMA and glucose. CONCLUSION: Ability to lose weight on a hypocaloric diet over a 3-month time period does not vary in obese patients as a function of glycaemic status. Improvement in cardiovascular risk factors is not related with glycaemic status, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our work was to carry out a randomized clinical trial with two diets, one enriched in fiber (total fiber 30 g and soluble fiber 4 g) to investigate the effect on lipid and glucose levels in healthy subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty-three subjects were prospectively randomized to two groups (see Table 1). Group I received a diet with 10.4 g of fiber given as 1.97 g soluble fiber (pectins, gums and mucilages) and 8.13 g of insoluble fiber (hemicelullose, cellulose and lignins) and Group II received a diet with 30.5 g of fiber of which 4.11 g were soluble fiber and 25.08 g insoluble fiber. Prospective serial assessment of weight and nutritional intake (3 days written food records) were made. These determinations were performed at baseline and at 3 months. All enrolled subjects underwent the following examinations; fasting blood samples were drawn for measurement of total cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and other lipid fractions, low density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), high density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), glucose, and insulin. RESULTS: Total calorie and fat consumption were lower than recommended in both groups (calories; group I 1633+/-417 kcal per day versus group II 1707.5 +/- 579 kcal per day:ns) and (fats; group I 73.4 +/- 22.7 g per day versus group II [72.6 +/- 28 g per day:ns), without differences in fatty acid intake profile. Total fiber intake did not reach that recommended in both diets but it was higher in group II ( 9.06 +/- 2.7 g per day versus 25.95 +/- 7.12 g per day: P < 0.05). Soluble fiber intake did not reach that recommended in both diets but it was higher in group II (1.7 +/- 0.58 g per day versus 3.5 +/- 0.96 g per day: P < 0.05). Body weight did not change in both groups during treatment. During treatment, in group II a significant change was detected from baseline in LDL-cholesterol and fasting glucose levels. LDL-cholesterol decreased by 12.8% (P < 0.05) and glucose decreased by 12.3% (P < 0.05). No statistical differences were detected among triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Modest increases in soluble fiber intake in healthy subjects improved LDL cholesterol and glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Candidates for bariatric surgery may have psychiatric disorders that must be evaluated. The aim of this study was to describe the psychological state and quality of life (QoL) of patients with obesity awaiting bariatric surgery prior to surgical procedure and 1 year after surgery., Methods: A longitudinal retrospective observational study was carried out in 71 patients awaiting bariatric surgery. Anthropometric data were collected, and the following were evaluated before and 1 year after the intervention: 44 patients were evaluated to rule out personality disorder, using the Salamanca Questionnaire of Personality Disorders; eating disorder, with the Bulimia Test of Edinburgh (BITE); depression, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); and 71 patients were evaluated QoL, with the "36-Item Short Form Health Survey" (SF-36)., Results: A total of 34.1% (n = 15) of patients presented personality disorder (group B most frequent). A total of 31.8% (n = 14) obtained scores suggesting anomalous food behavior (6.8%, n = 3 severe). According to the BDI, 43.2% (n = 19) showed low mood prior to the intervention. Lower scores were obtained when evaluating QoL for physical functioning (physical function: 56.81 ± 24.9; physical problems: 66.76 ± 37.64). One year after the intervention, QoL improved in those patients who underwent the sleeve gastrectomy (SG)., Conclusions: Patients with bariatric surgery more frequently presented with type B and C personalities. One year after bariatric surgery, an improvement in QoL test was observed. Patients who underwent SG technique showed better mean scores than those after biliopancreatic diversion., (© 2024 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: The effects of the rs822393 variant of ADIPOQ gene on metabolic parameters such as insulin resistance and adiponectin levels following weight loss through dietary intervention are still uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of rs822393 of ADIPOQ gene on adiponectin levels and metabolic parameters after weight loss with a high-fat hypocaloric diet with Mediterranean pattern during 12 weeks., Methods: A population of 283 patients with obesity was allocated to a dietary intervention trial with a high-fat hypocaloric diet during 12 weeks. Adiposity and biochemical parameters were determined. rs822393 was assessed with a dominant model analysis (CC vs. CT + TT)., Results: These patients had three different genotypes: CC (59.0%), CT (33.6%), and TT (7.4%). The allelic frequencies for C and T were 0.89 and 0.20, respectively. Basal and post-intervention HDL cholesterol, adiponectin levels, and adiponectin/leptin ratio were lower in T-allele than non-T-allele carriers. After dietary intervention, BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels