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Abstract Computationally derived volcano curve has become the gold standard in catalysis, whose practical application usually relies on empirical interpretations of composition or size effects by the identical active site assumption. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study on disclosing both the support- and adsorbate-induced restructuring of Pt-Co bimetallic catalysts, and the related interplays among different interfacial sites to propose the synergy-dependent volcano curves. Multiple characterizations, isotopic kinetic investigations, and multiscale simulations unravel that the progressive incorporation of Co into Pt catalysts, driven by strong Pt-C bonding (metal-support interfaces) and Co-O bonding (metal-adsorbate interfaces), initiates the formation of Pt-rich alloys accompanied by isolated Co species, then Co segregation to epitaxial CoOx overlayers and adjacent Co3O4 clusters, and ultimately structural collapse into amorphous alloys. Accordingly, three distinct synergies, involving lattice oxygen redox from Pt-Co alloy/Co3O4 clusters, dual-active sites engineering via Pt-rich alloy/CoOx overlayer, and electron coupling within exposed alloy, are identified and quantified for CO oxidation (gas-phase), ammonia borane hydrolysis (liquid-phase), and hydrogen evolution reaction (electrocatalysis), respectively. The resultant synergy-dependent volcano curves represent an advancement over traditional composition-/size-dependent ones, serving as a bridge between theoretical models and experimental observations in bimetallic catalysis.

Aberrant expression of TRIM proteins has been correlated with poor prognosis and metastasis in many cancers, with many TRIM proteins acting as key oncogenic factors. TRIM proteins are actively involved in many cancer signaling pathways, such as p53, Akt, NF-κB, MAPK, TGFβ, JAK/STAT, AMPK and Wnt/β-catenin. Therefore, this review attempts to summarize how three of the most studied TRIMs in recent years (i.e., TRIM25, TRIM28 and TRIM59) are involved directly and indirectly in the crosstalk between the signaling pathways. A brief overview of the key signaling pathways involved and their general cross talking is discussed. In addition, the direct interacting protein partners of these TRIM proteins are also highlighted in this review to give a picture of the potential protein–protein interaction that can be targeted for future discovery and for the development of novel therapeutics against cancer. This includes some examples of protein partners which have been proposed to be master switches to various cancer signaling pathways.

Introduction China is the largest tobacco consumer in the world, and tobacco poses a serious threat to the health of pregnant women. However, there are relatively few domestic studies on smoking during pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of active and passive smoking on pregnant women and their pregnancy outcomes, providing evidence and recommendations for intervention measures. Methods This was a cohort study in Shanghai from April 2021 to September 2023. According to the smoking status of pregnant women, they were divided into three groups: active smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers. A self-designed questionnaire was utilized to conduct the survey, and their pregnancy outcomes were tracked and followed up. Results A total of 3446 pregnant women were included in this study, among which 2.1% were active smokers, 43.5% were passive smokers, and 54.4% were nonsmokers. The average age of the pregnant women was 29.9 years, and 41.2% had a university degree or higher. The education level of active smokers and passive smokers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers (p

BackgroundImproper settings of outdoor smoking points in public places may increase the risk of secondhand smoke exposure among the population. Conducting research on air pollution in and around smoking spots and related influencing factors can provide valuable insights for optimizing the setting of outdoor smoking points. ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of the number of smokers at outdoor smoking points and the distance on the diffusion characteristics of surrounding air pollutants, in order to optimize the setting of outdoor smoking points. MethodsSurrounding the exhibition halls in the China International Import Expo (CIIE), two outdoor smoking points were randomly selected, one on the first floor (ground level) and the other on the second floor (16 m above ground), respectively. At 0, 3, 6, and 9 m from the smoking points in the same direction, validated portable air pollutant monitors were used to measure the real-time fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations for consecutive 5 d during the exhibition, as well as the environmental meteorological factors at 0 m with weather meters including wind speed, wind direction, and air pressure. An open outdoor atmospheric background sampling point was selected on each of the two floors to carry out parallel sampling. Simultaneously, the number of smokers at each smoking point were double recorded per minute. The relationships between the number of smokers, distance from the smoking points, and ambient PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations were evaluated by generalized additive regression models for time-series data after adjustment of confounders such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. ResultsThe median numbers of smokers at smoking points on the first and second floors were 6 [interquartile range (IQR): 3, 9] and 9 (IQR: 6, 13), respectively. Windless (wind speed

The use of biochar to reduce the gas emissions from paddy soils is a promising approach. However, the manner in which biochar and soil microbial communities interact to affect CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions is not clearly understood, particularly when compared with other amendments. In this study, high-throughput sequencing, soil metabolomics, and quantitative real-time PCR were utilized to compare the effects of biochar (BC) and organic manure (OM) on soil microbial community structure, metabolomic profiles and functional genes, and ultimately CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions. Results indicated that BC and OM had opposite effects on soil CO2 and N2O emissions, with BC resulting in lower emissions and OM resulting in higher emissions, whereas BC, OM, and their combined amendments increased cumulative CH4 emissions by 19.5 %, 31.6 %, and 49.1 %, respectively. BC amendment increased the abundance of methanogens (Methanobacterium and Methanocella) and denitrifying bacteria (Anaerolinea and Gemmatimonas), resulting in an increase in the abundance of mcrA, amoA, amoB, and nosZ genes and the secretion of a flavonoid (chrysosplenetin), which caused the generation of CH4 and the reduction of N2O to N2, thereby accelerating CH4 emissions while reducing N2O emissions. Simultaneously, OM amendment increased the abundance of the methanogen Caldicoprobacter and denitrifying Acinetobacter, resulting in increased abundance of mcrA, amoA, amoB, nirK, and nirS genes and the catabolism of carbohydrates [maltotriose, D-(+)-melezitose, D-(+)-cellobiose, and maltotetraose], thereby enhancing CH4 and N2O emissions. Moreover, puerarin produced by Bacillus metabolism may contribute to the reduction in CO2 emissions by BC amendment, but increase in CO2 emissions by OM amendment. These findings reveal how BC and OM affect greenhouse gas emissions by modulating soil microbial communities, functional genes, and metabolomic profiles.

