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Urban water systems worldwide need integrated, cross-sectoral innovations to anticipate developments like climate change and population growth. Development and implementation of such innovations is challenging due to the operational and sectoral mindset of organizations in which these innovations take place. This study uses the concept of ambidexterity to get a better understanding of how organizations responsible for urban water management deal with the tension between operation and the need for innovation. We focused on Amsterdam and Rotterdam, two Dutch cities that are global frontrunners in urban water management. Combining a desk study with 25 semi-structured interviews, we found four mechanisms to manage innovation and operation tensions: network, hierarchical, process and human-resource mechnanisms. Different from the literature on ambidexterity, our empirical findings show that the connection between operation and innovation is dominated by networks rather than by executives. Hierarchical mechanisms could be used to complement this, catalyzing innovation or formalizing it., Sanitary Engineering, Organisation & Governance

A novel fermentation process was developed in which renewable electricity is indirectly used as an energy source in fermentation, synergistically decreasing both the consumption of sugar as a first generation carbon source and emission of the greenhouse gas CO2. As an illustration, a glucose-based process is co-fed with formic acid, which can be generated by capturing CO2 from fermentation offgas followed by electrochemical reduction with renewable electricity. This “closed carbon loop” concept is demonstrated by a case study in which cofeeding formic acid is shown to significantly increase the yield of biomass on glucose of the industrially relevant yeast species Yarrowia lipolytica. First, the optimal feed ratio of formic acid to glucose is established using chemostat cultivations. Subsequently, guided by a dynamic fermentation process model, a fed-batch protocol is developed and demonstrated on laboratory scale. Finally, the developed fed-batch process is tested and proven to be scalable at pilot scale. Extensions of the concept are discussed to apply the concept to anaerobic fermentations, and to recycle the O2 that is co-generated with the formic acid to aerobic fermentation processes for intensification purposes., BT/Industrial Microbiology, BT/Bioprocess Engineering

Governments look at explainable artificial intelligence's (XAI) potential to tackle the criticisms of the opaqueness of algorithmic decision-making with AI. Although XAI is appealing as a solution for automated decisions, the wicked nature of the challenges governments face complicates the use of XAI. Wickedness means that the facts that define a problem are ambiguous and that there is no consensus on the normative criteria for solving this problem. In such a situation, the use of algorithms can result in distrust. Whereas there is much research advancing XAI technology, the focus of this paper is on strategies for explainability. Three illustrative cases are used to show that explainable, data-driven decisions are often not perceived as objective by the public. The context might raise strong incentives to contest and distrust the explanation of AI, and as a consequence, fierce resistance from society is encountered. To overcome the inherent problems of XAI, decisions-specific strategies are proposed to lead to societal acceptance of AI-based decisions. We suggest strategies to embrace explainable decisions and processes, co-create decisions with societal actors, move away from an instrumental to an institutional approach, use competing and value-sensitive algorithms, and mobilize the tacit knowledge of professionals, Organisation and Governance, Multi Actor Systems, Information and Communication Technology

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to introduce the papers in this special issue on humans, algorithms and data. The authors first set themselves the task of identifying the main challenges arising from the adoption and use of algorithms and data analytics in management, accounting and organisations in general, many of which have been described in the literature. Design/methodology/approach: This paper builds on previous literature and case studies of the application of algorithm logic with artificial intelligence as an exemplar of this innovation. Furthermore, this paper is triangulated with the findings of the papers included in this special issue. Findings: Based on prior literature and the concepts set out in the papers published in this special issue, this paper proposes a conceptual framework that can be useful both in the analysis and ordering of the algorithm hype, as well as to identify future research avenues. Originality/value: The value of this framework, and that of the papers in this special issue, lies in its ability to shed new light on the (neglected) connections and relationships between algorithmic applications, such as artificial intelligence. The framework developed in this piece should stimulate scholars to explore the intersections between “technical” as well as organisational, social and individual issues that algorithms should help us tackle., Organisation and Governance

