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1. TempNet: Temporal Attention Towards the Detection of Animal Behaviour in Videos

Author

McIntosh, Declan, Marques, Tunai Porto, Albu, Alexandra Branzan, Rountree, Rodney, and De Leo, Fabio

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Recent advancements in cabled ocean observatories have increased the quality and prevalence of underwater videos; this data enables the extraction of high-level biologically relevant information such as species' behaviours. Despite this increase in capability, most modern methods for the automatic interpretation of underwater videos focus only on the detection and counting organisms. We propose an efficient computer vision- and deep learning-based method for the detection of biological behaviours in videos. TempNet uses an encoder bridge and residual blocks to maintain model performance with a two-staged, spatial, then temporal, encoder. TempNet also presents temporal attention during spatial encoding as well as Wavelet Down-Sampling pre-processing to improve model accuracy. Although our system is designed for applications to diverse fish behaviours (i.e, is generic), we demonstrate its application to the detection of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) startle events. We compare the proposed approach with a state-of-the-art end-to-end video detection method (ReMotENet) and a hybrid method previously offered exclusively for the detection of sablefish's startle events in videos from an existing dataset. Results show that our novel method comfortably outperforms the comparison baselines in multiple metrics, reaching a per-clip accuracy and precision of 80% and 0.81, respectively. This represents a relative improvement of 31% in accuracy and 27% in precision over the compared methods using this dataset. Our computational pipeline is also highly efficient, as it can process each 4-second video clip in only 38ms. Furthermore, since it does not employ features specific to sablefish startle events, our system can be easily extended to other behaviours in future works., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2022, ICPR

Published
2022

3. Two-Year Optical Site Characterization for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment P-ONE in the Cascadia Basin

Author

Bailly, Nicolai, Bedard, Jeannette, Böhmer, Michael, Bosma, Jeff, Brussow, Dirk, Cheng, Jonathan, Clark, Ken, Croteau, Beckey, Danninger, Matthias, De Leo, Fabio, Deis, Nathan, Ens, Matthew, Fox, Rowan, Fruck, Christian, Gärtner, Andreas, Gernhäuser, Roman, Ghuman, Dilraj, Grant, Darren, He, Helen, Henningsen, Felix, Holzapfel, Kilian, Hotte, Ryan, Jenkyns, Reyna, Johnson, Hamish, Katil, Akanksha, Kopper, Claudio, Krauss, Carsten B., Kulin, Ian, Leismüller, Klaus, Leys, Sally, Lin, Tony, Macoun, Paul, Man, Matthew, McElroy, Thomas, Meighen-Berger, Stephan, Michel, Jan, Moore, Roger, Morley, Mike, Papp, Laszlo, Pirenne, Benoit, Qiu, Tom, Rankin, Mark, Rea, Immacolata Carmen, Resconi, Elisa, Round, Adrian, Ruskey, Albert, Rutley, Ryan, Spannfellner, Christian, Stacho, Jakub, Timmerman, Ross, Tomlin, Meghan, Tradewell, Matt, Traxler, Michael, Uganecz, Matt, Wagner, Seann, Yañez, Juan Pablo, and Zheng, Yinsong

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The STRings for Absorption length in Water (STRAW) are the first in a series of pathfinders for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE), a future large-scale neutrino telescope in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. STRAW consists of two 150 m long mooring lines instrumented with optical emitters and detectors. The pathfinder is designed to measure the attenuation length of the water and perform a long-term assessment of the optical background at the future P-ONE site. After two years of continuous operation, measurements from STRAW show an optical attenuation length of about 28 metres at 450 nm. Additionally, the data allow a study of the ambient undersea background. The overall optical environment reported here is comparable to other deep-water neutrino telescopes and qualifies the site for the deployment of P-ONE., Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures

Published
2021
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5. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

Author

Bates, Amanda E, Primack, Richard B, Biggar, Brandy S, Bird, Tomas J, Clinton, Mary E, Command, Rylan J, Richards, Cerren, Shellard, Marc, Geraldi, Nathan R, Vergara, Valeria, Acevedo-Charry, Orlando, Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania, Ocampo, David, Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia, Sánchez-Clavijo, Lina M, Adamescu, Cristian M, Cheval, Sorin, Racoviceanu, Tudor, Adams, Matthew D, Kalisa, Egide, Kuuire, Vincent Z, Aditya, Vikram, Anderwald, Pia, Wiesmann, Samuel, Wipf, Sonja, Badihi, Gal, Henderson, Matthew G, Loetscher, Hanspeter, Baerenfaller, Katja, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bulleri, Fabio, Bertocci, Iacopo, Maggi, Elena, Rindi, Luca, Ravaglioli, Chiara, Boerder, Kristina, Bonnel, Julien, Mathias, Delphine, Archambault, Philippe, Chauvaud, Laurent, Braun, Camrin D, Thorrold, Simon R, Brownscombe, Jacob W, Midwood, Jonathan D, Boston, Christine M, Brooks, Jill L, Cooke, Steven J, China, Victor, Roll, Uri, Belmaker, Jonathan, Zvuloni, Assaf, Coll, Marta, Ortega, Miquel, Connors, Brendan, Lacko, Lisa, Jayathilake, Dinusha RM, Costello, Mark J, Crimmins, Theresa M, Barnett, LoriAnne, Denny, Ellen G, Gerst, Katharine L, Marsh, RL, Posthumus, Erin E, Rodriguez, Reilly, Rosemartin, Alyssa, Schaffer, Sara N, Switzer, Jeff R, Wong, Kevin, Cunningham, Susan J, Sumasgutner, Petra, Amar, Arjun, Thomson, Robert L, Stofberg, Miqkayla, Hofmeyr, Sally, Suri, Jessleena, Stuart-Smith, Rick D, Day, Paul B, Edgar, Graham J, Cooper, Antonia T, De Leo, Fabio Cabrera, Garner, Grant, Brisay, Paulson G Des, Schrimpf, Michael B, Koper, Nicola, Diamond, Michael S, Dwyer, Ross G, Baker, Cameron J, Franklin, Craig E, Efrat, Ron, Berger-Tal, Oded, Hatzofe, Ohad, Eguíluz, Víctor M, Rodríguez, Jorge P, Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Elustondo, David, Calatayud, Vicent, English, Philina A, Archer, Stephanie K, Dudas, Sarah E, and Haggarty, Dana R

Subjects
Life on Land, Pandemic, Biodiversity, Restoration, Global monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Ecology
Abstract

The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus, initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness.

Published
2021

6. Movement Tracks for the Automatic Detection of Fish Behavior in Videos

Author

McIntosh, Declan, Marques, Tunai Porto, Albu, Alexandra Branzan, Rountree, Rodney, and De Leo, Fabio

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Global warming is predicted to profoundly impact ocean ecosystems. Fish behavior is an important indicator of changes in such marine environments. Thus, the automatic identification of key fish behavior in videos represents a much needed tool for marine researchers, enabling them to study climate change-related phenomena. We offer a dataset of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) startle behaviors in underwater videos, and investigate the use of deep learning (DL) methods for behavior detection on it. Our proposed detection system identifies fish instances using DL-based frameworks, determines trajectory tracks, derives novel behavior-specific features, and employs Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to identify startle behavior in sablefish. Its performance is studied by comparing it with a state-of-the-art DL-based video event detector., Comment: 8 pages, To be published in NeurIPS 2020 Workshop Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning

Published
2020

7. Nautilus Field Season Overview

Author

Fundis, Allison, Gee, Lindsay, Heffron, Erin, Kelley, Christopher, Petruncio, Emil, von Krusenstiern, Kate, Baechler, Neah, Wishnak, Samantha, Kane, Renato, Hartwell, Annie, Smith, John R., Raineault, Nicole, Bernhard, Joan M., Edgcomb, Virginia P., Powers, Christopher C., Travis, Brooke, Lott, Sarah, Yousavich, David, Haiat, Karla, Girguis, Peter, Baumberger, Tamara, Beeson, Jeffrey, Merle, Susan, Buck, Nathan, Antriasian, Anson, Roe, Kevin, Brown, Shannon, Bellucci, Lila Ardor, Bailly, Nicolai, Heesemann, Martin, Kulin, Ian, Leith, Mandy, De Leo, Fabio, Mihaly, Steve, Moran, Kate, Pirenne, Benoît, Yoerger, Dana R., Govindarajan, Annette F., Adams, Allan, Curran, Molly, Frates, Erin, Hayden, Eric B., Kawasumi, Lui, Marin, Fredrick, Stanway, M. Jordan, Stover, Sarah, Balbas, Andrea, Orcutt, Beth N., Auscavitch, Steven, Steward, Kainalu, Soule, Adam, Ballard, Robert D., Rodriguez, Coralie, Moran, Kelly, Gandulla, Stephanie, Coleman, Dwight, Schmidt, Val, Bright, John, Lohr, Kathryn, Marcus, Clint, and Waters, Sarah

Published
2022

10. Chapter 2 Towards an Optimal Design for Ecosystem-Level Ocean Observatories

Author

Rountree, Rodney A., Aguzzi, Jacopo, Marini, Simone, Fanelli, Emanuela, De Leo, Fabio C., Del Rio, Joaquin, and Juanes, Francis

Subjects
Volume, Todd, Swearer, Smith, S, Russell, Review, P, OMBAR, Oceanography, Marine, L, I, Hawkins, Firth, Evans, Biology, Bates,B, Annual, Allcock, thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSP Hydrobiology::PSPM Marine biology
Abstract

Four operational factors, together with high development cost, currently limit the use of ocean observatories in ecological and fisheries applications: 1) limited spatial coverage; 2) limited integration of multiple types of technologies; 3) limitations in the experimental design for in situ studies; and 4) potential unpredicted bias in monitoring outcomes due to the infrastructure’s presence and functioning footprint. To address these limitations, we propose a novel concept of a standardized “ecosystem observatory module” structure composed of a central node and three tethered satellite pods together with permanent mobile platforms. The module would be designed with a rigid spatial configuration to optimize overlap among multiple observation technologies each providing 360° coverage of a cylindrical or hemi-spherical volume around the module, including permanent stereo-video cameras, acoustic imaging sonar cameras, horizontal multi-beam echosounders and a passive acoustic array. The incorporation of multiple integrated observation technologies would enable unprecedented quantification of macrofaunal composition, abundance and density surrounding the module, as well as the ability to track the movements of individual fishes and macroinvertebrates. Such a standardized modular design would allow for the hierarchical spatial connection of observatory modules into local module clusters and larger geographic module networks, providing synoptic data within and across linked ecosystems suitable for fisheries and ecosystem level monitoring on multiple scales.