Abstract The oncogene RAS, extensively studied for decades, presents persistent gaps in understanding, hindering the development of effective therapeutic strategies due to a lack of precise details on how RAS initiates MAPK signaling with RAF effector proteins at the plasma membrane. Recent advances in X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM, and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy offer structural and spatial insights, yet the molecular mechanisms involving protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions in RAS-mediated signaling require further characterization. This study utilizes single-molecule experimental techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the computational Machine-Learned Modeling Infrastructure (MuMMI) to examine KRAS4b and RAF1 on a biologically relevant lipid bilayer. MuMMI captures long-timescale events while preserving detailed atomic descriptions, providing testable models for experimental validation. Both in vitro and computational studies reveal that RBDCRD binding alters KRAS lateral diffusion on the lipid bilayer, increasing cluster size and decreasing diffusion. RAS and membrane binding cause hydrophobic residues in the CRD region to penetrate the bilayer, stabilizing complexes through β-strand elongation. These cooperative interactions among lipids, KRAS4b, and RAF1 are proposed as essential for forming nanoclusters, potentially a critical step in MAP kinase signal activation.

Reliable long-term settlement prediction of a high embankment relates to mountain infrastructure safety. This study developed a novel hybrid model (NHM) that combines a joint denoising technique with an enhanced gray wolf optimizer (EGWO)-ν-support vector regression (ν-SVR) method. High-embankment field measurements were preprocessed using the joint denoising technique, which includes complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition, singular value decomposition, and wavelet packet transform. Furthermore, high-embankment settlements were predicted using the EGWO-ν-SVR method. In this method, the standard gray wolf optimizer (GWO) was improved to obtain the EGWO to better tune the ν-SVR model hyperparameters. The proposed NHM was then tested in two case studies. Finally, the influences of the data division ratio and kernel function on the EGWO-ν-SVR forecasting performance and prediction efficiency were investigated. The results indicate that the NHM suppresses noise and restores details in high-embankment field measurements. Simultaneously, the NHM outperforms other alternative prediction methods in prediction accuracy and robustness. This demonstrates that the proposed NHM is effective in predicting high-embankment settlements with noisy field measurements. Moreover, the appropriate data division ratio and kernel function for EGWO-ν-SVR are 7:3 and radial basis function, respectively.

As a vital and integral component of transportation infrastructure, pavement has a direct and tangible impact on socio-economic sustainability. In recent years, an influx of groundbreaking and state-of-the-art materials, structures, equipment, and detection technologies related to road engineering have continually and progressively emerged, reshaping the landscape of pavement systems. There is a pressing and growing need for a timely summarization of the current research status and a clear identification of future research directions in these advanced and evolving technologies. Therefore, Journal of Road Engineering has undertaken the significant initiative of introducing a comprehensive review paper with the overarching theme of “advanced road materials, structures, equipment, and detection technologies”. This extensive and insightful review meticulously gathers and synthesizes research findings from 39 distinguished scholars, all of whom are affiliated with 19 renowned universities or research institutions specializing in the diverse and multidimensional field of highway engineering. It covers the current state and anticipates future development directions in the four major and interconnected domains of road engineering: advanced road materials, advanced road structures and performance evaluation, advanced road construction equipment and technology, and advanced road detection and assessment technologies.

Abstract Parents confront multiple aspects of offspring demands and need to coordinate different parental care tasks. Biparental care is considered to evolve under circumstances where one parent is not competent for all tasks and cannot efficiently raise offspring. However, this hypothesis is difficult to test, as uniparental and biparental care rarely coexist. Chinese penduline tits (Remiz consobrinus) provide such a system where both parental care types occur. Here, we experimentally investigated whether parents in biparental nests are less capable of caring than parents in uniparental nests. We monitored parenting efforts at (1) naturally uniparental and biparental nests and (2) biparental nests before and during the temporary removal of a parent. Given the relatively small sample sizes, we have employed various statistical analyses confirming the robustness of our results. We found that total feeding frequency and brooding duration were similar for natural uniparental and biparental nests. Feeding frequency, but not brooding duration, contributed significantly to nestling mass. In line with this, a temporary parental removal revealed that the remaining parents at biparental nests fully compensated for the partner's feeding absence but not for brooding duration. This reflects that the manipulated parents are confronted with a trade‐off between feeding and brooding and were selected to invest in the more influential one. However, such a trade‐off may not occur in parents of natural uniparental care nests. The different capabilities of a parent independently coordinating feeding and brooding tasks suggest that parents from biparental and uniparental nests were exposed to different resource conditions, thereby foraging efficiency may differ between care types.

BackgroundPublic places are frequently polluted by cigarette smoking, and there is a lack of accurate, real-time, and intelligent monitoring technology to identify smoking behavior. It is necessary to develop a tool to identify cigarette smoking behavior in public places for more efficient control of cigarette smoking and better indoor air quality. ObjectiveTo construct a model for recognizing cigarette smoking behavior based on real-time indoor concentrations of PM2.5 in public places. MethodsReal-time indoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured for at least 7 continuous days in 10 arbitrarily selected places (6 public service providers and and 4 office or other places) from Oct. to Nov. 2022 in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. Indoor nicotine concentrations were monitored with passive samplers simultaneously. Outdoor PM2.5 concentration data were obtained from three municipal environmental monitoring stations which were nearest to each monitoring point during the same period. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare indoor and outdoor means of PM2.5 concentrations, and Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze indoor PM2.5 and nicotine concentrations. An interactive plot and a random forest model was applied to examine the association between video observation validated indoor smoking behavior and real-time indoor PM2.5 concentrations in an Internet cafe. ResultsThe average indoor PM2.5 concentration in the places providing public services [(97.5±149.3) µg·m−3] was significantly higher than that in office and other places [(19.8±12.2) µg·m−3] (P=0.011). The indoor/outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) of PM2.5 concentration in the public service providers ranged from 1.1 to 19.0. Furthermore, the indoor PM2.5 concentrations in the 10 public places were significantly correlated with the nicotine concentrations (rs=0.969, P