Public perceptions of emergent low-carbon technologies, such as geothermal energy, impact the speed of energy transitions. Such perceptions are largely shaped by how the media portray such technologies. This paper reports on how geothermal energy has been framed in two prominent national newspapers in Indonesia, a country with large geothermal potential due to its volcanic geology. We examined articles on geothermal energy written over ten years. Applying a quantitative framing analysis, we investigated the salience of six frames indicated in the literature as often used in communications on geothermal energy: energy security, economy, legislation, environment, knowledge, and social issues. We also examined the tone and source of the frames. The analysis reveals an overall positive tone in the newspaper articles, especially regarding the technology's energy security and economic potential, with the primary source being the national government. Possible adverse effects of geothermal technology are covered less often, particularly those related to social issues at the local level. We describe the different frames identified, provide examples and discuss implications., Organisation & Governance

Climate change and urbanization, as well as growing environmental and economic concerns, highlight the limitations of traditional wastewater practices and thereby challenge the management of urban water systems. Both in theory and in practice, it has been widely acknowledged that the challenges of the twenty-first century require solutions that address problems in a more integrated way. Although the demand for integration is obvious, implementation has proved challenging because of the complexity and uncertainty involved. In addition, the urban water literature contains a wide diversity of approaches to integration, each contribution having its own understanding of the term, as well as how to deal with the complexity that comes with it. In this article, we take a first step in supporting both decision-making and decision-makers in urban water systems integration. First, we work towards a more comprehensive perspective on integration in urban water management; one that uses and structures the variety of existing approaches. In so doing, we introduce a typology of urban water systems integration that distinguishes between geographical, physical, informational, and project-based forms. Second, we explore the implications that such integrated solutions bring for decision-makers. They will be faced with additional uncertainty arising (1) at the interfaces of previously unconnected systems and (2) from the social and institutional changes that systems integration requires. Finally, we draft three decision-making challenges that come with integration and provide some possibilities for dealing with them., Sanitary Engineering, Organisation and Governance

Delft University of Technology, 19 september 2019, Promotores : De Bruijn, J.A. Prof. mr. dr., Meijer, S.A. Prof. dr. ir., Item does not contain fulltext

Gedreven door ontwikkelingen zoals klimaatverandering, verstedelijking en digitalisering zien we in het stedelijk watersysteem steeds vaker oplossingen ‘buiten de buis’. Oplossingen zoals publieke pleinen met een waterbergende functie, polderdaken met een dynamische waterberging, zwembaden verwarmd met warmte uit (afval)water; het zijn allemaal pogingen om antwoorden te vinden op de uitdagingen waar de watersector mee te maken heeft. Echter, de watersector is niet de enige in de stad die worstelt met uitdagingen die dergelijke ontwikkelingen met zich meebrengen. Doordat de ruimte in de stad beperkt is, zien we dat de grenzen van stedelijke infrastructuur steeds vaker worden opgezocht, opgerekt en verlegd, om zo oplossingen te kunnen vinden die in te passen zijn in bestaand stedelijk gebied., Sanitary Engineering, Organisation and Governance

Platform market competition has been extensively researched, but the governance of the platform development process prior to market launch has received little attention. We develop a system dynamics simulation model using the avalanche game as a metaphor for platform development. We describe a typical platform development process, and show how this process corresponds to the game. To examine the role of incentives for consensus building in platform development, we extend the original simulation model of the avalanche game using literature on platform development. This provides insights about how platform governance incentives influence the platform development process. Specifically, we find that under high degrees of urgency, consensus is achieved more quickly when a greater number of participants are involved in a standards committee. We explain this counterintuitive notion by making use of the literature on decision-making in networks of interdependencies., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Economics of Technology and Innovation, Multi Actor Systems

China has gone through a rapid process of urbanization, but this has come along with serious environmental problems. Therefore, it has started to develop various eco-cities, low-carbon cities, and other types of sustainable cities. The massive launch of these sustainable initiatives, as well as the higher cost of these projects, requires the Chinese government to invest large sums of money. What financial toolkits can be employed to fund this construction has become a critical issue. Against this backdrop, the authors have selected Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city (SSTEC) and Shenzhen International Low-Carbon City (ILCC) and compared how they finance their construction. Both are thus far considered to be successful cases. The results show that the two cases differ from each other in two key aspects. First, ILCC has developed a model with less financial and other supports from the Chinese central government and foreign governments than SSTEC, and, hence, may be more valuable as a source of inspiration for other similar projects for which political support at the national level is not always available. Second, by issuing bonds in the international capital market, SSTEC singles itself out among various sustainable initiatives in China, while planning the village area as a whole and the metro plus property model are distinct practices in ILCC. In the end, the authors present a generic financing model that considers not only economic returns but also social and environmental impacts to facilitate future initiatives to finance in more structural ways., Organisation and Governance