improved significantly in both genotype groups. Moreover, HDL cholesterol (CC vs. CT + TT) (delta: 8.9 ± 1.1 mg/dL vs. 1.7 ± 0.8 mg/dL; p = 0.02), serum adiponectin in non-T-allele carriers (43.1 ± 5.9 ng/dL vs. 2.8 ± 3 0.0 ng/dL; p = 0.01), and adiponectin/leptin ratio (1.37 ± 0.1 units vs. 0.17 ± 0.08 units; p = 0.02) improved only in non-T-allele carriers after weight loss., Conclusion: Individuals with obesity and without the T allele of rs822393 experienced improvements in adiponectin levels, adiponectin/leptin ratio, and HDL cholesterol levels after following a high-fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean pattern., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objectives: The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) is involved in energy balance regulation. The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of the rs1042714 genetic variant of ADRB2 gene on weight loss, body composition, and metabolic changes secondary to partial meal replacement (pMR) hypocaloric diet in women with obesity., Methods: We conducted an interventional study in 95 premenopausal women with body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m 2 . The subjects received two intakes per day of a normocaloric hyperproteic formula during 12 wk of a pMR diet. Body weight, body mass index, fat mass, waist circumference, lipid profile, fasting insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance were determined. All patients were genotyped rs1042714 and evaluated in a dominant model (CC versus CG + GG)., Results: Genotype frequencies were 31 (37.3%), 38 (45.8%), and 14 (16.9%) for the CC, CG, and GG genotypes, respectively. We found significant interaction effects between ADRB2 variant and pMR-induced changes (CC versus CG + GG) on body weight (-7.1 ± 0.3 versus -13.5 ± 0.5 kg; P = 0.03), body mass index (-0.9 ± 0.1 versus -1.2 ± 0.2 kg/m 2 ; P = 0.03), fat mass (-4.9 ± 0.5 versus -10.2 ±1.2 kg; P = 0.01), waist circumference (-5.1 ± 0.2 versus -10.1 ± 1.9 cm; P = 0.03), glucose (-5.1 ± 1.3 versus -12.5 ± 2.5 mg/dL; P = 0.03), total cholesterol (-18.1 ± 9.3 versus -33.5 ± 4.5 mg/dL; P = 0.03), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-9.1 ± 5.3 versus -24.5 ± 4.1 mg/dL; P = 0.04), triacylglycerol levels (-6.1 ± 5.3 versus -31.5 ± 9.5 mg/dL; P = 0.04), fasting insulin levels (-1.8 ± 0.3 versus -6.3 ± 0.5 IU/L; P = 0.03), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (-0.6 ± 0.3 versus -1.9 ± 0.5 U; P = 0.03). The odds ratio to improve alteration in glucose metabolism adjusted by age and weight loss throughout the study was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.07-0.95; P = 0.02) in G allele carriers., Conclusions: The G allele of rs1042714 predicts the magnitude of weight loss resulting from a pMR diet. These adiposity improvements produce a better improvement of insulin resistance and percentage of impaired glucose metabolism in G allele carriers., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The role of ADIPOQ gene variants on weight loss and serum lipid changes after a dietary intervention is an important topic area with little scientific evidence. We designed a study in order to analyze the effects of rs3774261 of ADIPOQ gene on metabolic response and adiposity parameters after a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet pattern for 9 months and with a high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids., Patients and Methods: 133 patients with obesity were enrolled. Adiposity parameters, blood pressure, and serum parameters (lipid profile, insulin, HOMA-IR; glucose, C reactive protein, adiponectin, resistin, and leptin levels) were measured, at basal time and after dietary intervention (3 and 9 months). All patients were genotyped rs3774261 and evaluated in a dominant model (AA vs. GA+AA)., Results: Genotype frequencies were 46 (34.6%) AA, 66 (49.6%) AG, and 21 (15.8%) GG. After dietary intervention and in both genotypes, BMI, weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin decreased. In patients with the AA genotype, there was a significant improvement at (3 and 9 months) in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (-10.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -5.6±1.7 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-19.1±0.9 mg/dl vs. -6.9±0.7 mg/dl, p=0.03), total cholesterol (-9.4±0.8 mg/dl vs. -5.8±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.02) (-17.4±1.8 mg/dl vs. -9.8±1.9 mg/dl, p=0.02), triglycerides (-12.3±0.8 mg/dl vs. -8.0±0.9 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-26.1±0.8 mg/dl vs. -11.0±0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01), C reactive protein (CRP) (-0.8±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.4± 0.3 mg/dl, p=0.01) (-1.1±0.2 mg/ dl vs. -0.7±0.1 mg/dl, p=0.01) and adiponectin (28.2±11.1 ng/ml vs. 4.1±2.8 ng/ml, p=0.02) (30.1±8.1 ng/ml vs. 7.1±4.8 ng/ml, p=0.02). Finally, higher values of adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio were detected at 3- and 9-months post-treatment in patients with AA genotype., Conclusions: G allele carriers of ADIPOQ gene variant (rs3774261) showed no improvement in serum levels of adiponectin, adiponectin/leptin ratio, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and CRP after weight loss with a hypocaloric fat monounsaturated diet.