Published
2020

14. High-frequency study of megafaunal communities on whale bone, wood and carbonate in hypoxic Barkley Canyon.

Author

Smith, Craig R., Correa, Paulo V. F., Fleury, Aharon G., Levin, Lisa A., and De Leo, Fabio C.

Subjects
WHALE fall, WOOD, CARBONATE rocks, COMPARATIVE method, VIDEO monitors
Abstract

Organic-rich whale bones and wood falls occur widely in the deep sea and support diverse faunal communities, contributing to seafloor habitat diversity. Changes in community structure through succession on deep-sea bone/wood substrates are modulated by ecosystem engineers, i.e., bone-eating Osedax annelids, and wood-boring Xylophaga bivalves. Here, we use a comparative experimental approach and Ocean Networks Canada's (ONC) cabled observatory in hypoxic Barkley Canyon to study, at high temporal resolution, colonization and succession on whale-bone, Douglas fir wood, and control carbonate rock over 8.3 mo. Experimental substrates were similar in size and mounted on PVC plates near the seafloor at 890 m depth and monitored by high-definition video camera for 5-min intervals every 6-12 h over a period of 8.3 mo. A broad range of seafloor and sea-surface environmental variables were also monitored at this site over the 8.3 mo to account for environmental variability and food input. Following loss of the high-definition camera, substrates were surveyed approximately annually with lower resolution ROV video for an additional 8.5 y. We find that megafaunal abundances, species diversity, and community structure varied substantially over 8.3 mo on each substrate, with markedly different patterns on whale bones due to the development of extensive white bacterial mats. A combination of seafloor and sea surface variables explained < 35% of bone/wood community variation. Bone-eating Osedax annelids failed to colonize whale bones even after 9.2 years, and boring Xylophaga bivalves colonized the wood at much lower rates than in better oxygenated deep-sea locations. Species diversity on whale-bone and wood substrates appeared to be substantially reduced due to the absence of ecosystem engineers and the low oxygen concentrations. We hypothesize that Osedax/Xylophaga colonization, bone/wood degradation, and bone/wood community development may be limited by oxygen concentrations of 0.22 - 0.33 ml.l on the NE Pacific margin, and that OMZ expansion due to climate change will reduce whale-bone and wood degradation, and the contribution of whale falls and wood falls to beta diversity, on the NE Pacific margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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15. Deep-sea cabled video-observatory provides insights into the behavior at depth of sub-adult male northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris.

Author

Frouin-Mouy, Héloïse, Rountree, Rodney, Juanes, Francis, Aguzzi, Jacopo, and De Leo, Fabio C.

Subjects
ACOUSTIC imaging, SONAR imaging, DEEP-sea fishes, DEPTH sounding, PREY availability
Abstract

The Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) cabled video-observatory at the Barkley Canyon Node (British Columbia, Canada) was recently the site of a Fish Acoustics and Attraction Experiment (FAAE), from May 21, 2022 to July 16, 2023, combining observations from High-Definition (HD) video, acoustic imaging sonar, and underwater sounds at a depth of 645 m, to examine the effects of light and bait on deep-sea fish and invertebrate behaviors. The unexpected presence of at least eight (six recurrent and two temporary) sub-adult male northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) was reported in 113 and 210 recordings out of 9737 HD and 2805 sonar videos at the site, respectively. Elephant seals were found at the site during seven distinct periods between June 22, 2022 and May 19, 2023. Ethograms provided insights into the seal's deep-sea resting and foraging strategies, including prey selection. We hypothesized that the ability of elephant seals to perform repeated visits to the same site over long periods (> 10 days) was due to the noise generated by the sonar, suggesting that they learned to use that anthropogenic source as an indicator of food location, also known as the "dinner bell" effect. One interpretation is that elephant seals are attracted to the FAAE site due to the availability of prey and use the infrastructure as a foraging and resting site, but then take advantage of fish disturbance caused by the camera lights to improve foraging success. Our video observations demonstrated that northern elephant seals primarily focused on actively swimming sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), ignoring stationary or drifting prey. Moreover, we found that elephant seals appear to produce (voluntary or involuntary) infrasonic sounds in a foraging context. This study highlights the utility of designing marine observatories with spatially and temporally cross-referenced data collection from instruments representing multiple modalities of observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Nautilus Field Season Overview

Author

Raineault, Nicole A., Gee, Lindsay, Mayer, Larry, Heffron, Erin, Turchik, Alan, Mittelstaedt, Eric, Hourigan, Thomas, Cormier, Marie-Helene, Baumberger, Tamara, Merle, Susan, Wilkinson, Camilla, Roe, Kevin, Buck, Nathan, Embley, Robert, Seabrook, Sarah, Crawford, Rebecca, Norgard, Tammy, Du Preez, Cherisse, Yakgujanaas, Jaasaljuus, Clarkson, Molly, Chaves, Lais, Rangeley, Robert, Ciraolo, Alessia, Gale, Katie S.P., Haggarty, Dana, Pegg, James, McNicoll, Caroline, Du Preez, Shelton, Jameson, Brett, Leith, Mandy, Juniper, S. Kim, Elliot, Leslie, St Germain, Candice, Whyte, Jennifer, Fundis, Allison, Kane, Renato, Round, Adrian, De Leo, Fabio, Scherwath, Martin, Douglas, Karen, Lacy, Samantha, Soule, Adam, German, Christopher R., Lim, Darlene S.S., Zoeller, Michael, Parcheta, Carolyn, Alanis, Briana, Brier, John A., Chan, Eric, Emerson, David, Garcia, Angela, Huber, Julie A., Nawotniak, Shannon Kobs, Milesi, Vincent, Shields, Ashley, Shock, Everett, Smith, Amy, Seewald, Jeffrey S., Trembath-Reichert, Elizabeth, Mirmalek, Zara, Miller, Matthew J., Cohen, Tamar, Lees, David, Deans, Matthew, Kelley, Christopher, Balbas, Andrea, Wanless, Dorsey, Marsh, Leigh, Wipfler, Rebecca, Bellucci, Lila Ardor, King, Chad, Brown, Jennifer, Ballard, Robert D., Broad, Kenneth, Coleman, Dwight F., and Schmidt, Val

Published
2019

21. Enabling long-term soundscape observation via Ocean Networks Canada’s acoustic Northeast-Pacific infrastructure

Author

Muzi, Lanfranco, primary, Barclay, David R., additional, Smith, Brendan, additional, Bauer, Kohen, additional, De Leo, Fabio, additional, Heesemann, Martin, additional, Mihály, Steven, additional, Scherwath, Martin, additional, Dorocicz, John, additional, Correa, Paulo, additional, Hutchinson, Jesse, additional, and Kanes, Jasper, additional

Published
2023
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22. Nautilus Field Season Overview

Author

Raineault, Nicole A., Ballard, Robert D., Gee, Lindsay, Kane, Renato, Saunders, Miles, Heffron, Erin, Carey, Steven, Round, Adrian, Dewey, Richard, Mihály, Steve, De Leo, Fabio, Heeseman, Martin, Scherwath, Martin, Sastri, Akash, Fahy, Jason, Mayer, Larry, Broad, Kenneth, Bursek, Julie, Krasnosky, Kristopher, Lipski, Danielle, Williams, Gary, Howard, Dan, Stock, Jennifer, Roletto, Jan, Cochrane, Guy, Fish, Carina, Graiff, Kaitlin, Waddell, Jenny, Clarke, M. Elizabeth, Schumacker, Ervin, Valette-Silver, Nathalie, Davis, Loren, Cantelas, Frank, Soule, S. Adam, Seewald, Jeff, Wankel, Scott, Michel, Anna, Beinart, Roxanne, Briones, Elva Escobar, Domínguez, Esmerelda Morales, Girguis, Peter, Coleman, Dwight, Wagner, Jamie, Foulk, Aubrey, Bagla, Anshika, Karson, Jeffrey, Wishner, Karen, Siebe, Claus, Kelley, Katherine, Phillips, Brennan, Roman, Christopher, and Lubetkin, Megan

Published
2018

24. Current and future trends in marine image annotation software

Author

Gomes-Pereira, Jose Nuno, Auger, Vincent, Beisiegel, Kolja, Benjamin, Robert, Bergmann, Melanie, Bowden, David, Buhl-Mortensen, Pal, De Leo, Fabio C., Dionísio, Gisela, Durden, Jennifer M., Edwards, Luke, Friedman, Ariell, Greinert, Jens, Jacobsen-Stout, Nancy, Lerner, Steve, Leslie, Murray, Nattkemper, Tim W., Sameoto, Jessica A., Schoening, Timm, Schouten, Ronald, Seager, James, Singh, Hanumant, Soubigou, Olivier, Tojeira, Inês, van den Beld, Inge, Dias, Frederico, Tempera, Fernando, and Santos, Ricardo S.