The effects of CeO2, ZrO2, Nb2O5, and ZnO catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (CNT) relative to cellulose hydrothermal hydrogenolysis in the presence of Ni/CNT and pressured H2 was studied in this work. The catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, NH3 temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and CO2-TPD. Glucose and its isomers were detected by mass spectrometry. The results showed that redox active CeO2/CNT with strong Lewis acid and strong Lewis base sites was active in C-C bong cracking, isomerization, dehydrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation reaction, yielding 36.3% ethylene glycol and 17.2% 1,2-propylene glycol. The ZnO/CNT with Bronsted base accelerated isomerization, retro-aldol condensation, and dehydrogenation, yielding 20.7% 1,2-propylene glycol, 17.8% ethylene glycol, and 12.7% tetrahydrofuran dimethanol. The Nb2O5/CNT and ZrO2/CNT were inert to C-C bond cracking, whereas H+ in hot compressed water and the Bronsted acid in Nb2O5/CNT accelerated dehydration, yielding more sorbitol and sorbitans. The results provide reference for catalyst selection and product regulation in cellulose hydrogenolysis.

Recent studies on microencapsulated self-healing cementitious materials have primarily focused on the particle size and preparation methods of the microcapsules. However, there has been limited attention paid to the microscopic aspects, such as the selection of curing agents and the curing duration of these materials. In this study, urea-formaldehyde resin/epoxy resin E-51 microcapsules were synthesized through in situ polymerization. This research investigates the feasibility of self-healing from a molecular mechanism perspective and evaluates the repair performance of microencapsulated self-healing cement mortar with varying microcapsule concentrations, curing agent types, and curing ages. The findings demonstrate that the microcapsule shells bond effectively with the cementitious matrix, with radial distribution function peaks all located within 3.5 Å. The incorporation of microcapsules enhanced the tensile strength of the modified cement mortar by 116.83% and increased the failure strain by 110%, indicating improved adhesion and mechanical properties. The restorative agent released from the microcapsule core provided greater strength after curing compared to the uncured state. Although the overall strength of the microencapsulated self-healing cement mortar decreased with higher microcapsule concentrations, the repair efficiency improved. The strength recovery rate of 28-day aged modified cement mortar had a significant improvement with the addition of X and Y curing agents, respectively.

In order to investigate the deformation characteristics of interbedded weak expansive rocks in water immersion, the sandstone–mudstone interbedded structures were taken as the object of this study. A total of 27 sets of indoor immersion tests were designed with three influencing factors, namely, the layer thickness ratios of sandstone and mudstone (1:1, 2:1, 3:1), the occurrence of the rock layers (flat, oblique, and vertical), and the overburden loadings (0 kPa, 12.5 kPa, and 25 kPa). Tests were conducted to obtain the deformation time series data of the samples during the immersion loading process. Based on this, the influence pattern of each influencing factor on the sample deformation was analyzed individually. The results show that with the increase in overburden loading and rock inclination angle, the sample develops from expansion deformation to compression deformation. Changes in the layer thickness ratio will not change the deformation trend of the sample, and the decrease in the relative mudstone content will only reduce the absolute value of the sample’s expansion and compression deformation. The deformation stability rate of the sample under load is 5~7 times that under no load. The increase in layer thickness ratio and rock inclination angle will lead to different degrees of attenuation of sample expansion force in the range of 8.91~38.68% and 51.00~58.83%, respectively. The research results of this paper can provide a meaningful reference for the design and maintenance of a high-speed railway subgrade in a weak expansive rock area with an interbedded structure.

Introduction The widespread popularity of e-cigarettes is considered an important public health concern. However, only some studies have investigated the prevalence of e-cigarette use in Shanghai, China. Research on the perceived harmfulness of e-cigarettes and public support for e-cigarette regulations in China is limited. This study aimed to estimate e-cigarette awareness, prevalence, and associated factors among adults in Shanghai, China. Methods This study used data from a representative survey conducted in Shanghai, China, in 2019. The survey was conducted at 64 surveillance points in Shanghai, China, using a multistage, stratified, cluster-randomized sampling design, recruiting community-based Chinese adults aged ≥15 years. Based on the principles outlined in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) China Project, data were collected by conducting face-to-face interviews in households. Of the 3200 selected households, 3060 people completed the individual survey. The overall response rate was 97.4%. Results In all, 72.3% of the respondents had heard of e-cigarettes. The respondents who had used e-cigarettes at some point in their life, used them in the last 12 months, and used them currently were 5.8%, 2.6%, and 1.3%, respectively. Among adult residents who had heard of e-cigarettes, 38.2% thought they were less harmful than traditional cigarettes. The respondents who perceived e-cigarettes as more harmful than traditional cigarettes were less likely to have ever used e-cigarettes (AOR=0.2; 95% CI: 0.1–0.5, p=0.0015) and more likely to support incorporating e-cigarettes into the regulation of smoking control (AOR=3.9; 95% CI: 1.8–8.6, p=0.0008). Conclusions Our findings reveal that the awareness about e-cigarettes was high, and the prevalence of e-cigarette use was similar to the findings from previous studies in China. The harmful perception of e-cigarettes warrants further attention from public health practitioners.

Abstract Oxidation of renewable polyol/sugar into formic acid using molecular O2 over heterogeneous catalysts is still challenging due to the insufficient activation of both O2 and organic substrates on coordination-saturated metal oxides. In this study, we develop a defective MnO2 catalyst through a coordination number reduction strategy to enhance the aerobic oxidation of various polyols/sugars to formic acid. Compared to common MnO2, the tri-coordinated Mn in the defective MnO2 catalyst displays the electronic reconstruction of surface oxygen charge state and rich surface oxygen vacancies. These oxygen vacancies create more Mnδ+ Lewis acid site together with nearby oxygen as Lewis base sites. This combined structure behaves much like Frustrated Lewis pairs, serving to facilitate the activation of O2, as well as C–C and C–H bonds. As a result, the defective MnO2 catalyst shows high catalytic activity (turnover frequency: 113.5 h−1) and formic acid yield (>80%) comparable to noble metal catalysts for glycerol oxidation. The catalytic system is further extended to the oxidation of other polyols/sugars to formic acid with excellent catalytic performance.