Background: Genetic mechanisms have been involved in the weight response secondary to bariatric surgery., Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of the rs9939609 genetic variant on weight loss and metabolic parameters after sleeve gastrectomy., Setting: Tertiary hospital., Methods: A total of 95 participants were enrolled. Co-morbidities, biochemical evaluation, and anthropometric parameters were registered before and after 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Genotype of the rs9939609 fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene was evaluated., Results: We grouped the participants into 2 groups: carriers of A allele (TA+AA, 69.5%) and noncarriers of A allele (TT, 30.5%). We detected a statistically significant reduction of blood pressure, biochemical, and anthropometric parameters at 3 times during follow-up. After 6 months, changes of some parameters were greater in non-A allele carriers: weight (-39.6 + 4.0 kg versus -24.6 + 2.8 kg; P = .02), waist circumference (-21.1 + 2.1 cm versus -16.2 + 1.8 cm; P = .04), insulin (-12.3 + .9 mUI/L versus -8.9.1 + .2 mUI/L; P = .02), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (-3.1 + .1 units versus -2.3 + .1 units; P = .02 ). After 12 months, changes of the aforementioned parameters remained greater in non-A allele carriers. The percentage of participants with diabetes diminished earlier in the non-A allele carriers than A allele carriers at 6-month follow-up. The percentage of participants with diabetes at the end of the study was lower in non-A allele carriers (3.4% versus 12.1%; P = .02)., Conclusions: Our data suggest that non-A allele carriers of the genetic variant (rs9939609) of the FTO gene showed a better improvement of anthropometric and insulin levels in non-A allele carriers after a robotic sleeve gastrectomy. Both improvements are associated with a lower percentage of participants with diabetes at 12 months., (Copyright © 2023 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The SNP (rs7139228) of the RETN gene is a polymorphism that has been associated with metabolic disorder in subjects with obesity, and its effect on metabolic response after dietary intervention has not been evaluated., Objective: Our objective was to analyse the effects of the polymorphism of the RETN gene rs7139228 on metabolic changes secondary to weight loss with a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet., Design: 1000 obese Caucasian patients were evaluated. An anthropometric evaluation and a biochemical analysis were performed before and after 12 weeks of a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet. The statistical analysis was performed as a dominant model (GG vs GA+AA)., Results: Improvements in anthropometric parameters, leptin levels and systolic blood pressure were similar in both genotype groups. In non- A allele carriers, levels of resistin, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and C-reactive protein decreased. The improvements were statistically significant in this group; resistin (-1.3+0.1ng/dL: p=0.02), triglycerides (-22.9+4.9mg/dl: p=0.02), CRP (-2.7+0 0.4mg/dl: p=0.02), insulin -6.5+1.8 mIU/L: p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-2.2+0.8: p=0, 03). In addition, insulin, HOMA-IR and resistin levels were higher in A allele carriers than in non-carriers. Finally, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hyperglycaemia were higher in A allele carriers, and these percentages only decreased after intervention in non-A allele carriers., Conclusion: The A rs7139228 allele is associated with a worse metabolic response (insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and CRP) after weight loss with a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet. A non-significant decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and hyperglycaemia were detected in A allele carriers., (Copyright © 2022 SEEN and SED. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recently, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been suggested as a surrogate insulin resistance marker. This index could act as an early screening marker in individuals with a high risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) such as obese subjects., Aims: The objective of this work was to detect the cutoff point of the TyG index for the diagnosis of MS according to ATPIII criteria on obese subjects and to compare with HOMA-IR., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 1,494 obese subjects. Measurements of adiposity parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, C-reactive protein, adipokines, and the prevalence of MS were determined. The TyG index was calculated from the next equation: Ln (fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL))/2., Results: A total of 1,494 subjects were recruited, 421 males (28.1%) and 1,073 females (71.8%), with an average age of 45.8 ± 15.3 years (range: 29-62). A total of 677 subjects had MS (45.5%) and 817 did not show MS (54.6%). The averages of HOMA-IR and TyG index values increased as the components of MS were aggregated, and both indexes were higher in subjects with MS. The area under the curve (AUC) of the TyG index according to ATPIII criteria showed values of 0.746 (0.721-0.771; p = 0.001). The cutoff point according to the Youden index was 4.72, with sensitivity and specificity of 87% and 88.2%, respectively. For the HOMA-IR, AUC showed values of 0.682 (0.654-0.710; p = 0.01). The cutoff point was 3.23, with sensitivity and specificity of 78% and 70.1%, respectively., Conclusions: The TyG index is more powerful for predicting MS than HOMA-IR in Caucasian obese subjects., (© 2022 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: One genetic variant (rs1121980) of FTO gene has been related with body mass index and visceral adiposity. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of rs1121980 genetic variant of FTO gene on weight loss and metabolic changes secondary to a partial meal replacement (pMR) hypocaloric diet., Patients and Methods: We conducted an interventional study on 219 obese Caucasian subjects with body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2. The subjects received two intakes per day of a normocaloric hyperproteic formula for 12 weeks. Adiposity and biochemical parameters (lipid profile, insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and glucose) were determined., Results: After the pMR diet, body weight, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, blood pressure, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR decreased in both genotype groups. The improvements in adiposity parameters and some biochemical parameters (insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride levels) were bigger in non-T allele carriers than in T allele carriers. The percentage of patients who achieved 7.5% weight loss was higher in the non-T carriers (76.7% vs. 48.4%), also with a different average of weight loss (-12.3±0.3 kg vs. -5.9±0.5 kg: p=0.01). The odds ratio to achieve 7.5% of weight loss was (OR= 2.22, 95% CI=1.24-4.01; p=0.02)., Conclusions: Non-T allele carriers of rs1121980 show a higher magnitude of weight loss and improvement in adiposity parameters, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglyceride levels resulting from a pMR diet than T allele carriers.