Published
2016
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30. High-throughput video and acoustic imaging from seafloor cabled observatories for benthic ecosystem monitoring in coastal and deep-sea settings

Author

de Leo, Fabio, Juanes, Francis, Aguzzi, Jacopo, Rountree, Rodney, Marini, Simone, Robert, Katleen, Mouy, Xavier, Command, Rylan, Thomson, Madeleine, Terry, Makana, Yee, Connor, Bonofiglio, Federico, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, de Leo, Fabio, Juanes, Francis, Aguzzi, Jacopo, Rountree, Rodney, Marini, Simone, Robert, Katleen, Mouy, Xavier, Command, Rylan, Thomson, Madeleine, Terry, Makana, Yee, Connor, Bonofiglio, Federico, and Chatzievangelou, Damianos

Abstract

Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) operates large seafloor cabled observatories in the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific, with some of its long-term observations surpassing 16 years. We present snapshot results from long-term video time-series observations and in-situ experiments studying the benthic boundary layer in two coastal and one continental margin setting of Canada¿s Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Using video imagery spanning for 7 years (2013-2020) we studied the deep-sea pink urchin Strongylocentrotus fragilis with respect to the expanding oxygen minimum zone in Barkley Canyon (420 m), NE Pacific. In a second case study, we analyzed 6 months of hourly videos from the newly installed Holyrood observatory in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, Atlantic, to investigate benthic-pelagic coupling following the onset of the 2021 spring bloom. From a series of short-term experiments, we combined video and acoustic imagery (dual-frequency identification sonars) and passive acoustics data to better understand poorly understood fish vocalizations, overall temporal changes in benthic abundance and diversity, and behavioural responses to artificial lighting. In a first experiment, in turbid waters of the Fraser River Delta (150 m), Strait of Georgia, the acoustic camera proved to be the most efficient device for measuring faunal densities, while the video was more efficient in detecting a moderately diverse assemblage of fish and invertebrates. Light avoidance behaviour was detected in a large number of species while light attraction was verified for the spotted ratfish Hydrolagus colliei. In the second and third experiments, deployed at 640 m depth adjacent to Barkley Canyon, sequential bait-introduction was employed for the study of benthic successional patterns of deep-sea scavenger communities under limiting dissolved oxygen conditions. Lastly, we present an example of machine learning using a deep learning neural network applied to the automatic detection of commercially harvested s

Published
2022

31. Machine learning applied to big data from marine cabled observatories: A case study of sablefish monitoring in the NE Pacific

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Canada Foundation for Innovation, Bonofiglio, Federico, de Leo, Fabio, Yee, Connor, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Aguzzi, Jacopo, Marini, Simone, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Canada Foundation for Innovation, Bonofiglio, Federico, de Leo, Fabio, Yee, Connor, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Aguzzi, Jacopo, and Marini, Simone

Abstract

Ocean observatories collect large volumes of video data, with some data archives now spanning well over a few decades, and bringing the challenges of analytical capacity beyond conventional processing tools. The analysis of such vast and complex datasets can only be achieved with appropriate machine learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools. The implementation of AI monitoring programs for animal tracking and classification becomes necessary in the particular case of deep-sea cabled observatories, as those operated by Ocean Networks Canada (ONC), where Petabytes of data are now collected each and every year since their installation. Here, we present a machine-learning and computer vision automated pipeline to detect and count sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), a key commercially exploited species in the N-NE Pacific. We used 651 hours of video footage obtained from three long-term monitoring sites in the NEPTUNE cabled observatory, in Barkley Canyon, on the nearby slope, and at depths ranging from 420 to 985 m. Our proposed AI sablefish detection and classification pipeline was tested and validated for an initial 4.5 month period (Sep 18 2019-Jan 2 2020), and was a first step towards validation for future processing of the now decade-long video archives from Barkley Canyon. For the validation period, we trained a YOLO neural network on 2917 manually annotated frames containing sablefish images to obtain an automatic detector with a 92% Average Precision (AP) on 730 test images, and a 5-fold cross-validation AP of 93% (± 3.7%). We then ran the detector on all video material (i.e., 651 hours from a 4.5 month period), to automatically detect and annotate sablefish. We finally applied a tracking algorithm on detection results, to approximate counts of individual fishes moving on scene and obtain a time series of proxy sablefish abundance. Those proxy abundance estimates are among the first to be made using such a large volume of video data from deep-sea settings. We

Published
2022

32. Influence of Natural Processes and Bottom Trawling in the Nepheloid Layer Structure Off Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada, NE Pacific)

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Arjona-Camas, Marta, Puig, Pere, de Leo, Fabio, Garner, Grant, Paradis Vilar, Sarah, Durán, Ruth, Palanques, Albert, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Arjona-Camas, Marta, Puig, Pere, de Leo, Fabio, Garner, Grant, Paradis Vilar, Sarah, Durán, Ruth, and Palanques, Albert

Abstract

Continental margins are transitional areas between the land and the deep ocean where large amounts of particulate matter are supplied, transported, and ultimately deposited in the deep sea. High-energy hydrodynamic processes such as storms, ocean currents, or internal waves and tides, as well as bottom trawling activities contribute to the resuspension and remobilization of these particles. These mechanisms favor their transference from the continental shelf to the continental slope and maintain high concentrations of particulate matter in the water column forming nepheloid layers. The temporal evolution of the hydrographic and nepheloid structure in the upper slope off Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada, NE Pacific) was assessed by analyzing 4 months (from mid-August to late-November 2018) of sensor data from Ocean Networks Canada (ONC) NEPTUNE cabled seafloor observatory. The distribution of particulate matter during the study period illustrated a well-defined turbidity structure consisting of surface nepheloid layers (SNLs) at <100 m depth associated to primary and secondary productivity, intermediate nepheloid layers (INLs) between 150 and 300 m depth at the shelf-break and upper slope domain, and bottom nepheloid layers (BNLs) developed at >400 m depth. Moderate storm events occurred during fall when the more intense INLs were recorded at shelf-break depths. However, not all the INLs recorded during this period occurred in coincidence with these storms, indicating that these INL detachments were modulated by a different sediment resuspension mechanism. Analyses of fishing vessel activity during the study period revealed that trawlers operated over the same depth range as these INLs. Our results suggest that, in combination with the regional currents, the presence of continuous fishing along the continental slope off Vancouver Island contributes to the advection of suspended sediment particles, playing a major role in their transfer as nepheloid layers

Published
2022

33. Framing cutting-edge integrative deep-sea biodiversity monitoring via environmental DNA and optoacoustic augmented infrastructures

Author

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. SARTI-MAR - Sistemes d'Adquisició Remota de dades i Tractament de la Informació en el Medi Marí, Stefanni, Sergio, Mirimin, Luca, Stankovic, David, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bongiorni, Lucia, Marini, Simone, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Manea, Elisabetta, Bonofiglio, Federico, Río Fernández, Joaquín del, Cukrov, Neven, Gavrilovic, Ana, De Leo, Fabio C., Aguzzi, Jacopo, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. SARTI-MAR - Sistemes d'Adquisició Remota de dades i Tractament de la Informació en el Medi Marí, Stefanni, Sergio, Mirimin, Luca, Stankovic, David, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bongiorni, Lucia, Marini, Simone, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Manea, Elisabetta, Bonofiglio, Federico, Río Fernández, Joaquín del, Cukrov, Neven, Gavrilovic, Ana, De Leo, Fabio C., and Aguzzi, Jacopo

Abstract

Deep-sea ecosystems are reservoirs of biodiversity that are largely unexplored, but their exploration and biodiscovery are becoming a reality thanks to biotechnological advances (e.g., omics technologies) and their integration in an expanding network of marine infrastructures for the exploration of the seas, such as cabled observatories. While still in its infancy, the application of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding approaches is revolutionizing marine biodiversity monitoring capability. Indeed, the analysis of eDNA in conjunction with the collection of multidisciplinary optoacoustic and environmental data, can provide a more comprehensive monitoring of deep-sea biodiversity. Here, we describe the potential for acquiring eDNA as a core component for the expanding ecological monitoring capabilities through cabled observatories and their docked Internet Operated Vehicles (IOVs), such as crawlers. Furthermore, we provide a critical overview of four areas of development: (i) Integrating eDNA with optoacoustic imaging; (ii) Development of eDNA repositories and cross-linking with other biodiversity databases; (iii) Artificial Intelligence for eDNA analyses and integration with imaging data; and (iv) Benefits of eDNA augmented observatories for the conservation and sustainable management of deep-sea biodiversity. Finally, we discuss the technical limitations and recommendations for future eDNA monitoring of the deep-sea. It is hoped that this review will frame the future direction of an exciting journey of biodiscovery in remote and yet vulnerable areas of our planet, with the overall aim to understand deep-sea biodiversity and hence manage and protect vital marine resources., This research has been funded within the framework of the following project activities: ARIM (Autonomous Robotic Sea-Floor Infrastructure for Benthopelagic Monitoring; MarTERA ERA-Net Cofound); RESBIO (TEC2017-87861-R; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades); JERICO-S3: (Horizon 2020; Grant Agreement no. 871153); ENDURUNS (Research Grant Agreement H2020-MG-2018-2019-2020 n.824348); Slovenian Research Agency (Research Core Funding Nos. P1-0237 and P1-0255 and project ARRS-RPROJ-JR-J1-3015). We also profited of the funding from the Spanish Government through the “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and Italian Ministry of Education (MIUR) under the “Bando premiale FOE 2015” (nota prot. N. 850, dd. 27 ottobre 2017) with the project EarthCruisers “EARTH’s CRUst Imagery for Investigating Seismicity, Volcanism, and Marine Natural Resources in the Sicilian Offshore”. Ocean Networks Canada was funded through Canada Foundation for Innovation-Major Science Initiative (CFI-MSI) fund 30199., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Published
2022