Since 1998, the Au–O–Ti4+ sites of Au/Ti-based catalysts have been widely accepted as the active sites for propene epoxidation with H2 and O2 at a relatively high temperature, although they are limited by poor H2 efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate a novel Au–O–Ti3+ active site aiming at low-temperature propene epoxidation. Notably, this active site results in a sharp shift in the optimum temperature, from 200 to 138 °C, and allows the catalyst to maintain an unprecedented H2 efficiency of 43.6%, a high propylene oxide (PO) selectivity of 90.7%, and a stability of over 100 h. The Au–O–coordinatively unsaturated Ti3+ active site is quantitatively constructed by tuning the amount of Si–OH and Bu3NH+ in post-treated silicalite-1 seeds. Through operando ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, the dynamic evolution of the Ti–OOH intermediate was investigated. It was found that the Ti–OOH generation rate is higher on Au–O–Ti3+ than on conventional Au–O–Ti4+ sites. Moreover, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations, together with density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, demonstrated that the coordinatively unsaturated Ti3+ sites promote electron transfer between Au and Ti3+, thereby enhancing the O2 adsorption ability of the catalyst and promoting the in situ formation of H2O2 and the Ti–OOH intermediate, even at a low temperature. The insights and methodology reported here not only shed new light on maximizing H2 efficiency over a coordinatively unsaturated Ti3+ structure of titanium silicate-1 but also open up new opportunities for industrial direct gas-phase propene epoxidation in a low temperature range.

Abstract N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays important roles in bioprocesses and diseases. AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) is one of two m6A demethylases. Here, we reveal that ALKBH5 is acetylated at lysine 235 (K235) by lysine acetyltransferase 8 and deacetylated by histone deacetylase 7. K235 acetylation strengthens the m6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 by increasing its recognition of m6A on mRNA. RNA-binding protein paraspeckle component 1 (PSCP1) is a regulatory subunit of ALKBH5 and preferentially interacts with K235-acetylated ALKBH5 to recruit and facilitate the recognition of m6A mRNA by ALKBH5, thereby promoting m6A erasure. Mitogenic signals promote ALKBH5 K235 acetylation. K235 acetylation of ALKBH5 is upregulated in cancers and promotes tumorigenesis. Thus, our findings reveal that the m6A demethylation activity of ALKBH5 is orchestrated by its K235 acetylation and regulatory subunit PSPC1 and that K235 acetylation is necessary for the m6A demethylase activity and oncogenic roles of ALKBH5.

Population genomic data could provide valuable information for conservation efforts; however, limited studies have been conducted to investigate the genetic status of threatened pheasants. Reeves's Pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) is facing population decline, attributed to increases in habitat loss. There is a knowledge gap in understanding the genomic status and genetic basis underlying the local adaptation of this threatened bird. Here, we used population genomic data to assess population structure, genetic diversity, inbreeding patterns, and genetic divergence. Furthermore, we identified candidate genes linked with adaptation across the current distribution of Reeves's Pheasant. The present study assembled the first de novo genome sequence of Reeves's Pheasant and annotated 19,458 genes. We also sequenced 30 individuals from three populations (Dabie Mountain, Shennongjia, Qinling Mountain) and found that there was clear population structure among those populations. By comparing with other threatened species, we found that Reeves's Pheasants have low genetic diversity. Runs of homozygosity suggest that the Shennongjia population has experienced serious inbreeding. The demographic history results indicated that three populations experienced several declines during the glacial period. Local adaptative analysis among the populations identified 241 candidate genes under directional selection. They are involved in a large variety of processes, including the immune response and pigmentation. Our results suggest that the three populations should be considered as three different conservation units. The current study provides genetic evidence for conserving the threatened Reeves's Pheasant and provides genomic resources for global biodiversity management.

In this study, we have described a novel reaction between 1,4-enynyl-3-ols and alkyl bromides. The reaction was carried out in the presence of Ag2O, following a free radical 1,2-alkynyl migration pathway, which was confirmed through control experiments. This methodology offers several advantages, including high efficiency and a wide range of applicable substrates.

At present, the mechanism of varietal differences in cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice is not well understood. Two rice cultivars, ZZY (high translocation-high grain Cd) and SJ18 (low translocation-low grain Cd), were used to analyze transcriptome differences in the spike-neck tissue in field trials. The results showed that, compared with ZZY, 22,367 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in SJ18, including 2941 upregulated and 19,426 downregulated genes. GO analysis enriched 59 downregulated terms, concerning 24 terms enriched for more than 1000 DEGs, including cellular and metabolic processes, biological regulation, localization, catalytic activity, transporter activity, signaling, etc. KEGG enrichment identified 21 significant downregulated pathways, regarding the ribosome, metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolism, signaling transduction, cell membrane and cytoskeleton synthesis, genetic information transfer, amino acid synthesis, etc. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that these DEGs could be clustered into five modules. Among them, the yellow module was significantly related to SJ18 with hub genes related to OsHMA and OsActin, whereas the brown module was significantly related to ZZY with hub genes related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), CBS, and glutaredoxin. This suggests that different mechanisms are involved in the process of spike-neck–grain Cd translocation among varieties. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying differences in Cd transport among rice varieties.