Introduction: Background: cancer patients are a group at high nutritional risk. Oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) can improve nutritional status. Objective: the objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness on nutritional parameters and quality of life of a ω3-enriched ONS in oncology outpatients in a real-world study. Material and methods: a total of 35 outpatient cancer patients who received 2 ONS per day were recruited. Chemistry, anthropometric, impedance measurement, nutritional survey, malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) test, and EQ5D quality of life test were all used before and after 3 months of intervention. Results: mean age was 65.4 ± 10.7 years (18 females/17 males). Mean completion of the group was 81.7 ± 7.2 %. During the intervention, total protein (1.5 ± 0.2 g/dL; p = 0.01), albumin (0.9 ± 0.1 mg/dL; p = 0.04), and transferrin (53.9 ± 21.1 mg/dL; p = 0.02) levels increased. At the beginning of the study, 100 % of the patients were in the high nutritional risk category according to MUST. After the intervention, 34.3 % (n = 12) were in the low nutritional risk category, 51.4 % (n = 18) in the moderate nutritional risk category, and only 14.3 % (n = 5) in the category of high nutritional risk; previously, 100 % of patients had high nutritional risk (p = 0.02). The total score in the quality of life test increased significantly (0.51 ± 0.06 vs 0.84 ± 0.03 points; p = 0.01), with improvement in 5 dimensions. Conclusions: the use of a ω3-enriched ONS in a real-world study with cancer outpatients showed a beneficial effect on nutritional parameters and quality of life.

Introduction: Aim: to communicate the home parenteral nutrition (HPN) data obtained from the HPN registry of the NADYA-SENPE group (www.nadya-senpe.com) for the year 2019. Material and methods: a descriptive analysis of the data collected from adult and pediatric patients with HPN in the NADYA-SENPE group registry from January 1 to December 31, 2019. Results: a total of 283 patients (51.9 % women), 31 children, and 252 adults from 47 Spanish hospitals were registered, which represents a prevalence rate of 6.01 patients per million inhabitants for year 2019. The most frequent diagnosis in adults was "palliative oncological" and "others" (21.0 %). In children, it was Hirschsprung's disease together with necrotizing enterocolitis, alterations in intestinal motility, and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, with 4 cases each (12.9 %). The first reason for the indication was short-bowel syndrome in both children (51.6 %) and adults (37.3 %). The most used type of catheter was tunnelled both in children (75.9 %) and in adults (40.8 %). Sixty-eight episodes ended, all in adults, and the most frequent cause was death (54.4 %); 38.2 % were switched to oral. Conclusions: the number of collaborating centers and professionals in the NADYA registry is increasing. The main indications and reasons for HPN termination remain stable.

Objective: One SNP in exon 9 (r5883) has been involved with high risk of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive subjects. The goal of the present study was to test the role of this genetic variant on lipid levels and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in menopausal obese females., Patients and Methods: The study enrolled a sample of 112 menopausal obese females. Measurements of adiposity parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, C reactive protein and prevalence of MS were recorded. Genotype of CETP gene polymorphism (rs5883) was studied., Results: The distribution of the rs5883 polymorphism in this menopausal obese population was 83.9% (n=94) (CC), 15.2% (n=17) (CT) and 0.9% (n=1) (TT). Adiposity parameters, blood pressure, fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, C reactive protein, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were similar in both genotype groups (CC vs. CT+TT). Moreover, HDL cholesterol (8.5+1.2 mg/dl; p=0.01) and ratio total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (0.5±0.2; p=0.04) were higher in T allele carriers (dominant model). MS percentage was similar in both genotypes (37.6% vs. 27.2%; p=0.43). Logistic regression analysis showed a decreased risk of low-HDL cholesterol in T allele carriers (OR=0.18, 95% CI=0.02-0.77, p=0.03) after adjusting by dietary fatty acid intakes, body mass index and age., Conclusions: The results reported here support that CETP variant rs5883 is related with HDL-cholesterol levels and ratio total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol.

Objective: We evaluated the effect of the genetic variant rs10767664 of BDNF gene on anthropometric and biochemical changes after weight loss secondary to a high-fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean dietary pattern., Patients and Methods: A sample of 277 obese subjects was recruited. After subjects met the inclusion criteria, they received a nutritional intervention with a high-fat hypocaloric diet [36% of carbohydrates, 40% of fats (60.0% of monounsaturated fats, 25.0% of saturated fats and 15.0% of polyunsaturated fats) and 24% of proteins]. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were measured at basal and 3 months., Results: One hundred and seventy-nine subjects (64.6%) had the genotype AA (wild group) and 98 (35.4%) subjects had the next genotypes; AT (81 patients, 29.2%) or TT (17 patients, 6.2%) (Mutant group). The improvement of BMI, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, leptin, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was similar in both genotypes after dietary intervention. Secondary to weight loss and only in non-T allele, insulin levels (AA vs. At+TT) (-5.2+0.2 UI/L vs. -2.9+0.3 UI/L: p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-2.1+0.2 units vs. -1.1+0.1 units: p=0.02) decreased significantly., Conclusions: T allele carriers of the BDNF variant rs10767664 may be an independent predictor of the lack of improvement induced by weight loss on insulin levels and insulin resistance after a high-fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean dietary pattern.