34. Framing Cutting-Edge Integrative Deep-Sea Biodiversity Monitoring via Environmental DNA and Optoacoustic Augmented Infrastructures

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Slovenian Research Agency, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Stefanni, Sergio, Mirimin, Luca, Stanković, David, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bongiorni, Lucia, Marini, Simone, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Manea, Elisabetta, Bonofiglio, Federico, Río, Joaquín del, Cukrov, Neven, Gavrilović, Ana, de Leo, Fabio, Aguzzi, Jacopo, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Slovenian Research Agency, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Stefanni, Sergio, Mirimin, Luca, Stanković, David, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bongiorni, Lucia, Marini, Simone, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Manea, Elisabetta, Bonofiglio, Federico, Río, Joaquín del, Cukrov, Neven, Gavrilović, Ana, de Leo, Fabio, and Aguzzi, Jacopo

Abstract

Deep-sea ecosystems are reservoirs of biodiversity that are largely unexplored, but their exploration and biodiscovery are becoming a reality thanks to biotechnological advances (e.g., omics technologies) and their integration in an expanding network of marine infrastructures for the exploration of the seas, such as cabled observatories. While still in its infancy, the application of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding approaches is revolutionizing marine biodiversity monitoring capability. Indeed, the analysis of eDNA in conjunction with the collection of multidisciplinary optoacoustic and environmental data, can provide a more comprehensive monitoring of deep-sea biodiversity. Here, we describe the potential for acquiring eDNA as a core component for the expanding ecological monitoring capabilities through cabled observatories and their docked Internet Operated Vehicles (IOVs), such as crawlers. Furthermore, we provide a critical overview of four areas of development: (i) Integrating eDNA with optoacoustic imaging; (ii) Development of eDNA repositories and cross-linking with other biodiversity databases; (iii) Artificial Intelligence for eDNA analyses and integration with imaging data; and (iv) Benefits of eDNA augmented observatories for the conservation and sustainable management of deep-sea biodiversity. Finally, we discuss the technical limitations and recommendations for future eDNA monitoring of the deep-sea. It is hoped that this review will frame the future direction of an exciting journey of biodiscovery in remote and yet vulnerable areas of our planet, with the overall aim to understand deep-sea biodiversity and hence manage and protect vital marine resources

Published
2022

38. Framing Cutting-Edge Integrative Deep-Sea Biodiversity Monitoring via Environmental DNA and Optoacoustic Augmented Infrastructures

Author

Stefanni, Sergio, primary, Mirimin, Luca, additional, Stanković, David, additional, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, additional, Bongiorni, Lucia, additional, Marini, Simone, additional, Modica, Maria Vittoria, additional, Manea, Elisabetta, additional, Bonofiglio, Federico, additional, del Rio Fernandez, Joaquin, additional, Cukrov, Neven, additional, Gavrilović, Ana, additional, De Leo, Fabio C., additional, and Aguzzi, Jacopo, additional

Published
2022
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39. Two-year optical site characterization for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE) in the Cascadia Basin

Author

Bailly, Nicolai, primary, Bedard, Jeannette, additional, Böhmer, Michael, additional, Bosma, Jeff, additional, Brussow, Dirk, additional, Cheng, Jonathan, additional, Clark, Ken, additional, Croteau, Beckey, additional, Danninger, Matthias, additional, De Leo, Fabio, additional, Deis, Nathan, additional, Ens, Matthew, additional, Fox, Rowan, additional, Fruck, Christian, additional, Gärtner, Andreas, additional, Gernhäuser, Roman, additional, Ghuman, Dilraj, additional, Grant, Darren, additional, He, Helen, additional, Henningsen, Felix, additional, Holzapfel, Kilian, additional, Hotte, Ryan, additional, Jenkyns, Reyna, additional, Johnson, Hamish, additional, Katil, Akanksha, additional, Kopper, Claudio, additional, Krauss, Carsten B., additional, Kulin, Ian, additional, Leismüller, Klaus, additional, Leys, Sally, additional, Lin, Tony, additional, Macoun, Paul, additional, Man, Matthew, additional, McElroy, Thomas, additional, Meighen-Berger, Stephan, additional, Michel, Jan, additional, Moore, Roger, additional, Morley, Mike, additional, Papp, Laszlo, additional, Pirenne, Benoit, additional, Qiu, Tom, additional, Rankin, Mark, additional, Rea, Immacolata Carmen, additional, Resconi, Elisa, additional, Round, Adrian, additional, Ruskey, Albert, additional, Rutley, Ryan, additional, Spannfellner, Christian, additional, Stacho, Jakub, additional, Timmerman, Ross, additional, Tomlin, Meghan, additional, Tradewell, Matt, additional, Traxler, Michael, additional, Uganecz, Matt, additional, Wagner, Seann, additional, Yañez, Juan Pablo, additional, and Zheng, Yinsong, additional

Published
2021
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40. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

