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Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. IL-1β release after 6h stimulation of CD14+ monocytes, MCSF-Macrophages, GM-CSF/IFNγ-Macrophages by crystals at 250, 500 and 1000 ng/ml in presence of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and parallel cell death rate. sHA= synthetic hydroxyapatite, CAL = human calcification CT= control group without crystal; LPS= lipopolysaccharide. n = 3. * p≤ 0,05. Supplementary Figure S2. Western Blot raw images of sHA (positive control) and three patients. Cleaved IL-1β was studied in cellular lysates (CL) and in supernatants (SN). iNF-κB= NF-κB inhibitor; iCasp1= caspase-1 inhibitor; inh= inhibitor; sHA= synthetic hydroxyapatite; CAL= human calcification; CT = control condition without crystals. Supplementary Table 1. Primers used for quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction.

International audience; Reconstructing large bone defects caused by severe trauma or resection of tumors remains a challenge for surgeons. A fibula free flap and its vascularized bed can be transplanted to the reconstruction site to achieve healing. However, this technique adds morbidity, and requires microsurgery and sculpting of the bone tissue to adapt the graft to both the vasculature and the anatomy of the defect. The aim of the current study was to evaluate an alternative approach consisting of the in situ production of a pre-vascularized synthetic bone graft and its subsequent transplantation to a critical-sized bone defect. 3D printed chambers containing biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) granules, perfused by a local vascular pedicle, with or without the addition of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), were subcutaneously implanted into New Zealand White female rabbits. SVF was prepared extemporaneously from autologous adipose tissue, the vascular pedicle was isolated from the inguinal site, while BCP granules alone served as a control group. After 8 weeks, the constructs containing a vascular pedicle exhibited abundant neovascularization with blood vessels sprouting from the pedicle, leading to significantly increased vascularization compared to BCP controls. Pre-vascularized synthetic bone grafts were then transplanted into 15 mm critical-sized segmental ulnar defects for a further 8 weeks. Micro-CT and decalcified histology revealed that pre-vascularization of synthetic bone grafts led to enhanced bone regeneration. This pre-clinical study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of the in situ production of pre-vascularized synthetic bone grafts for regenerating large bone defects, thereby addressing an important clinical need. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The current gold standard in large bone defect regeneration is vascularized fibula grafting. An alternative approach consisting of in situ production of a pre-vascularized synthetic bone graft and its subsequent transplantation to a bone defect is presented here. 3D printed chambers were filled with biphasic calcium phosphate granules, supplemented with autologous stromal vascular fraction and an axial vascular pedicle and subcutaneously implanted in inguinal sites. These pre-vascularized synthetic grafts were then transplanted into critical-sized segmental ulnar defects. Micro-CT and decalcified histology revealed that the pre-vascularized synthetic bone grafts led to higher bone regeneration than non-vascularized constructs. An alternative to vascularized fibula grafting is provided and may address an important clinical need for large bone defect reconstruction.