Abstract Background Numerous studies on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury have been undertaken in recent years. Hotspots and developmental trends in MI/R research are being rapidly updated. However, there has been no bibliometric analysis that systematically evaluates existing literature on MI/R injury. Our study explores developments in MI/R research over the past decade, and provides a reference for future research. Materials and methods Both experimental and clinical publications on MI/R injury from 2012 to 2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The CiteSpace and VOSviewer tools were used to perform a bibliometric analysis. Results A total of 8419 papers were analyzed. The number of annual publications demonstrated an overall upward trend, rising from 629 publications in 2012 to 1024 publications in 2021. China, the USA, Germany, England, and Italy were the top five contributors to MI/R studies. The Fourth Military Medical University in China contributed the most publications (188, 2.23%), while the University College London in England cooperated the most with relevant research institutions. Derek J Hausenloy (University College London), Derek M Yellon (University College London), and Gerd Heusch (University of Essen Medical School) were the top three most active and influential scholars according to the H-index. Among the top 10 journals with the most publications, Basic Research in Cardiology had the highest impact factors. The top three co-cited journals were Circulation, Circulation Research, and Cardiovascular Research. According to a co-cited reference analysis, MI/R research can be divided across 10 major subfields of mitophagy, cardioprotection, inflammation, remote ischemic preconditioning, long non-coding RNA, melatonin, postconditioning, mitochondria, microvascular obstruction, and ferroptosis. After 2018, the keywords with strongest citation bursts included extracellular vesicles, long non-coding RNA, cell proliferation, microRNA, mitochondrial quality control, mitophagy, biomarker, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusions The present study reveals the influential authors, cooperating institutions, and main research foci in the field of MI/R injury in the past decade. The latest hotspots are a more in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying MI/R injury, such as mitochondrial quality control, non-coding RNAs, cell proliferation, and extracellular vesicles.

This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of high-intensity ultrasound (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min) in combination with L-lysine (15 mM) on improving the solubility and flavour adsorption capacity of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in low-ion-strength media. The results revealed that the ultrasound treatment for 20 min or the addition of L-lysine (15 mM) significantly improved protein solubility (p < 0.05), with L-lysine (15 mM) showing a more pronounced effect (p < 0.05). The combination of ultrasound treatment and L-lysine further increased solubility, and the MPs treated with ultrasound at 20 min exhibited the best dispersion stability in water, which corresponded to the lowest turbidity, highest absolute zeta potential value, and thermal stability (p < 0.05). Based on the reactive and total sulfhydryl contents, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, the ultrasound treatment combined with L-lysine (15 mM) promoted the unfolding and depolymerization of MPs, resulting in a larger exposure of SH groups on the surface, aromatic amino acids in a polar environment, and a transition of protein conformation from α-helix to β-turn. Moreover, the combined treatment also increased the hydrophobic bonding sites, hydrogen-bonding sites, and electrostatic effects, thereby enhancing the adsorption capacity of MPs to bind kenone compounds. The findings from this study provide a theoretical basis for the production and flavour improvement of low-salt MP beverages and the utilisation of meat protein.

Taming the electron transfer across metal–support interfaces appears to be an attractive yet challenging methodology to boost catalytic properties. Herein, we demonstrate a precise engineering strategy for the carbon surface chemistry of Pt/C catalysts—that is, for the electron-withdrawing/donating oxygen-containing groups on the carbon surface—to fine-tune the electrons of the supported metal nanoparticles. Taking the ammonia borane hydrolysis as an example, a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, advanced characterizations, and kinetics and isotopic analyses reveals quantifiable relationships among the carbon surface chemistry, Pt charge state and binding energy, activation entropy/enthalpy, and resultant catalytic activity. After decoupling the influences of other factors, the Pt charge is unprecedentedly identified as an experimentally measurable descriptor of the Pt active site, contributing to a 15-fold increment in the hydrogen generation rate. Further incorporating the Pt charge with the number of Pt active sites, a mesokinetics model is proposed for the first time that can individually quantify the contributions of the electronic and geometric properties to precisely predict the catalytic performance. Our results demonstrate a potentially groundbreaking methodology to design and manipulate metal–carbon catalysts with desirable properties.

Structure–performance relationship is a complex issue in iron-catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and it is not easy to elucidate it by experimental investigations. First-principle calculation is a powerful method for explaining experimental results and guiding catalyst design. In this study, we investigated the reaction mechanisms of CH4 formation and C–C coupling on four χ-Fe5C2 surfaces and established the kinetic equations to compare the rates of CH4 formation and C1+C1 coupling reactions and determine the CH4/C2+ selectivity. The results show that the geometry of the χ-Fe5C2 surfaces has little effect on the formation rate of CH4; however, the C1+C1 coupling reactions are significantly affected by the surface geometry. The C1+C1 coupling reaction rates on the terraced-like (510) and (021) surfaces are much higher than those on the stepped-like (001) and (100) surfaces. Based on these results, we established a Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi (BEP) relationship between the effective barrier difference for CH4 formation and C1+C1 coupling (ΔEeff) and the adsorption energy of C+4H (ΔEC+4H) on χ-Fe5C2 surfaces. ΔEC+4H can be used as a descriptor for CH4/C2+ selectivity on different surfaces of χ-Fe5C2.

Abstract Black‐headed penduline tit (Remiz macronyx) is a poorly known bird species mainly distributed in Iran, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan. The distribution of black‐headed penduline tit is disjointed and fragmented, and it occurs only along lakes or rivers surrounded by extensive reedbeds. Four subspecies of R. macronyx have been recognized (macronyx, neglectus, nigricans, and ssaposhnikowi). The ssaposhnikowi subspecies was previously known to occur only around lakes in southeastern Kazakhstan. In this study, we reported the first confirmed breeding record of R. m. ssaposhnikowi in the Nalati wetland, Ili, Xinjiang, China, extending the distribution range of the black‐headed penduline tit by 350 km to the east. We also obtained new information about the morphology and breeding behavior of R. m. ssaposhnikowi, which can be useful for the taxonomy of penduline tits, especially in distinguishing black‐headed penduline tits from Eurasian penduline tits (R. pendulinus).

Abstract Fine constructing the chemical environment of the central metal is vital in developing efficient single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Herein, the atomically dispersed Cu on the N‐doped carbon is modulated by introducing CuP moiety to CuNC SAC. Through fine‐tuning with another heteroatom P, the Cu SAC shows the superior performance of ethylene oxychlorination. The Cu site activity of Cu‐NPC is four times higher than the P‐free Cu‐NC catalyst and 25 times higher than the Ce‐promoted CuCl2/Al2O3 catalyst in the long‐term test (>200 h). The selectivity of ethylene dichloride can be splendidly kept at ≈99%. Combined experimental and simulation studies provide a theoretical framework for the coordination of Cu, N, and P in the complex active center and its role in effectively catalyzing ethylene oxychlorination. It integrates the oxidation and chlorination reactions with superior catalytic performance and unrivaled ability of corrosive‐HCl resistance. The concept of fine constructing with another heteroatom is anticipated to provide with inspiration for rational catalyst design and expand the applications of carbon‐based SACs in heterogeneous catalysis.