Author

Bates, Amanda E., primary, Primack, Richard B., additional, Biggar, Brandy S., additional, Bird, Tomas J., additional, Clinton, Mary E., additional, Command, Rylan J., additional, Richards, Cerren, additional, Shellard, Marc, additional, Geraldi, Nathan R., additional, Vergara, Valeria, additional, Acevedo-Charry, Orlando, additional, Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania, additional, Ocampo, David, additional, Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia, additional, Sánchez-Clavijo, Lina M., additional, Adamescu, Cristian M., additional, Cheval, Sorin, additional, Racoviceanu, Tudor, additional, Adams, Matthew D., additional, Kalisa, Egide, additional, Kuuire, Vincent Z., additional, Aditya, Vikram, additional, Anderwald, Pia, additional, Wiesmann, Samuel, additional, Wipf, Sonja, additional, Badihi, Gal, additional, Henderson, Matthew G., additional, Loetscher, Hanspeter, additional, Baerenfaller, Katja, additional, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, additional, Bulleri, Fabio, additional, Bertocci, Iacopo, additional, Maggi, Elena, additional, Rindi, Luca, additional, Ravaglioli, Chiara, additional, Boerder, Kristina, additional, Bonnel, Julien, additional, Mathias, Delphine, additional, Archambault, Philippe, additional, Chauvaud, Laurent, additional, Braun, Camrin D., additional, Thorrold, Simon R., additional, Brownscombe, Jacob W., additional, Midwood, Jonathan D., additional, Boston, Christine M., additional, Brooks, Jill L., additional, Cooke, Steven J., additional, China, Victor, additional, Roll, Uri, additional, Belmaker, Jonathan, additional, Zvuloni, Assaf, additional, Coll, Marta, additional, Ortega, Miquel, additional, Connors, Brendan, additional, Lacko, Lisa, additional, Jayathilake, Dinusha R.M., additional, Costello, Mark J., additional, Crimmins, Theresa M., additional, Barnett, LoriAnne, additional, Denny, Ellen G., additional, Gerst, Katharine L., additional, Marsh, R.L., additional, Posthumus, Erin E., additional, Rodriguez, Reilly, additional, Rosemartin, Alyssa, additional, Schaffer, Sara N., additional, Switzer, Jeff R., additional, Wong, Kevin, additional, Cunningham, Susan J., additional, Sumasgutner, Petra, additional, Amar, Arjun, additional, Thomson, Robert L., additional, Stofberg, Miqkayla, additional, Hofmeyr, Sally, additional, Suri, Jessleena, additional, Stuart-Smith, Rick D., additional, Day, Paul B., additional, Edgar, Graham J., additional, Cooper, Antonia T., additional, De Leo, Fabio Cabrera, additional, Garner, Grant, additional, Des Brisay, Paulson G., additional, Schrimpf, Michael B., additional, Koper, Nicola, additional, Diamond, Michael S., additional, Dwyer, Ross G., additional, Baker, Cameron J., additional, Franklin, Craig E., additional, Efrat, Ron, additional, Berger-Tal, Oded, additional, Hatzofe, Ohad, additional, Eguíluz, Víctor M., additional, Rodríguez, Jorge P., additional, Fernández-Gracia, Juan, additional, Elustondo, David, additional, Calatayud, Vicent, additional, English, Philina A., additional, Archer, Stephanie K., additional, Dudas, Sarah E., additional, Haggarty, Dana R., additional, Gallagher, Austin J., additional, Shea, Brendan D., additional, Shipley, Oliver N., additional, Gilby, Ben L., additional, Ballantyne, Jasmine, additional, Olds, Andrew D., additional, Henderson, Christopher J., additional, Schlacher, Thomas A., additional, Halliday, William D., additional, Brown, Nicholas A.W., additional, Woods, Mackenzie B., additional, Balshine, Sigal, additional, Juanes, Francis, additional, Rider, Mitchell J., additional, Albano, Patricia S., additional, Hammerschlag, Neil, additional, Hays, Graeme C., additional, Esteban, Nicole, additional, Pan, Yuhang, additional, He, Guojun, additional, Tanaka, Takanao, additional, Hensel, Marc J.S., additional, Orth, Robert J., additional, Patrick, Christopher J., additional, Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas, additional, Olsson, Olof, additional, Hessing-Lewis, Margot L., additional, Higgs, Nicholas D., additional, Hindell, Mark A., additional, McMahon, Clive R., additional, Harcourt, Rob, additional, Guinet, Christophe, additional, Hirsch, Sarah E., additional, Perrault, Justin R., additional, Hoover, Shelby R., additional, Reilly, Jennifer D., additional, Hobaiter, Catherine, additional, Gruber, Thibaud, additional, Huveneers, Charlie, additional, Udyawer, Vinay, additional, Clarke, Thomas M., additional, Kroesen, Laura P., additional, Hik, David S., additional, Cherry, Seth G., additional, Del Bel Belluz, Justin A., additional, Jackson, Jennifer M., additional, Lai, Shengjie, additional, Lamb, Clayton T., additional, LeClair, Gregory D., additional, Parmelee, Jeffrey R., additional, Chatfield, Matthew W.H., additional, Frederick, Cheryl A., additional, Lee, Sangdon, additional, Park, Hyomin, additional, Choi, Jaein, additional, LeTourneux, Frédéric, additional, Grandmont, Thierry, additional, de-Broin, Frédéric Dulude, additional, Bêty, Joël, additional, Gauthier, Gilles, additional, Legagneux, Pierre, additional, Lewis, Jesse S., additional, Haight, Jeffrey, additional, Liu, Zhu, additional, Lyon, Jarod P., additional, Hale, Robin, additional, D'Silva, Dallas, additional, MacGregor-Fors, Ian, additional, Arbeláez-Cortés, Enrique, additional, Estela, Felipe A., additional, Sánchez-Sarria, Camilo E., additional, García-Arroyo, Michelle, additional, Aguirre-Samboní, Giann K., additional, Franco Morales, Juan C., additional, Malamud, Shahar, additional, Gavriel, Tal, additional, Buba, Yehezkel, additional, Salingré, Shira, additional, Lazarus, Mai, additional, Yahel, Ruthy, additional, Ari, Yigael Ben, additional, Miller, Eyal, additional, Sade, Rotem, additional, Lavian, Guy, additional, Birman, Ziv, additional, Gury, Manor, additional, Baz, Harel, additional, Baskin, Ilia, additional, Penn, Alon, additional, Dolev, Amit, additional, Licht, Ogen, additional, Karkom, Tabi, additional, Davidzon, Sharon, additional, Berkovitch, Avi, additional, Yaakov, Ofer, additional, Manenti, Raoul, additional, Mori, Emiliano, additional, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, additional, Lunghi, Enrico, additional, March, David, additional, Godley, Brendan J., additional, Martin, Cecilia, additional, Mihaly, Steven F., additional, Barclay, David R., additional, Thomson, Dugald J.M., additional, Dewey, Richard, additional, Bedard, Jeannette, additional, Miller, Aroha, additional, Dearden, Amber, additional, Chapman, Jennifer, additional, Dares, Lauren, additional, Borden, Laura, additional, Gibbs, Donna, additional, Schultz, Jessica, additional, Sergeenko, Nikita, additional, Francis, Fiona, additional, Weltman, Amanda, additional, Moity, Nicolas, additional, Ramírez-González, Jorge, additional, Mucientes, Gonzalo, additional, Alonso-Fernández, Alexandre, additional, Namir, Itai, additional, Bar-Massada, Avi, additional, Chen, Ron, additional, Yedvab, Shmulik, additional, Okey, Thomas A., additional, Oppel, Steffen, additional, Arkumarev, Volen, additional, Bakari, Samuel, additional, Dobrev, Vladimir, additional, Saravia-Mullin, Victoria, additional, Bounas, Anastasios, additional, Dobrev, Dobromir, additional, Kret, Elzbieta, additional, Mengistu, Solomon, additional, Pourchier, Cloé, additional, Ruffo, Alazar, additional, Tesfaye, Million, additional, Wondafrash, Mengistu, additional, Nikolov, Stoyan C., additional, Palmer, Charles, additional, Sileci, Lorenzo, additional, Rex, Patrick T., additional, Lowe, Christopher G., additional, Peters, Francesc, additional, Pine, Matthew K., additional, Radford, Craig A., additional, Wilson, Louise, additional, McWhinnie, Lauren, additional, Scuderi, Alessia, additional, Jeffs, Andrew G., additional, Prudic, Kathleen L., additional, Larrivée, Maxim, additional, McFarland, Kent P., additional, Solis, Rodrigo, additional, Hutchinson, Rebecca A., additional, Queiroz, Nuno, additional, Furtado, Miguel A., additional, Sims, David W., additional, Southall, Emily, additional, Quesada-Rodriguez, Claudio A., additional, Diaz-Orozco, Jessica P., additional, Rodgers, Ku'ulei S., additional, Severino, Sarah J.L., additional, Graham, Andrew T., additional, Stefanak, Matthew P., additional, Madin, Elizabeth M.P., additional, Ryan, Peter G., additional, Maclean, Kyle, additional, Weideman, Eleanor A., additional, Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., additional, Kittelberger, Kyle D., additional, Kusak, Josip, additional, Seminoff, Jeffrey A., additional, Hanna, Megan E., additional, Shimada, Takahiro, additional, Meekan, Mark G., additional, Smith, Martin K.S., additional, Mokhatla, Mohlamatsane M., additional, Soh, Malcolm C.K., additional, Pang, Roanna Y.T., additional, Ng, Breyl X.K., additional, Lee, Benjamin P.Y.-H., additional, Loo, Adrian H.B., additional, Er, Kenneth B.H., additional, Souza, Gabriel B.G., additional, Stallings, Christopher D., additional, Curtis, Joseph S., additional, Faletti, Meaghan E., additional, Peake, Jonathan A., additional, Schram, Michael J., additional, Wall, Kara R., additional, Terry, Carina, additional, Rothendler, Matt, additional, Zipf, Lucy, additional, Ulloa, Juan Sebastián, additional, Hernández-Palma, Angélica, additional, Gómez-Valencia, Bibiana, additional, Cruz-Rodríguez, Cristian, additional, Herrera-Varón, Yenifer, additional, Roa, Margarita, additional, Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, additional, Ochoa-Quintero, Jose Manuel, additional, Vardi, Reut, additional, Vázquez, Víctor, additional, Requena-Mesa, Christian, additional, Warrington, Miyako H., additional, Taylor, Michelle E., additional, Woodall, Lucy C., additional, Stefanoudis, Paris V., additional, Zhang, Xiangliang, additional, Yang, Qiang, additional, Zukerman, Yuval, additional, Sigal, Zehava, additional, Ayali, Amir, additional, Clua, Eric E.G., additional, Carzon, Pamela, additional, Seguine, Clementine, additional, Corradini, Andrea, additional, Pedrotti, Luca, additional, Foley, Catherine M., additional, Gagnon, Catherine Alexandra, additional, Panipakoochoo, Elijah, additional, Milanes, Celene B., additional, Botero, Camilo M., additional, Velázquez, Yunior R., additional, Milchakova, Nataliya A., additional, Morley, Simon A., additional, Martin, Stephanie M., additional, Nanni, Veronica, additional, Otero, Tanya, additional, Wakeling, Julia, additional, Abarro, Sarah, additional, Piou, Cyril, additional, Sobral, Ana F.L., additional, Soto, Eulogio H., additional, Weigel, Emily G., additional, Bernal-Ibáñez, Alejandro, additional, Gestoso, Ignacio, additional, Cacabelos, Eva, additional, Cagnacci, Francesca, additional, Devassy, Reny P., additional, Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, additional, Moraga, Paula, additional, Rutz, Christian, additional, and Duarte, Carlos M., additional

Published
2021
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42. P-ONE second pathfinder mission: STRAW-b

Author

Rea, Immacolata Carmen, primary, Holzapfel, Kilian, additional, Baron, Andrew, additional, Bailly, Nicolai, additional, Bedard, Jeannette, additional, Bohmer, Michael, additional, Bosma, Jeff, additional, Brussow, Dirk, additional, Cheng, Jonathan, additional, Clark, Ken, additional, Croteau, Beckey, additional, Danninger, Matthias, additional, Deis, Nathan, additional, Ens, Matthew, additional, Fox, Rowan, additional, Fruck, Christian, additional, Gartner, Andreas, additional, Gernhäuser, Roman, additional, Grant, Darren, additional, He, Helen, additional, Henningsen, Felix, additional, Hotte, Ryan, additional, Jenkyns, Reyna, additional, Johnson, Hamish, additional, Katil, Akanksha, additional, Kopper, Claudio, additional, Krauss, Carsten, additional, Kulin, Ian, additional, Leismüller, Klaus, additional, Leys, Sally, additional, Lin, Tony T.Y., additional, Macoun, Paul, additional, McElroy, Thomas, additional, Meighen-Berger, Stephan, additional, Michel, Jan, additional, Moore, Roger, additional, Morley, Mike, additional, Papp, Laszlo, additional, Pirenne, Benoit, additional, Qiu, Tom, additional, Rankin, Mark, additional, Rea, Immacolata Carmen, additional, Resconi, Elisa, additional, Round, Adrian, additional, Ruskey, Albert, additional, Rutley, Ryan, additional, Spannfellner, Christian, additional, Stacho, Jakub, additional, Timmerman, Ross, additional, Tomlin, Meghan, additional, Tradewell, Matt, additional, Traxler, Michael, additional, Uganecz, Matt, additional, Wagner, Seann, additional, Zheng, Yinsong, additional, Yanez, Juan Pablo, additional, and De Leo, Fabio, additional