The recent start-up of several full-scale ‘second generation’ ethanol plants marks a major milestone in the development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates of agricultural residues and energy crops. After a discussion of the challenges that these novel industrial contexts impose on yeast strains, this minireview describes key metabolic engineering strategies that have been developed to address these challenges. Additionally, it outlines how proof-of-concept studies, often developed in academic settings, can be used for the development of robust strain platforms that meet the requirements for industrial application. Fermentation performance of current engineered industrial S. cerevisiae strains is no longer a bottleneck in efforts to achieve the projected outputs of the first large-scale second-generation ethanol plants. Academic and industrial yeast research will continue to strengthen the economic value position of second-generation ethanol production by further improving fermentation kinetics, product yield and cellular robustness under process conditions., BT/Industrial Microbiology

Organisation and Governance, Multi Actor Systems

To ensure power supply security, electricity transmission system operators (TSOs) have to upscale high-voltage overhead power lines. However, upscaling frequently meets opposition. Opposition can be caused by uncertainties about risks and benefits and might lead to costly delays (Linder, 1995; Wiedemann, Boerner,& Claus, 2016). To minimize opposition, TSOs and related public services need to respond to these uncertainties in a credible and convincing (effective) way. Effective risk communication is associated with sharing facts. However, factual responses can be perceived as "cold" and technocratic. To make factual responses warmer, it has been suggested to refer to organisational values or show personal commitment (e.g., De Bruijn, 2011; De Wit, Das, & Vet, 2008). For example, when confronted with uncertainties about the impact of electro-magnetic fields on local residents’ health, a TSO spokesperson can share scientific findings as well as ensure that her organisation will never take any irresponsible risks because safety is a key value for them. Although it is generally assumed that a factual response is more effective when warmth is added, empirical evidence for this assumption is lacking. To fill this scientific gap, we conducted systematic research. The findings contribute to society because they can help improve effective communication and opinion-formation on power lines. The research consisted of three phases. In the first phase, experts identified the most relevant uncertainties about overhead power lines and formulated warm and cold responses to these uncertainties. The effectiveness (credibility and persuasiveness) of these responses was assessed with a large-scale representative survey (N = 881) in Phase 2. Phase 3 consisted of an experimental survey testing the hypothesis that a factual response is more effective when warmth is added with videos that were randomly distributed (N = 412). The most important finding of our research is that—in cont, Organisation and Governance, Multi Actor Systems

In the past few decades, urban infrastructures in China have seen an enormous upgrade, and due to large-scale urbanization many more investments are due in the coming years. In order to supplement public funding, Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and municipal bonds have recently grown popular in China. The introduction of this new policy does not occur in a void but should be understood as the path-dependent consequence of a historical evolution of funding arrangements for urban development. How have Chinese governments traditionally arranged financing for these extensive investments and how has the emphasis in funding sources shifted over time? We argue that the evolution of urban development financing has gone through three phases (planned economy, reform and pilot, and socialist market economy), each with different emphasis in financial sources. Our analysis demonstrates how weaknesses in earlier phases present challenges that new solutions in later phases are aimed to address., Organisation and Governance, Multi Actor Systems

Met de invoering van de Politiewet 2012 (Pw2012) wilde de minister van Veiligheid en Justitie (VenJ) zorgen voor een effectieve, efficiënte en maatschappelijk gewaardeerde politieorganisatie, die zowel rechtstatelijk als democratisch goed is ingebed. Artikel 74 van de Pw2012 bepaalt dat de minister van VenJ binnen vijf jaar na inwerkingtreding van de wet aan de Staten-Generaal een verslag dient te sturen over de doeltreffendheid en de effecten van de wet in de praktijk. Deze evaluatie wordt uitgevoerd in vier deelonderzoeken; het voorliggende onderzoek heeft betrekking op prestaties van de politie. De centrale vraag van het onderzoek ‘prestaties’ is of de keuze voor één politie met één beheerder tot betere prestaties van de politie heeft geleid. Om die vraag te beantwoorden is goed hanteerbare, geldige en betrouwbare informatie nodig over de prestaties van de nationale politie zoals beoogd en in praktijk gebracht met de inwerkingtreding van de Pw2012. Aangestuurd door een begeleidingscommissie hebben Berenschot en de TU Delft in de periode november 2016 – juni 2017 gezamenlijk onderzoek gedaan naar de vraag: Wat is de bijdrage van de Pw2012 aan het doelmatiger en slagvaardiger werken en beter presteren van de nationale politie?, Organisation and Governance, Multi Actor Systems