To date, Cd remains a major contaminant in rice production. An in-depth exploration of the mechanism that causes genotypic differences in Cd enrichment in rice is necessary to develop strategies to regulate Cd enrichment in rice. Here, two rice cultivars (low grain Cd, ZZ143; and high grain Cd, YX409) displayed different transcriptomic profile patterns when subjected to 100μmol/L Cd stress. In fact, 18,721(9833 upregulated and 8888 downregulated) and 16,403 (8366 upregulated and 8037 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in ZZ143 and YX409, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) classification revealed 28 and 26 terms enriched in ZZ143 and YX409, respectively. ZZ143 had more enriched DEGs than YX409, primarily in cellular processes, metabolic processes, binding terms, catalytic activity, etc. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that 21 and 24 pathways were significantly enriched in ZZ143 and YX409, respectively. Based on the DEGs, ZZ143 had a stronger ability for sulfur assimilation and Cys synthesis, whereas YX409 had a stronger ability to maintain cell wall stability. A series of DEGs involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction pathways, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways were identified, which maybe closely related to Cd resistance and the different Cd concentrations between cultivars. The above pathways and the greater number of identified DEGs in more than half of the GO terms and KEGG pathways suggest a higher absorption and stronger tolerance of the roots of ZZ143 than YX409 to Cd.

The Streptomyces cavourensis strain 2BA6PGT was isolated from sediment from the bottom of the salt lake Verkhnee Beloe (Buryatia, Russia). This strain's 7,651,223 bp complete genome has a high G + C content of 72.1% and consists of 7,069 coding sequences and 315 subsystems. The 16S ribosomal RNA of isolate 2BA6PGT was most closely related to Streptomyces cavourensis strain NBRC 13026T (98.91% identity), followed by Streptomyces bacillaris strain ATCC 15855T (95.36%), Streptomyces rhizosphaericola strain 1AS2cT (94.68%), and Streptomyces pluricolorescens strain JCM 4602T (86.75%). These comparisons were supported by pairwise comparisons using average nucleotide identity (ANI) and DNA-DNA hybridization analysis. This is the first complete genome reported on Streptomyces cavourensis isolated from sediment from the bottom of the salt lake Verkhnee Beloe. The complete genome sequence has been deposited at the NCBI GenBank with an accession number CP101140.

Abstract Background Divergence time estimation is fundamental to understanding many aspects of the evolution of organisms, such as character evolution, diversification, and biogeography. With the development of sequence technology, improved analytical methods, and knowledge of fossils for calibration, it is possible to obtain robust molecular dating results. However, while phylogenomic datasets show great promise in phylogenetic estimation, the best ways to leverage the large amounts of data for divergence time estimation has not been well explored. A potential solution is to focus on a subset of data for divergence time estimation, which can significantly reduce the computational burdens and avoid problems with data heterogeneity that may bias results. Results In this study, we obtained thousands of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from 130 extant galliform taxa, including representatives of all genera, to determine the divergence times throughout galliform history. We tested the effects of different “gene shopping” schemes on divergence time estimation using a carefully, and previously validated, set of fossils. Our results found commonly used clock-like schemes may not be suitable for UCE dating (or other data types) where some loci have little information. We suggest use of partitioning (e.g., PartitionFinder) and selection of tree-like partitions may be good strategies to select a subset of data for divergence time estimation from UCEs. Our galliform time tree is largely consistent with other molecular clock studies of mitochondrial and nuclear loci. With our increased taxon sampling, a well-resolved topology, carefully vetted fossil calibrations, and suitable molecular dating methods, we obtained a high quality galliform time tree. Conclusions We provide a robust galliform backbone time tree that can be combined with more fossil records to further facilitate our understanding of the evolution of Galliformes and can be used as a resource for comparative and biogeographic studies in this group.

A molecular-level understanding of the electronic effects remains a grand challenge in heterogeneous catalysis. Here, the authors report an unconventional kinetics strategy for bridging the upscaling gap between the microscopic fingerprints of active sites and the macroscopic catalytic performance.

Liu et al. present a comparative analysis of 15 genomes from mites and identify genetic signatures for diet specialisation. Different gene families and selective pressures were revealed for herbivorous, haematophagous and fat-feeding species.

Soil acidification and heavy metal pollution are two common barrier factors threatening plant growth and agro-product quality. Applying manure compost is promising to alleviate soil acidity, while it may increase heavy metal accumulation in soil. In a 3-year field experiment, compost was applied for 12 consecutive harvest seasons at 15, 30, and 45 t ha−1 in a slightly acidic soil. Samples were taken at the twelfth season to examine the changes of soil properties, vegetable productivity, heavy metal accumulation and bioavailability in the soil-asparagus lettuce system. The results showed that the pH values of the topsoil were increased by 0.49–0.75 units in compost added soils compared with no compost control, soil organic matter (SOM) contents and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were increased by 34–101% and 43–44%, respectively. The soil nutrient contents were also increased in compost treatments. Continuously applying compost increased Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in topsoil by up to 32, 20, and 22% and decreased Pb by 10%, while soil available Cd and Zn concentrations were reduced by up to 54 and 86%, and available Cu was increased by 19–63%. The biomass of asparagus lettuce was increased by 30–59% in compost treatments, with Cd and Zn concentrations in the plant tissues reduced by 28–50% and 14–67%. Cu concentrations in the lettuce shoots were increased by 20–39%. The concentration factor and total uptake of Cd and Zn in lettuce were effectively reduced in compost treatments. Cd was more prone to be taken up, translocated and accumulated from soil to the lettuce plant than the other heavy metals. Continuously applying compost over 3 years increased soil pH, SOM, CEC, nutrient contents, and lettuce productivity, decreased Cd and Zn bioavailability in the soil-lettuce system, while posing a risk of increasing heavy metal accumulation in topsoil.