Published
2021
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43. Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE): prototype line development

Author

Spannfellner, Christian, primary, Bailly, Nicolai, additional, Bedard, Jeannette, additional, Bohmer, Michael, additional, Bosma, Jeff, additional, Brussow, Dirk, additional, Cheng, Jonathan, additional, Clark, Ken, additional, Croteau, Beckey, additional, Danninger, Matthias, additional, De Leo, Fabio, additional, Deis, Nathan, additional, Ens, Matthew, additional, Fox, Rowan, additional, Fruck, Christian, additional, Gartner, Andreas, additional, Gernhäuser, Roman, additional, Grant, Darren, additional, He, Helen, additional, Henningsen, Felix, additional, Holzapfel, Kilian, additional, Hotte, Ryan, additional, Jenkyns, Reyna, additional, Johnson, Hamish, additional, Katil, Akanksha, additional, Kopper, Claudio, additional, Krauss, Carsten, additional, Kulin, Ian, additional, Leismüller, Klaus, additional, Leys, Sally, additional, Lin, Tony T.Y., additional, Macoun, Paul, additional, McElroy, Thomas, additional, Meighen-Berger, Stephan, additional, Michel, Jan, additional, Moore, Roger, additional, Morley, Mike, additional, Papp, Laszlo, additional, Pirenne, Benoit, additional, Qiu, Tom, additional, Rankin, Mark, additional, Rea, Immacolata Carmen, additional, Resconi, Elisa, additional, Round, Adrian, additional, Ruskey, Albert, additional, Rutley, Ryan, additional, Stacho, Jakub, additional, Timmerman, Ross, additional, Tomlin, Meghan, additional, Tradewell, Matt, additional, Traxler, Michael, additional, Uganecz, Matt, additional, Wagner, Seann, additional, Yanez, Juan Pablo, additional, and Zheng, Yinsong, additional

Published
2021
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45. A brief introduction to the TrawledSeas Project: Bottom Trawling as a Driver of Seascape Transformation

Author

Durán, Ruth, Micallef, Aaron, Baeten, Nicole J., Dolan, Margaret, Bjarnadottir, Lilja R., Puig, Pere, Lo Iacono, Claudio, Muñoz, Araceli, Mountjoy, Joshu J., Lamarche, Geoffroy, and de Leo, Fabio

Abstract

5th International Network for Submarine Canyon Investigation and Scientific Exchange International Symposium (INCISE), 14-18 June 2021, Bottom trawling is one of the most widespread fishing practices in the world’s oceans. It involves towing of nets to harvest benthic and demersal living resources. The dragging of trawling gears along the seafloor results in scraping and ploughing the seabed, which leads to the formation of turbid plumes of resuspended sediments, changes in the sediment erosion/accumulation rates and modifications of their fluxes and budgets, which results in measurable alterations of the submarine geomorphology. As submarine canyons are increasingly targeted by trawlers, there is a growing need to quantify, monitor and mitigate the impacts of bottom trawling in these environments. The TrawledSeas Project aims to quantitatively characterise the contribution of bottom trawling on the geomorphic evolution of submarine canyons, over a range of spatial scales, from fine (m–dam) to mesoscale (5–100 km). To address this objective, a new automated marine landscape mapping technique is being developed to quantify the morphological signature of bottom trawling, based on the analysis of high-resolution multibeam data implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The proposed methodology integrates standard general (e.g. curvature, rugosity, roughness or fractal dimension) and specific (e.g. object-based image methods) geomorphic techniques with new ones developed in this project in a multiscale approach. It combines GIS open source tools with bathymetric dataset at different resolutions, from hull-mounted multibeam data to compare the large-scale morphology of trawled and untrawled areas, to Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) bathymetric data to identify and quantify trawl marks at small spatial scale. Additionally, data from repeated surveys will be used to assess potential temporal changes in the seafloor morphology of new fishing grounds. The implementation of these geomorphological tools in different study sites incised by submarine canyons (e.g. Catalan, Malta-Sicilian, Norwegian, Canterbury, Patagonian and W Canadian continental margins), will allow to characterise the differential impact of bottom trawling on the canyons’ seafloor, in terms of extent, rates and volume change in different geologic and climatic settings

Published
2021

46. Integrating Diel Vertical Migrations of Bioluminescent Deep Scattering Layers Into Monitoring Programs

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Canada Foundation for Innovation, German Research Foundation, University of Alberta, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bahamon, Nixon, Martini, Séverine, Río, Joaquín del, Riccobene, Giorgio, Tangherlini, Michael, Danovaro, Roberto, de Leo, Fabio, Pirenne, Benoit, Aguzzi, Jacopo, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Canada Foundation for Innovation, German Research Foundation, University of Alberta, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bahamon, Nixon, Martini, Séverine, Río, Joaquín del, Riccobene, Giorgio, Tangherlini, Michael, Danovaro, Roberto, de Leo, Fabio, Pirenne, Benoit, and Aguzzi, Jacopo

Abstract

The deep sea (i.e., >200 m depth) is a highly dynamic environment where benthic ecosystems are functionally and ecologically connected with the overlying water column and the surface. In the aphotic deep sea, organisms rely on external signals to synchronize their biological clocks. Apart from responding to cyclic hydrodynamic patterns and periodic fluctuations of variables such as temperature, salinity, phytopigments, and oxygen concentration, the arrival of migrators at depth on a 24-h basis (described as Diel Vertical Migrations; DVMs), and from well-lit surface and shallower waters, could represent a major response to a solar-based synchronization between the photic and aphotic realms. In addition to triggering the rhythmic behavioral responses of benthic species, DVMs supply food to deep seafloor communities through the active downward transport of carbon and nutrients. Bioluminescent species of the migrating deep scattering layers play a not yet quantified (but likely important) role in the benthopelagic coupling, raising the need to integrate the efficient detection and quantification of bioluminescence into large-scale monitoring programs. Here, we provide evidence in support of the benefits for quantifying and continuously monitoring bioluminescence in the deep sea. In particular, we recommend the integration of bioluminescence studies into long-term monitoring programs facilitated by deep-sea neutrino telescopes, which offer photon counting capability. Their Photo-Multiplier Tubes and other advanced optical sensors installed in neutrino telescope infrastructures can boost the study of bioluminescent DVMs in concert with acoustic backscatter and video imagery from ultra-low-light cameras. Such integration will enhance our ability to monitor proxies for the mass and energy transfer from the upper ocean into the deep-sea Benthic Boundary Layer (BBL), a key feature of the ocean biological pump and crucial for monitoring the effects of climate-change. In additi