Background and Aims: This ApoA5-1131C allele of rs662799 variant is related with a higher serum triglyceride levels, and it contributes to increase risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphism rs662799 in APOA5 gene and its associations with cardiovascular risk factors, MS, and serum adipokine levels., Methods: The study involved a population of 1,002 Caucasian obese subjects. Measurements of body weight, waist circumference, fat mass, arterial blood pressure, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, insulin levels, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, and adipokines levels were recorded. Genotype of ApoA5 gene polymorphism (rs662799) and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) were evaluated., Results: The distribution of the rs662799 polymorphism in this adult population (n = 1,002) was 88.3% (n = 885) (TT), 11.4% (n = 114) (TC), and 0.3% (n = 3) (CC). No significant differences were found between the 2 genotypes in the anthropometric data, MS, or blood pressure. Triglyceride levels were higher in C-allele carriers (delta total group: 19.7 ± 2.1 mg/dL: p = 0.02) than non C-allele carriers. HDL-cholesterol levels were lower in C-allele carriers (delta total group: -6.7 ± 1.1 mg/dL: p = 0.02) than non C-allele carriers. Adiponectin levels were lower in C-allele carriers (delta total group: -11.6 ± 1.0 mg/dL: p = 0.02) too. In C-allele carriers, logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.4, p = 0.001) and percentage of low-HDL-C (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.3-3.7, p = 0.002) after adjusting by body mass index and age., Conclusions: C-allele carriers of rs662799 of APOA5 gene showed high rates of low levels of HDL and hypertriglyceridemia, with differences in triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and adiponectin levels in Caucasian obese subjects., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: Many elderly patients with COVID-19 are at risk of malnutrition. The aim of our study was to evaluate the risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia in elderly COVID-19 patients with the R-MAPP (Remote-Malnutrition APP)., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 337 consecutive outpatients ≥65 years who attended the Central Emergency COVID-19 Hospital of Castilla y Leon was conducted. In all patients, the protocol of R-MAPP (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool [MUST] and Simple Questionnaire to Rapidly Diagnose Sarcopenia [SARC-F]) was realized., Results: The mean age was 86.1 ± 8.7 years, with a sex distribution of 167 males (49.5%) and 170 females (51.5%). According to the MUST test, patients with 0 points have a low nutritional risk (n = 50, 14.8%), 1 point a medium nutritional risk (n = 19, 5.6%), and 2 or more points a high nutritional risk (n = 268, 79.6%). The SARC-F questionnaire generates patients with 4 or more points as predictive of sarcopenia (n = 304, 80.2%) and <4 points without prediction of sarcopenia (n = 33, 9.8%). Global mortality was 24.03% (n = 81). The mortality rate was related to the pathological SARC-F score ≥4 (27.1% vs. 3.1%; p = 0.01) and MUST score ≥2 (26.7% vs. 16.4%; p = 0.04). In the logistic regression analysis, only the SARC-F score ≥4 remained as an independent variable related to mortality; odds ratio was 8.34 (95% CI: 1.1-63.8; p = 0.04), adjusted for age, sex, albumin levels, and MUST test., Conclusions: During COVID-19 infection, hospitalized patients at risk of sarcopenia have a high risk of mortality and have a poor nutritional status., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Objective: Some studies showed specific associations of the Lactase persistence (LP) genotype (CT/TT) with obesity and its related comorbidities. The aim of the present investigation was to describe the association of rs4988235 with metabolic parameters, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), dairy product consumption in menopausal obese females., Patients and Methods: The study involved a population of 86 menopausal obese females. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, bone metabolism biomarkers, and prevalence of (DM2) were recorded. The genotype of the Lactase gene polymorphism (rs48988235) was evaluated., Results: The distribution of the rs48988235 polymorphism was 16.3% (n=14) (CC), 38.4% (n=33) (CT) and 45.3% (n=39) (TT). The allele frequency was C (0.35) and T (0.65). In the recessive model, serum 25-OH Vitamin D, fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were better in CC+CT genotype than TT genotype. In a dominant model, 25-OH Vitamin D, fasting glucose levels, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were better in CC genotype than CT+TT genotype. In both genetic models, calcium, vitamin D, and milk intakes were higher in T allele carriers. In the dominant model (CT+TT genotype), logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of hyperglycemia (OR=3.63, 95% CI=1.10-13.26, p=0.03) and prevalence of DM2 (OR=3.93, 95% CI=1.07-14.4, p=0.03), after adjusting by milk intake, BMI, and age. This association remained in recessive model (TT genotype); risk of hyperglycemia (OR=4.26, 95% CI=1.12-16.23, p=0.02) and prevalence of DM2 (OR=5.35, 95% CI=1.12-15.8, p=0.02)., Conclusions: T allele of rs48988235 variant in Lactase gene is associated with better glucose metabolism and lower risk of DM2 in menopausal obese females. In addition, dietary intakes of milk, calcium, and 25-OH vitamin D were higher too.