Unraveling geographical modes of speciation processes has been a longstanding topic in biogeography. Divergence can be driven by factors operating on multiple spatial scales, such as geographical distance (isolation by distance, IBD), landscape resistance (isolation by resistance, IBR) and environmental heterogeneity (isolation by environment, IBE). However, it is challenging to assess the relative contributions of such factors, which are usually autocorrelated with each other. On the basis of ~294 K nuclear single‐nucleotide polymorphisms from 53 samples, we integrated population genomics, geographical information and environmental variables to delineate genetic differentiation in the common pheasant Phasianus colchicus across a longitudinal gradient in northern China. Generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM) was used to analyze the relative importance of IBD, IBR and IBE. We found that the common pheasant in northern China was grouped into six genetic clusters, which was consistent with the taxonomic affinities. Genetic diversity changed along the longitudinal gradient, reaching its lowest level at the eastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The spatial pattern of gene flow suggested that the mountains surrounding the QTP and the mountains in central China have acted as geographical barriers impeding common pheasant dispersal. GDM analysis indicated that environmental heterogeneity is the most important driver explaining the lineage divergence, which supports the IBE model. These results suggest that multiple isolation mechanisms shaped genetic diversity and genomic divergence in this wide‐ranging bird species. Together, our results underscore the importance of leveraging genome‐wide variations and ecological modeling to facilitate a deeper understanding of population divergence processes.

Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) catalysis, a prominent technology for converting CO2 to CO, is emerging to meet the growing demand of global environment. However, the fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanism is hindered by the complex nature of the reaction. Herein, microkinetic modeling of RWGS on different metals (i.e., Co, Ru, Fe, Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, and Pt) was performed based on the DFT results to provide the mechanistic insights and achieve the catalyst screening. Adsorption energies of the carbon-based species and the oxygen-based species can be correlated to the adsorption energy of carbon and oxygen, respectively. Moreover, oxygen adsorption energy is an excellent descriptor for the barrier of CO2 and CO direct dissociation and the difference in reaction barrier between CO2 (or CO) dissociation and hydrogenation. The reaction mechanism varies on various metals. Direct CO2 dissociation is the dominating route on Co, Fe, Ru, Rh, Cu, and Ni, while it competes with the COOH-mediated path on Pt and Pd surface. The eights metals can be divided into two groups based on the degree of rate control analysis for CO production, where CO–O bond cleavage is rate relevant on Pt, Pd, and Cu, and OH–H binding is rate-controlling on Co, Fe, Ru, Ni, and Rh. Both CO-direct dissociation and hydrogen-assisted route to CH4 contribute to the methane formation on Co, Fe, Pt, Pd, Ru, and Rh, despite the significant barrier difference between the two routes. Besides, the specific rate-relevant transition states and intermediates are suggested for methane formation, and thus, the selectivity can be tuned by adjusting the energy. The descriptor (C- and O- formation energy) based microkinetic modeling proposed that the activity trend is Rh~Ni > Pt~Pd > Cu > Co > Ru > Fe, where Fe, Co, Ru, and Ni tends to be oxidized. The predicted activity trend is well consistent with those obtained experimentally. The interpolation concept of adsorption energy was used to identify bimetallic materials for highly active catalysts for RWGS.

Engineering unique electronic structure of catalyst to boost catalytic performance is of prime scientific and industrial importance. Herein, the identification of intrinsic electronic sensitivity for direct propene epoxidation was first achieved over highly stable Au/wormhole-like TS-1 catalyst. Results show that the electron transfer of Au species can be regulated by manipulating the dynamic evolutions and contents of Au valence states, thus resulting in different catalytic performance in 100 h time-on-stream. By DFT calculations, kinetic analysis and multi-characterizations, it is found that the Au0 species with higher electronic population can easily transfer more electrons to activate surface O2 compared with Au1+ and Au3+ species. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between Au0 content and activity. Based on this correlation, a facile strategy is further proposed to boost Au0 percentage, resulting in the reported highest PO formation rate without adding promoters. This work harbors tremendous guiding significance to the design of highly efficient Au/Ti-containing catalyst for propene epoxidation with H2 and O2.

The advocacy of green chemical industry has led to the development of highly efficient catalysts for direct gas-phase propene epoxidation with green, sustainable and simple essence. The S-1/TS-1@dendritic-SiO2 material with three-layer core–shell structure was developed and used as the support for Au catalysts, which showed simultaneously fantastic PO formation rate, PO selectivity and stability (over 100 h) for propene epoxidation with H2 and O2. It is found that silicalite-1 (S-1) core and the middle thin layer of TS-1 offer great mass transfer ability, which could be responsible for the excellent stability. The designed dendritic SiO2 shell covers part of the acid sites on the external surface of TS-1, inhibiting the side reactions and improving the PO selectivity. Furthermore, three kinds of SiO2 shell morphologies (i.e., dendritic, net, mesoporous shell) were designed, and relationship between shell morphology and catalytic performance was elucidated. The results in this paper harbour tremendous guiding significance for the design of highly efficient epoxidation catalysts.

Gold is among the least active metals toward molecules at a solid-liquid or solid-gas interface. Here the authors demonstrate that the gold nanocatalysts with d electron gain due to C occupying interstitial sites in its lattice boost catalytic hydrogenation.

The activity of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) can be promoted by the reducible oxides, while their role remains elusive. Here, the authors reveal that, by varying the reduction condition to regulate the TiO x overlayer on Ru nanocatalysts, the TiOx overlayer participate in the C–O bond dissociation.

The involvement of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in the regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA is unclear. Here, the authors show that LINC00266-1 encodes a peptide that binds to m6A reader, IGF2BP1 to enhance the recognition of m6A modified RNA transcripts and increase their stability.