Published
2021

47. Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

Author

Bates, Amanda E., Primack, Richard B., Biggar, Brandy S., Bird, Thomas J., Clinton, Mary E., Command, Rylan J., Richards, Cerren, Shellard, Marc, Geraldi, Nathan R., Vergara, Valeria, Acevedo-Charry, Orlando, Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania, Ocampo, David, Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia, Sánchez-Clavijo, Lina M., Adamescu, Cristian M., Cheval, Sorin, Racoviceanu, Tudor, Adams, Matthew D., Kalisa, Egide, Kuuire, Vincent Z., Aditya, Vikram, Anderwald, Pia, Wiesmann, Samuel, Wipf, Sonja, Badihi, Gal, Henderson, Matthew G., Loetscher, Hanspeter, Baerenfaller, Katja, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bulleri, Fabio, Bertocci, Lacopo, Maggi, Elena, Rindi, Luca, Ravaglioli, Chiara, Boerder, Kristina, Bonnel, Julien, Mathias, Delphine, Archambault, Philippe, Chauvaud, Laurent, Braun, Camrin D., Thorrold, Simon R., Brownscombe, Jacob W., Midwood, Jonathan D., Boston, Christine M., Brooks, Jill L., Cooke, Steven J., China, Victor, Roll, Uri, Belmaker, Jonathan, Zvuloni, Assaf, Coll, Marta, Ortega, Miquel, Connors, Brendan, Lacko, Lisa, Jayathilake, Dinusha R.M., Costello, Mark J., Crimmins, Theresa M., Barnett, LoriAnne, Denny, Ellen G., Gerst, Katharine L., Marsh, R.L., Posthumus, Erin E., Rodriguez, Reilly, Rosemartin, Alyssa, Schaffer, Sara N., Switzer, Jeff R., Wong, Kevin, Cunningham, Susan J., Sumasgutner, Petra, Amar, Arjun, Thomson, Robert L., Stofberg, Miqkayla, Hofmeyr, Sally, Suri, Jessleena, Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Day, Paul B., Edgar, Graham J., Cooper, Antonia T., Cabrera De Leo, Fabio, Garner, Grant, Des Brisay, Paulson G., Schrimpf, Michael B., Koper, Nicola, Diamond, Michael S., Dwyer, Ross G., Baker, Cameron J, Franklin, Craig E., Efrat, Ron, Berger-Tal, Oded, Hatzofe, Ohad, Eguíluz, Víctor M., Rodríguez, Jorge P., Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Elustondo, David, Calatayud, Vicent, English, Philina A., Archer, Stephanie K., Dudas, Sarah E., Haggarty, Dana R., Gallagher, Austin J., Shea, Brandan D., Shipley, Oliver N., Gilby, Ben L., Ballantyne, Jasmine, Olds, Andrew D., Henderson, Christopher J., Schlacher, Thomas A., Halliday, William D., Brown, Nicholas A.W., Woods, Mackenzie B., Balshine, Sigal, Juanes, Francis, Rider, Mitchell J., Albano, Patricia S., Hammerschlag, Neil, Hays, Graeme C., Esteban, Nicole, Pan, Yuhang, He, Guojun, Tanaka, Takanao, Hensel, Marc J.S., Orth, Robert J., Patrick, Christopher J., Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas, Olsson, Olof, Hessing-Lewis, Margot L., Higgs, Nicholas D., McMahon, Clive R., Harcourt, Rob, Guinet, Christophe, Hirsch, Sarah E., Perrault, Justin R., Hoover, Shelby R., Reilly, Jennifer D., Hobaiter, Catherine, Gruber, Thibaud, Huveneers, Charlie, Udyawer, Vinay, Clarke, Thomas M., Kroesen, Laura P., Hik, David S., Cherry, Seth G., Del Bel Belluz, Justin A., Jackson, Jennifer M., Lai, Shengjie, Lamb, Clayton T., LeClair, Gregory D., Parmelee, Jeffrey R., Chatfield, Matthew W.H., Frederick, Cheryl A., Lee, Sangdon, Park, Hyomin, Choi, Jaein, LeTourneux, Frédéric, Grandmont, Thierry, Dulude de-Broin, Frédéric, Bêty, Joël, Gauthier, Gilles, Legagneux, Pierre, Lewis, Jesse S., Haight, Jeffrey, Liu, Zhu, Lyon, Jarod P., Hale, Robin, D'Silva, Dallas, MacGregor-Fors, Ian, Arbelaez-Cortes, Enrique, Estela, Felipe A., Sánchez-Sarria, Camilo E., García-Arroyo, Michelle, Aguirre-Samboní, Giann K., Franco Morales, Juan C., Malamud, Shahar, Gavriel, Tal, Buba, Yehezkel, Salingré, Shira, Lazarus, Mai, Yahel, Ruthy, Ben Ari, Yigael, Miller, Eyal, Sade, Rotem, Lavian, Guy, Birman, Ziv, Gury, Manor, Baz, Harel, Baskin, Ilia, Penn, Alon, Dolev, Amit, Licht, Ogen, Karkom, Tabi, Davidzon, Sharon, Berkovitch, Avi, Yaakov, Ofer, Manenti, Raoul, Mori, Emiliano, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Lunghi, Enrico, March, David, Godley, Brendan J., Martin, Cecilia, Mihaly, Steven F., Barclay, David R., Thomson, Dugald J.M., Dewey, Richard, Bedard, Jeannette, Miller, Aroha, Dearden, Amber, Chapman, Jennifer, Dares, Lauren, Borden, Laura, Gibbs, Donna, Schultz, Jessica, Sergeenko, Nikita, Francis, Fiona, Weltman, Amanda, Moity, Nicolas, Ramírez-González, Jorge, Mucientes, Gonzalo, Alonso-Fernández, Alexandre, Namir, Itai, Bar-Massada, Avi, Chen, Ron, Yedvab, Shmulik, Okey, Thomas A., Oppel, Steffen, Arkumarev, Volen, Bakari, Samuel, Dobrev, Vladimir, Saravia-Mullin, Victoria, Bounas, Anastasios, Kret, Elzbieta, Mengistu, Solomon, Pourchier, Cloé, Ruffo, Alazar, Tesfaye, Million, Wondafrash, Mengistu, Nikolov, Stoyan C., Palmer, Charles, Sileci, Lorenzo, Rex, Patrick T., Lowe, Christopher G., Peters, Francesc, Pine, Matthew K., Radford, Craig A, Wilson, Louise, McWhinnie, Lauren, Scuderi, Alessia, Jeffs, Andrew G., Prudic, Kathleen L., Larrivée, Maxim, McFarland, Kent P., Solis, Rodrigo, Hutchinson, Rebecca A., Queiroz, Nuno, Furtado, Miguel A., Sims, David W., Southall, Emily, Quesada-Rodriguez, Claudio A., Diaz-Orozco, Jessica P., Rodgers, Ku'ulei S., Severino, Sarah J.L., Graham, Andrew, Stefanak, Matthew P., Madin, Elizabeth M.P., Ryan, Peter G., Maclean, Kyle, Weideman, Eleanor A., Sekercioğlu, Cağan H., Kittelberger, Kyle D., Kusak, Josip, Seminoff, Jeffrey A., Hanna, Megan E., Shimada, Takahiro, Meekan, Mark G., Smith, Martin, Mokhatla, Mohlamatsane M., Soh, Malcolm C.K., Pang, Roanna Y.T., Ng, Breyl X.K., Lee, Benjamin P.Y.-H., Loo, Adrian H.B., Er, Kenneth B.H., Souza, Gabriel B.G., Stallings, Christopher D., Curtis, Joseph S., Faletti, Meaghan E., Peake, Jonathan A., Schram, Michael J., Wall, Kara R., Terry, Carina, Rothendler, Matt, Zipf, Lucy, Ulloa, Juan Sebastián, Hernández-Palma, Angélica, Gómez-Valencia, Bibiana, Cruz-Rodríguez, Cristian, Herrera-Varón, Yenifer, Roa, Margarita, Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, Ochoa-Quintero, Jose Manuel, Vardi, Reut, Vázquez, Víctor, Requena-Mesa, Christian, Warrington, Miyako H., Taylor, Michelle E., Woodall, Lucy C., Stefanoudis, Paris V., Zhang, Xiangliang, Yang, Qiang, Zukerman, Yuval, Sigal, Zehava, Ayali, Amir, Clua, Eric, Carzon, Pamela, Seguine, Clementine, Corradini, Andrea, Pedrotti, Luca, Foley, Catherine M., Gagnon, Catherine Alexandra, Panipakoochoo, Elijah, Milanes, Celene B., Botero, Camilo M., Velázquez, Yunior R., Milchakova, Nataliya A., Morley, Simon A., Martin, Stephanie M., Nanni, Veronica, Otero, Tania, Wakeling, Julia, Abarro, Sarah, Piou, Cyril, et al., Bates, Amanda E., Primack, Richard B., Biggar, Brandy S., Bird, Thomas J., Clinton, Mary E., Command, Rylan J., Richards, Cerren, Shellard, Marc, Geraldi, Nathan R., Vergara, Valeria, Acevedo-Charry, Orlando, Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania, Ocampo, David, Ocampo-Peñuela, Natalia, Sánchez-Clavijo, Lina M., Adamescu, Cristian M., Cheval, Sorin, Racoviceanu, Tudor, Adams, Matthew D., Kalisa, Egide, Kuuire, Vincent Z., Aditya, Vikram, Anderwald, Pia, Wiesmann, Samuel, Wipf, Sonja, Badihi, Gal, Henderson, Matthew G., Loetscher, Hanspeter, Baerenfaller, Katja, Benedetti-Cecchi, Lisandro, Bulleri, Fabio, Bertocci, Lacopo, Maggi, Elena, Rindi, Luca, Ravaglioli, Chiara, Boerder, Kristina, Bonnel, Julien, Mathias, Delphine, Archambault, Philippe, Chauvaud, Laurent, Braun, Camrin D., Thorrold, Simon R., Brownscombe, Jacob W., Midwood, Jonathan D., Boston, Christine M., Brooks, Jill L., Cooke, Steven J., China, Victor, Roll, Uri, Belmaker, Jonathan, Zvuloni, Assaf, Coll, Marta, Ortega, Miquel, Connors, Brendan, Lacko, Lisa, Jayathilake, Dinusha R.M., Costello, Mark J., Crimmins, Theresa M., Barnett, LoriAnne, Denny, Ellen G., Gerst, Katharine L., Marsh, R.L., Posthumus, Erin E., Rodriguez, Reilly, Rosemartin, Alyssa, Schaffer, Sara N., Switzer, Jeff R., Wong, Kevin, Cunningham, Susan J., Sumasgutner, Petra, Amar, Arjun, Thomson, Robert L., Stofberg, Miqkayla, Hofmeyr, Sally, Suri, Jessleena, Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Day, Paul B., Edgar, Graham J., Cooper, Antonia T., Cabrera De Leo, Fabio, Garner, Grant, Des Brisay, Paulson G., Schrimpf, Michael B., Koper, Nicola, Diamond, Michael S., Dwyer, Ross G., Baker, Cameron J, Franklin, Craig E., Efrat, Ron, Berger-Tal, Oded, Hatzofe, Ohad, Eguíluz, Víctor M., Rodríguez, Jorge P., Fernández-Gracia, Juan, Elustondo, David, Calatayud, Vicent, English, Philina A., Archer, Stephanie K., Dudas, Sarah E., Haggarty, Dana R., Gallagher, Austin J., Shea, Brandan D., Shipley, Oliver N., Gilby, Ben L., Ballantyne, Jasmine, Olds, Andrew D., Henderson, Christopher J., Schlacher, Thomas A., Halliday, William D., Brown, Nicholas A.W., Woods, Mackenzie B., Balshine, Sigal, Juanes, Francis, Rider, Mitchell J., Albano, Patricia S., Hammerschlag, Neil, Hays, Graeme C., Esteban, Nicole, Pan, Yuhang, He, Guojun, Tanaka, Takanao, Hensel, Marc J.S., Orth, Robert J., Patrick, Christopher J., Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas, Olsson, Olof, Hessing-Lewis, Margot L., Higgs, Nicholas D., McMahon, Clive R., Harcourt, Rob, Guinet, Christophe, Hirsch, Sarah E., Perrault, Justin R., Hoover, Shelby R., Reilly, Jennifer D., Hobaiter, Catherine, Gruber, Thibaud, Huveneers, Charlie, Udyawer, Vinay, Clarke, Thomas M., Kroesen, Laura P., Hik, David S., Cherry, Seth G., Del Bel Belluz, Justin A., Jackson, Jennifer M., Lai, Shengjie, Lamb, Clayton T., LeClair, Gregory D., Parmelee, Jeffrey R., Chatfield, Matthew W.H., Frederick, Cheryl A., Lee, Sangdon, Park, Hyomin, Choi, Jaein, LeTourneux, Frédéric, Grandmont, Thierry, Dulude de-Broin, Frédéric, Bêty, Joël, Gauthier, Gilles, Legagneux, Pierre, Lewis, Jesse S., Haight, Jeffrey, Liu, Zhu, Lyon, Jarod P., Hale, Robin, D'Silva, Dallas, MacGregor-Fors, Ian, Arbelaez-Cortes, Enrique, Estela, Felipe A., Sánchez-Sarria, Camilo E., García-Arroyo, Michelle, Aguirre-Samboní, Giann K., Franco Morales, Juan C., Malamud, Shahar, Gavriel, Tal, Buba, Yehezkel, Salingré, Shira, Lazarus, Mai, Yahel, Ruthy, Ben Ari, Yigael, Miller, Eyal, Sade, Rotem, Lavian, Guy, Birman, Ziv, Gury, Manor, Baz, Harel, Baskin, Ilia, Penn, Alon, Dolev, Amit, Licht, Ogen, Karkom, Tabi, Davidzon, Sharon, Berkovitch, Avi, Yaakov, Ofer, Manenti, Raoul, Mori, Emiliano, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Lunghi, Enrico, March, David, Godley, Brendan J., Martin, Cecilia, Mihaly, Steven F., Barclay, David R., Thomson, Dugald J.M., Dewey, Richard, Bedard, Jeannette, Miller, Aroha, Dearden, Amber, Chapman, Jennifer, Dares, Lauren, Borden, Laura, Gibbs, Donna, Schultz, Jessica, Sergeenko, Nikita, Francis, Fiona, Weltman, Amanda, Moity, Nicolas, Ramírez-González, Jorge, Mucientes, Gonzalo, Alonso-Fernández, Alexandre, Namir, Itai, Bar-Massada, Avi, Chen, Ron, Yedvab, Shmulik, Okey, Thomas A., Oppel, Steffen, Arkumarev, Volen, Bakari, Samuel, Dobrev, Vladimir, Saravia-Mullin, Victoria, Bounas, Anastasios, Kret, Elzbieta, Mengistu, Solomon, Pourchier, Cloé, Ruffo, Alazar, Tesfaye, Million, Wondafrash, Mengistu, Nikolov, Stoyan C., Palmer, Charles, Sileci, Lorenzo, Rex, Patrick T., Lowe, Christopher G., Peters, Francesc, Pine, Matthew K., Radford, Craig A, Wilson, Louise, McWhinnie, Lauren, Scuderi, Alessia, Jeffs, Andrew G., Prudic, Kathleen L., Larrivée, Maxim, McFarland, Kent P., Solis, Rodrigo, Hutchinson, Rebecca A., Queiroz, Nuno, Furtado, Miguel A., Sims, David W., Southall, Emily, Quesada-Rodriguez, Claudio A., Diaz-Orozco, Jessica P., Rodgers, Ku'ulei S., Severino, Sarah J.L., Graham, Andrew, Stefanak, Matthew P., Madin, Elizabeth M.P., Ryan, Peter G., Maclean, Kyle, Weideman, Eleanor A., Sekercioğlu, Cağan H., Kittelberger, Kyle D., Kusak, Josip, Seminoff, Jeffrey A., Hanna, Megan E., Shimada, Takahiro, Meekan, Mark G., Smith, Martin, Mokhatla, Mohlamatsane M., Soh, Malcolm C.K., Pang, Roanna Y.T., Ng, Breyl X.K., Lee, Benjamin P.Y.-H., Loo, Adrian H.B., Er, Kenneth B.H., Souza, Gabriel B.G., Stallings, Christopher D., Curtis, Joseph S., Faletti, Meaghan E., Peake, Jonathan A., Schram, Michael J., Wall, Kara R., Terry, Carina, Rothendler, Matt, Zipf, Lucy, Ulloa, Juan Sebastián, Hernández-Palma, Angélica, Gómez-Valencia, Bibiana, Cruz-Rodríguez, Cristian, Herrera-Varón, Yenifer, Roa, Margarita, Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, Ochoa-Quintero, Jose Manuel, Vardi, Reut, Vázquez, Víctor, Requena-Mesa, Christian, Warrington, Miyako H., Taylor, Michelle E., Woodall, Lucy C., Stefanoudis, Paris V., Zhang, Xiangliang, Yang, Qiang, Zukerman, Yuval, Sigal, Zehava, Ayali, Amir, Clua, Eric, Carzon, Pamela, Seguine, Clementine, Corradini, Andrea, Pedrotti, Luca, Foley, Catherine M., Gagnon, Catherine Alexandra, Panipakoochoo, Elijah, Milanes, Celene B., Botero, Camilo M., Velázquez, Yunior R., Milchakova, Nataliya A., Morley, Simon A., Martin, Stephanie M., Nanni, Veronica, Otero, Tania, Wakeling, Julia, Abarro, Sarah, Piou, Cyril, and et al.