Cybersecurity is a global phenomenon representing a complex socio-technical challenge for governments, but requiring the involvement of individuals. Although cybersecurity is one of the most important challenges faced by governments today, the visibility and public awareness remains limited. Almost everybody has heard of cybersecurity, however, the urgency and behaviour of persons do not reflect high level of awareness. The Internet is all too often considered as a safe environment for sharing information, transactions and controlling the physical world. Yet, cyberwars are already ongoing, and there is an urgent need to be better prepared. The inability to frame cybersecurity has resulted in a failure to develop suitable policies. In this paper, we discuss the challenges in framing policy on cybersecurity and offer strategies for better communicating cybersecurity. Communicating cybersecurity is confronted with paradoxes, which has resulted in society not taking appropriate measures to deal with the threats. The limited visibility, socio-technological complexity, ambiguous impact and the contested nature of fighting cybersecurity complicates policy-making. Framing using utopian or dystopian views might be counterproductive and result in neglecting evidence. Instead, we present evidence-based framing strategies which can help to increase societal and political awareness of cybersecurity and put the issues in perspective., Multi Actor Systems, Information and Communication Technology

Big data is being implemented with success in the private sector and science. Yet the public sector seems to be falling behind, despite the potential value of big data for government. Government organizations do recognize the opportunities of big data but seem uncertain about whether they are ready for the introduction of big data, and if they are adequately equipped to use big data. This paper addresses those uncertainties. It presents an assessment framework for evaluating public organizations’ big data readiness. Doing so demystifies the concept of big data, as it is expressed in terms of specific and measureable organizational characteristics. The framework was tested by applying it to organizations in the Dutch public sector. The results suggest that organizations may be technically capable of using big data, but they will not significantly gain from these activities if the applications do not fit their organizations and main statutory tasks. The framework proved helpful in pointing out areas where public sector organizations could improve, providing guidance on how government can become more big data ready in the future., Organisation and Governance, Policy Analysis

Om meer inzicht te krijgen in de praktijk van big data hebben we een aantal mensengesproken voor wie big data niet alleen theorie, maar ook dagelijkse kost is.We spraken bestuurskundig onderzoeker Michel van Eeten, die big data heeftomarmd voor zijn onderzoek naar aspecten van internetsecurity. Hij doet onderzoeknaar patronen in de wereldwijde netwerken van gehackte websites enbesmette computers – de zogenaamde botnets. Tevens onderzoeken hij en zijnteam de mogelijkheden en onmogelijkheden van verschillende partijen – zoalsInternet service providers – om aanvallen tegen te houden. Aan hem vroegen wewat big data gedreven onderzoek precies inhoudt. Vervolgens vroegen we hem omconsequenties van big data voor onderzoekers en voor de maatschappij., Organisation and Governance

How does Donald Trump frame his message? What are his followers hearing? Here are Donald Trump’s seven frames - and an explanation why these frames are so powerful., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

Old - TPM-MAS-POLG Policy, Organisation Law and Gaming

Organisation and Governance

As part of a major health care reform starting in 2005, the Netherlands introduced a Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) system of hospital care reimbursement and performance measurement. The DRG system was applied to all hospital care, meaning that it affected the overwhelming majority of Dutch specialist medical professionals. To better understand the consequences of this new system, and the responses of medical professionals to its implementation, we conducted and analysed an original set of sixty-six semi-structured interviews focused on medical specialists’ perception and utilization of the system. Our findings indicate that these professionals’ behaviours can seldom be ascribed to financial motives alone. Many responses of medical professionals to the new system were attributed to value-based motivations, related to upholding professional ethos and accommodating the dynamics of the professional process. Even responses that might be characterized at first as financially driven could not be entirely understood as perverse effects of the performance management system, as they too usually had an ancillary aim of safeguarding the professional tenets of the medical establishment., Published online: 15-12-2014, Organisation and Governance