Objective: Some studies in the literature indicate that ADIPOQ rs266729 polymorphism functionally regulates adiponectin promoter activity and secondarily adiponectin levels. The aim of the present investigation was to describe the association of rs266729 with diabetes mellitus (DM2), components of Metabolic syndrome (MS) and serum adiponectin levels., Patients and Methods: The study involved a population of 1004 adult obese subjects. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile, adipokines levels and prevalence of MS and DM2 were recorded. The genotype of ADIPOQ gene polymorphism (rs266729) was evaluated., Results: The distribution of the rs266729 polymorphism in this population was 56.7% (n=569) (CC), 33.1% (n=332) (CG) and 10.2% (n=103) (GG). Insulin and HOMA-IR levels were higher in G allele carriers than non G allele carriers. Adiponectin levels were lower in G allele carriers than non G allele carriers. In total group carriers of G allele, logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of hyperglycaemia (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.19-2.76, p=0.03) and prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.13-5.14, p=0.04), after adjusting by body mass index and age CONCLUSIONS: G allele of SNP (rs266729) of the ADIPOQ gene showed high values of insulin and HOMA-IR, and low values of adiponectin levels than non G allele carriers. G allele carriers showed higher rate of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia.

Introduction: Introduction and objective: familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia (HFH) is the most common monogenic lipid metabolism disorder that associates premature cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to describe the degree of metabolic control, cardiovascular profile, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a cohort of HFH patients. Subjects and methods: a retrospective cohort study of the index cases and their relatives genetically diagnosed with HFH by the Endocrinology and Nutrition Service in the HCUV from 2009 to 2017. Anthropometric, clinical, laboratory, genetic, and treatment data were analyzed. Results: a total of 138 subjects were studied, with a mean age of 48.8 (17.7) years, 55.8% of them women. A gene mutation was found in 55.8%, and 10.1% had previous ischemic heart disease. At diagnosis mean total cholesterol was 281.1 (68.4) mg/dL, and LDL-C was 204 (65) mg/dL. Among family cases, at diagnosis, a lower mean age was observed [32.89 (19.2) years vs 50.3 (17.6) years, p < 0.001] as well as lower LDL values [181.9 (64.3) mg/dL vs 226.8 (52) mg/dL, p < 0.005] as compared to index cases. A positive correlation was observed between lipid-lowering treatment dose and LDL level reduction (r = 0.254, p < 0.05), although only 30% of patients reached their LDL target. Patients with HFH were highly adherent to Mediterranean diet, with an average score of 9.5 (1.9) in the Predimed test. Conclusions: early HFH detection is necessary to prevent premature cardiovascular events. A diagnosis of cases among family members anticipates the treatment of patients with HFH. Patients with HFH are more sensitive to heart-healthy diets.

Background: The role of ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variants on weight loss after a dietary intervention are still unclear., Objective: To analyze the effects of the ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variant n weight loss, cardiovascular risk factors, and adiponectin levels after two hypocaloric diets with different dietary fatty profiles., Design: A population of 362 obese patients was enrolled in a randomized clinical trial with two diets (Diet M, monounsaturated fat-enriched diet, and Diet P, polyunsaturated-fat enriched diet). Anthropometric measurements, an assessment of nutritional intake, and biochemical tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks., Results: Weight loss was similar with both diets. After Diet M, only subjects with CC genotype showed significant improvements in total cholesterol (CC vs. CG±GG) (-9.0±1.1mU/L vs. -4.5±2.4mg/dL, p=0.01), LDL cholesterol (-6.0±1.1mg/dL vs. -3.0±0.9mg/dL, p=0.03), glucose (-4.7±1.1mg/dL vs. -0.6±0.5mg/dL, p=0.01), and insulin levels (-2.6±1.0mU/L vs. -0.7±0.3mU/L, p=0.02) and in HOMA-IR (-0.5±0.2 units vs. -0.2±0.4 units, p=0.03). The same improvement was reported after Diet P in all parameters, including total