Abstract

The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus, initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness.

Published
2021

48. Integrating diel vertical migrations of bioluminescent deep scattering layers into monitoring programs

Author

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. SARTI-MAR - Sistemes d'Adquisició Remota de dades i Tractament de la Informació en el Medi Marí, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bahamón Rivera, Nixon, Martini, Séverine, Río Fernández, Joaquín del, Riccobene, Giorgio, Tangherlini, Michael, Danovaro, Roberto, De Leo, Fabio C., Pirenne, Benoît, Aguzzi, Jacopo, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. SARTI-MAR - Sistemes d'Adquisició Remota de dades i Tractament de la Informació en el Medi Marí, Chatzievangelou, Damianos, Bahamón Rivera, Nixon, Martini, Séverine, Río Fernández, Joaquín del, Riccobene, Giorgio, Tangherlini, Michael, Danovaro, Roberto, De Leo, Fabio C., Pirenne, Benoît, and Aguzzi, Jacopo

Abstract

The deep sea (i.e., 200 m depth) is a highly dynamic environment where benthic ecosystems are functionally and ecologically connected with the overlying water column and the surface. In the aphotic deep sea, organisms rely on external signals to synchronize their biological clocks. Apart from responding to cyclic hydrodynamic patterns and periodic fluctuations of variables such as temperature, salinity, phytopigments, and oxygen concentration, the arrival of migrators at depth on a 24-h basis (described as Diel Vertical Migrations; DVMs), and from well-lit surface and shallower waters, could represent a major response to a solar-based synchronization between the photic and aphotic realms. In addition to triggering the rhythmic behavioral responses of benthic species, DVMs supply food to deep seafloor communities through the active downward transport of carbon and nutrients. Bioluminescent species of the migrating deep scattering layers play a not yet quantified (but likely important) role in the benthopelagic coupling, raising the need to integrate the efficient detection and quantification of bioluminescence into large-scale monitoring programs. Here, we provide evidence in support of the benefits for quantifying and continuously monitoring bioluminescence in the deep sea. In particular, we recommend the integration of bioluminescence studies into long-term monitoring programs facilitated by deep-sea neutrino telescopes, which offer photon counting capability. Their Photo-Multiplier Tubes and other advanced optical sensors installed in neutrino telescope infrastructures can boost the study of bioluminescent DVMs in concert with acoustic backscatter and video imagery from ultra-low-light cameras. Such integration will enhance our ability to monitor proxies for the mass and energy transfer from the upper ocean into the deep-sea Benthic Boundary Layer (BBL), a key feature of the ocean biological pump and crucial for monitoring the effects of climate-change. In additio, This work was developed within the framework of the Tecnoterra (ICM-CSIC/UPC) and the following project activities: ARIM (Autonomous Robotic sea-floor Infrastructure for benthopelagic Monitoring; MartTERA ERA-Net Cofound) and RESBIO (TEC2017-87861-R; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; PIs: JR and JA) and with funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S). Ocean Networks Canada was funded through Canada Foundation for Innovation-Major Science Initiative Fund 30199 to FD and BP. The STRAW and STRAW-b experiments deployed and connected through the NEPTUNE cabled observatory are supported by the German Research Foundation through grant SFB 1258 “Neutrinos and Dark Matter in Astro- and Particle Physics,” the cluster of excellence “Origin and Structure of the Universe,” and the University of Alberta., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Published
2021

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