An increased focus on the concept of resilience in flood protection has led to the development of a comprehensive flood protection strategy in the Netherlands which stresses the need to provide ‘Room for the River’ rather than building dykes. But how can a resilient solution in flood protection be successfully implemented? Using insights from the major Dutch flood-protection project ‘Room for the River’, this article studies the governance of resilience. From a political perspective, resilience is often a win-lose game with many uncertainties. The actors involved have strong incentives to exploit these uncertainties and to hamper resilience based policies. The ‘Room for the River’-project was based upon the idea of resilience and had a win-lose character. Nevertheless, the many actors involved, with their conflicting interests, managed to reach consensus by broadening the agenda and by making flood protection a multi-issue game., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

This paper studies the organizational hiccups that can occur during the development of technological platforms for complex ICT systems and focuses on an important part of the ICT ecosystem; committees that develop common ICT platforms. Given the diverging interests of the parties involved, it is surprising that consensus is usually reached in these committees. A case study of the development of IEEE 802.11 is conducted which is presented as an emergent phenomenon. IEEE 802.11 is a typical example of a highly successful technological platform that encountered several organizational glitches during its development, but eventually achieved widespread market dominance. This study examines these glitches and proposes strategies to overcome them by using concepts from the governance literature., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Economics of Technology and Innovation, Organisation & Governance

One major strategy to incorporate social media in the organizational structure is erecting a ‘social media hub’, a relatively independent organization within a standing organization. The standing organization with its divisions do not change, but the hub has considerable possibilities to operate independently within and in between these divisions. The introduction of a social media hub has deep impact on the organization. New people with distinct competences are entering and have to find their positions. How to accommodate these ‘marsians’, these different employees claiming their autonomy to do their jobs well? Based on theory about ambidextrous organizations we formulated three hypothetical dilemmas, one about structure, one about behavior and one about leadership. These dilemmas have been input to interviews to four major companies erecting a social media hub. It is found that each company recognize the dilemmas, and each company has its own way out of the dilemmas, but just questions can be asked how durable these solutions are., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

Human-computer and human-system interaction has already received extensive attention from HCI research communities, yet there are a number of issues that has not been addressed so far. In this paper we propose a novel vision on future human-system interaction that is governed by the principle of affordances and facilitated by cyber physical systems. The paper reflects on current theories and practices with the goal to adapt existing results in order to apply them in living and working environments operated by cyber-physical systems. It also proposes a number of research challenges that would pave the road to realize this vision., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Klimaatonderzoekers zijn graag geziene sprekers. Aan het eind van elke voordracht volgt steevast die vraag: ‘is het waar?’ Kennelijk overtuigt de wetenschap niet, ondanks alle publicaties en onderzoeksrapporten. In dit artikel verkennen we waarom de wetenschap niet weet te overtuigen. We doen dat aan de hand van vier veelgebruikte frames in het klimaatdebat en het spel van framing en reframing dat zij oproepen. We eindigen met enkele algemene aanbevelingen aan wetenschappers, beleidsmakers en practitioners die met dit spel worden geconfronteerd en geven een mogelijke invulling voor het klimaatdebat., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

In dit essay staat de vraag centraal hoe het beleid slimmer werken in de publieke sector kan bevorderen. Ter beantwoording van deze vraagstelling is een quick scan gemaakt van vier ontwikkelingen binnen overheidsorganisaties en publieke sectoren, die belangrijke kansen lijken te bevatten, zoals de introductie van Shared Service Centers (SSCs), de rol van grote ICT- projecten, het huidige functiegebouw van de rijksoverheid en de wijze waarop overheden geld alloceren. Per thema komt de vraag aan de orde hoe deze initiatieven tot slimmer werken kunnen leiden of hebben geleid tot productiviteitswinst. Het essay tracht vooral de ruimte voor sturing op slimmer werken in kaart te brengen., Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management

Multi Actor Systems, Technology, Policy and Management