cholesterol (CC vs. CG±GG) (-8.0±1.2mU/L vs. -2.1±1.4mg/dL, p=0.02), LDL cholesterol (-7.3±1.2mg/dL vs. -2.1±0.8mg/dL, p=0.02), glucose (-3.2±0.1mg/dL vs. -0.2±0.5mg/dL, p=0.01), and insulin levels (-2.5±1.0mU/L vs. -1±0.6mU/L, p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-0.5±0.1 units vs. -0.3±0.4 units, p=0.02). Only subjects with CC genotype showed significant increases in adiponectin levels after both diets: (Diet M: 10.3±2.0ng/dL vs. Diet P: 9.3±2.9ng/dL, p=0.43)., Conclusion: The CC genotype of ADIPOQ gene rs266729 variant is associated to increased adiponectin levels and decreases in LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels after weight loss., (Copyright © 2019 SEEN y SED. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: The prevalence of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in developed countries is up to 30% of the general population, and 50% of patients present type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Fibrosis is the most important prognostic factor in NAFLD. The aim of this study was to search evidence for an early diagnosis of liver fibrosis in subjects with DM2 and to evaluate potential risk and protective factors., Methods: This study was conducted among 160 diabetic patients with NAFLD proven biopsy. Anthropometric assessments, laboratory test, liver histological features and follow-up of a Mediterranean diet were evaluated., Results: Diabetic patients with liver fibrosis showed a greater number of positive metabolic criteria than diabetic patients without liver fibrosis. Patients with hepatic fibrosis have a lower score on the PREDIMED test (9.0 (2.4) vs. 6.2 (2.3); p < 0.05). Diabetic patients with liver fibrosis showed higher glucose levels (delta: 10.1 (4.5) mg/dl), fasting insulin levels (delta: 3.1 (1.5) UI/L), HOMA-IR (delta: 2.1 (0.3) units) and HbA1c (delta: 0.6 (0.2)%). Non-invasive tests showed a higher score (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and fibrosis-4) in liver fibrosis subjects than no liver fibrosis subjects. A logistic regression analysis adjusted by age, gender, HbA1c and body mass index showed independent significant direct association between liver fibrosis and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance as indicator of insulin resistance (odds ratio (OR) = 1.53: 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-2.2; p = 0.026) and inverse association with PREDIMED score as an indicator of adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.8; p = 0.01)., Conclusion: In patients with DM2, insulin resistance is an independent risk factor associated with liver fibrosis, and the adherence of a Mediterranean diet is a protective factor associated with absence of liver fibrosis.

Objective: Some studies have demonstrated that the allele A of FTO rs9939609 is related to both higher waist circumference and body mass index. Subsequently, some designs related biochemical variables and body weight changes with this genetic variant. We decide to analyze the effects of rs9939609 genetic variant of FTO gene on metabolic parameters and weight loss secondary to partial meal replacements hypocaloric diets (pMRHDs) in obese subjects., Patients and Methods: This was a non-randomized, single-treatment study with a formula-diet in 44 obese subjects. The patients received nutritional education and a pMRHDs with two intakes of normocaloric hyperproteic formula during 12 weeks. Anthropometric parameters and biochemical profiles were measured at basal time and after 12 weeks. The variant of FTO gene rs9939609 was determined., Results: Genotype distribution (n=44) was (16 TT (36.4%), 17 TA (38.6%) and 11 AA (25.0%)). After the pMRHD, body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, waist circumference, serum leptin levels and systolic blood pressure improved in both genotypes without statistical differences in both branches. After dietary intervention with pMRHD, subjects with A allele showed a significant improvement in total cholesterol levels (TT vs. TA+AA) (-3.8±1.4 md/dL vs. -12.6±1.7 mg/dl: p=0.01), LDL-cholesterol (-0.2±1.5 md/dL vs. -10.5±1.9 mg/dl: p=0.02), insulin levels (-1.9±0.2 mU/L vs. -3.8±0.3 mU/L: p=0.02) and HOMA-IR (-0.6±0.2 units vs. -1.1±0.1 units: p=0.01)., Conclusions: Our data suggest that the genetic variant (rs9939609) of FTO gene showed better improvement of LDL-cholesterol, insulin and HOMA-IR in subjects with A allele.