Understanding the nature of Pt active sites is of great importance for the structure-sensitive base-free oxidation of glycerol. In the present work, the remarkable Pt particle size effects on glycerol conversion and products formation from the oxidation of the primary and the secondary hydroxyl groups are understood by combining the model calculations and DFT calculations, aiming to discriminate the corresponding dominant Pt active sites. The Pt(100) facet is demonstrated to be the dominant active sites for the glycerol conversion and the products formation from the two routes. The insights revealed here could shed new light on fundamental understanding of the Pt particle size effects and then guiding the design and optimization of Pt-catalyzed base-free oxidation of glycerol toward targeted products. Keywords: Base-free oxidation of glycerol, Pt/CNTs catalyst, Active sites, Model calculations, DFT calculations

A simple and efficient one-pot three-component cascade reaction of α-amino aryl ketones, indoles, and CBr4 in moderate to good yields has been developed. This new strategy exhibits excellent mild reaction conditions and step-economy, easily accessible reactants, and simultaneous construction of three different new bonds (C=N, C–C, and N-Br) in a single step. It is worth noting that the protocol developed provides a simple and practical tool for the construction of diverse indole-containing heterocyclic frameworks, indicating its potential applications in medicinal and material chemistry.

Summary: Understanding the spatiotemporal distribution and dynamics of RAS on the plasma membrane (PM) is the key for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the RAS signaling pathway. Single particle tracking (SPT) experiments show that in cells, KRAS diffuses in at least three interchanging states on the cellular PM; however, KRAS remains monomeric and always shows homogeneous diffusion on artificial membranes. Here, we show for the first time on a supported lipid bilayer composed of heterogeneous lipid components that we can recapitulate the three-state diffusion of KRAS seen in cells. The use of a biologically relevant eight-lipid system opens a new frontier in the biophysical studies of RAS and other membrane associated proteins on a biomimetic system that recapitulates the complexity of a cellular PM.

Understanding the catalytic mechanism of bimetallic nanocatalysts remains challenging. Here the authors demonstrate that the d-orbital charge on the surface of Pd in a well-defined AuPd nanoalloy serves as a descriptor to the adsorbate states and hence the catalytic performance.

Abstract The wide and huge reservation of shale gas around the world has drastically altered the global energy and chemicals market, boosting the productions of hydrocarbons and their derivatives by providing massive light alkanes at low cost. Direct conversion of alkanes into the value‐added chemicals remains energy‐intensive and requires harsh reaction conditions due to its ultrahigh CH bond strength. Hence, the quest of alternative reaction pathway for alkane conversion into target product with high yield under mild conditions for a long‐term operation emerges as the key technique of shale gas utilization. In this review, we summarize important progresses in the catalytic conversions of light alkanes with emphases on the design and preparation of novel heterogeneous catalysts, as well as the development of advanced processes in the recent 10 years. The perspectives of potential areas for future study are also provided.

Both DNA and RNA can maintain left-handed double helical Z-conformation under physiological condition, but only when stabilized by Z-DNA binding domain (ZDBD). After initial discovery in RNA editing enzyme ADAR1, ZDBD has also been described in pathogen-sensing proteins ZBP1 and PKZ in host, as well as virulence proteins E3L and ORF112 in viruses. The host-virus antagonism immediately highlights the importance of ZDBD in antiviral innate immunity. Furthermore, Z-RNA binding has been shown to be responsible for the localization of these ZDBD-containing proteins to cytoplasmic stress granules that play central role in coordinating cellular response to stresses. This review sought to consolidate current understanding of Z-RNA sensing in innate immunity and implore possible roles of Z-RNA binding within cytoplasmic stress granules.

A highly novel method of direct synthesis of 2-aryl-3-sulfenylindoles in moderate to good yields was developed via one-pot tandem reaction of readily available α-aminocarbonyl compounds and catalytic amount of benzenamines with RSSR.

Chromium (Cr) pollution in soil is a global problem owing to its wide industrial use. The mobility, toxicity, and crop uptake of Cr depends on its valence state. Cr(VI) is highly mobile and toxic whereas Cr(III) is generally considered immobile and less toxic. We performed a pot experiment to investigate the combined effects of rice straw-derived biochar and water management on transformation of Cr and its uptake by rice in contaminated soils. The main plots had water management treatments of alternating wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF), and the subplots had three levels of straw biochar (0, 5, and 10 g kg−1). The results showed that water management and the addition of biochar had a significant effect on the dynamics of soil redox potential (Eh), pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and Fe(II) concentration. As these parameters are important factors affecting Cr transformation in paddy soils, the dynamics of the Cr(III) and Cr(VI) concentrations were clearly different under different treatments. The highest reduction of Cr(VI) was observed in the treatment with CF water management in combination with 10 g kg−1 of biochar amendment, which resulted in a 62% reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in soil. The alterations in the oxidation state of Cr greatly affected its accumulation in the rice grains. The CF combined with 10 g kg−1 of biochar treatment, caused the Cr concentration in rice grains to be 66.2% lower compared with that of the unamended control under AWD water management. Possibly owing to the reduction in phytotoxic effects of Cr(VI), the combined treatment showed an improvement in rice grain weight. In conclusion, the combination of 10 g kg−1 of biochar amendment and CF water management may potentially be used in Cr-contaminated soil to mitigate the impacts of Cr contamination on rice production.

The impact of cell voltage on the capacitance of practical electrochemical supercapacitors is a phenomenon observed experimentally, which lacks a solid theoretical explanation. Herein, we provide combined experimental and molecular dynamics investigation of the relation between voltage and capacitance. We have studied this relation in supercapacitor cells comprising of activated carbon material as the active electrode material, and neat ionic liquids (ILs), and a mixture of ILs as the electrolyte. It has been observed that the increase of accumulative charge impacts the conformation and packing of the cations in the anode, which determines its nonlinear behavior with increasing voltage. It has also been shown that for the mixture IL with two types of cations, the contribution of each type of cation to the overall capacitance is highly dependent on the different pore sizes in the system. The smaller tetramethylammonium (TMA+) shows tendency for more efficient adsorption in the mesopores, while 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM+) is found to be present almost exclusively in the micropores where TMA+ is present in small quantities. Such microscopic insights from computer simulations of the molecular phenomena affecting the overall performance in supercapacitors can help to design more efficient electrolytes and devices.