Background & Aims: The risk allele (G) of rs10830963 in the melatonin receptor 1 B (MTNR1B) gene presents an association with biochemical parameters and obesity. We study the effect of this SNP on insulin resistance and weight loss secondary to two hypocaloric diets., Methods: 270 obese subjects were randomly allocated during 9 months (Diet HP: a high protein/low carbohydrate vs. Diet S: a standard severe hypocaloric diets). Anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile and adipocytokines levels were measured. Genotype of MTNR1B gene polymorphism (rs10830963) was evaluated., Results: All adiposity parameters, systolic blood pressure and leptin levels decreased in all subjects after both diets. This improvement of adiposity parameters was higher in non-G allele carriers than G allele carriers. After weight loss with Diet HP, (CC vs. CG + GG at 9 months); total cholesterol (delta: -9.9 ± 2.4 mg/dl vs. -4.8 ± 2.2 mg/dl:p < 0.05), LDL-cholesterol (delta: -8.3 ± 1.9 mg/dl vs. -5.1 ± 2.2 mg/dl: p < 0.05), insulin (delta: -4.7 ± 0.8 UI/L vs. -0.9 ± 1.0 UI/L: p < 0.05), triglycerides (delta: -17.7 ± 3.9 mg/dl vs. -6.1 ± 2.8 mg/dl: p < 0.05) and HOMA IR (delta: -0.8 ± 0.2 units vs. -0.2 ± 0.1 units: p < 0.05) improved only in no G allele carriers. After weight loss with Diet S in non G allele carriers, insulin levels (delta (CC vs. CG + GG): -3.4 ± 0.6 UI/L vs. -1.2 ± 0.4 UI/L: p < 0.05), triglycerides (delta: -29.2 ± 3.4 mg/dl vs. -8.2 ± 3.8 mg/dl: p < 0.05), HOMA-IR (delta (CC vs. CG + GG): -1.1 ± 0.2 units vs. -0.1 ± 0.1 units: p < 0.05), total cholesterol (delta: -15.9 ± 7.4 mg/dl vs. -5.8 ± 2.9 mg/dl:ns) and LDL-cholesterol (delta: -13.7 ± 5.9 mg/dl vs. -6.0 ± 2.9 mg/dl: ns) decreased, too., Conclusions: our study detected a relationship of rs10830963 variant of MTNR1B gene with adiposity changes, cholesterol changes and insulin resistance modification induced by two different hypocaloric during 9 months., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors (Author 1, Author 2, Author 3 and Author 4) declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The role of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) polymorphisms in weight loss and serum lipid changes following different dietary interventions remain unclear. The Mediterranean dietary pattern has been associated with improved cardiovascular risk factors in different studies., Objective: Our aim was to analyze the effects of a hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean dietary pattern on the metabolic response and adiposity parameters, taking into account the 712 G/A rs3774261 polymorphisms in ADIPOQ., Design: A population of 135 obese patients was enrolled. Anthropometric and serum parameters (lipid profile, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], glucose, C-reactive protein [CRP], adiponectin, resistin, and leptin levels) were measured before and after the dietary intervention (12 weeks). All of the patients were genotyped for the rs3774261 polymorphism., Results: The genotype distribution of this population was 36 patients with AA (26.7%), 68 patients with AG (50.4%), and 31 patients with GG (22.9%). After the dietary intervention and in both genotypes, BMI, weight, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and leptin levels all decreased. After the dietary intervention with secondary weight loss and in non-G-allele carriers (AA vs. AG+GG), total cholesterol (Δ = -15.7 ± 3.9 vs. -4.9 ± 2.9 mg/dL; p = 0.02), LDL cholesterol (Δ = -15.3 ± 3.8 vs. -1.7 ± 1.9 mg/dL; p = 0.01), triglyceride levels (Δ = -23.4 ± 5.6 vs. 2.3 ± 2.3 mg/dL; p = 0.01), and CRP (Δ = -1.1 ± 0.1 vs. -0.4 ± 0.2 mg/dL; p = 0.01) decreased. Adiponectin levels (Δ = 7.2 ± 2.1 vs. -0.4 ± 0.3 ng/dL; p = 0.02) increased. Notably, G-allele carriers did not show this improvement., Conclusion: Non-G-allele carriers of the ADIPOQ variant (rs3774261) showed significant improvement in serum levels of adiponectin, lipid profiles, and CRP in response to a hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean dietary pattern., (© 2020 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background & Aims: The risk allele (G) of rs10830963 in the melatonin receptor 1 B (MTNR1B) gene presents an association with obesity. We study the effect of this SNP on cardiovascular risk factors and weight loss secondary to 2hypocaloric diets., Methods: 361 obese subjects were randomly allocated during 3 months (Diet M - high monounsaturated fat hypocaloric diet vs. Diet P - high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet). Anthropometric parameters, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin concentration, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile and adipocytokines levels were measured. Genotype of MTNR1B gene polymorphism (rs10830963) was evaluated., Results: All anthropometric parameters, systolic blood pressure and leptin levels decreased in all subjects after both diets. This improvement of anthropometric parameters was higher in non G allele carriers than G allele carriers. After dietary intervention with Diet M, (CC vs. CG + GG); total cholesterol (delta: -10.4 ± 2.1mg/dl vs. -6.4 ± 1.2mg/dl: P <.05), LDL-cholesterol (delta:-7.1 ± 0.9mg/dl vs. -2.8 ± 0.8mg/dl: P <.05), insulin (delta:-3.0 ± 0.8 UI/L vs. -2.0 ± 1.0 UI/L: P<.05) and HOMA-IR (delta:-3.4 ± 1.0 units vs. -2.9 ± 0.9 units: P<.05) improved in no G allele carriers. After Diet P, in the group of subjects without G allele CC, insulin levels (delta: -2.9 ± 1.0 UI/L vs. -0.6 ± 0.2 UI/L: P <.05) and HOMA-IR (delta (CC vs. CG + GG): -0.8 ± 0.2 units vs. -0.4 ± 0.3 units: P <.05) decreased, too., Conclusions: Our study detected a relationship of rs10830963 MTNR1B SNP with body weight loss and insulin resistance modification induced by 2different hypocaloric. Only monounsaturated enriched hypocaloric diet and in no-G allele carriers showed a significant effect on lipoproteins., (Copyright © 2019 SEEN y SED. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)