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Tesi sostenuta Nelle città vive il 50% della popolazione mondiale, in Europa questa percentuale sale all'80%, quasi il 70% delle emissioni nocive è causato dalle città anche se le aree urbanizzate occupano solo il 2% della superficie terrestre, secondo le Nazioni Unite, entro il 2030 il 59% della popolazione mondiale si concentrerà nelle aree urbane [Global Report on Human Settlements 2011]. L'uso/consumo di suolo modifica anche l'equilibrio dell'ecosistema territoriale, questi effetti non sono sempre immediatamente evidenti, si manifestano dopo molto tempo e/o in luoghi lontani da dove si è verificato l'uso/consumo di suolo. Gli effetti ambientali sono riconoscibili su: ciclo del carbonio (aumento delle emissioni di gas serra), ciclo dell'acqua (aumento del rischio di inondazioni e alluvioni in aree densamente popolate), ciclo del clima (aumento della temperatura nelle aree urbane e periurbane), biodiversità (estinzione di migliaia di specie che vivono nel suolo in grado di inattivare i contaminanti presenti nel suolo). Per questi motivi la battaglia per uno sviluppo sostenibile va combattuta nei territori antropizzati della complessità contemporanea [Roberts P., Skykes H., Urban regeneration. A handbook, 1988]. Esistono due categorie di interventi per contrastare questi effetti e/o per incidere sulle cause a breve e a lungo termine: le azioni di compensazione puntano a mitigare gli effetti mentre le misure preventive sono finalizzate ad affrontarne le cause, entrambe rappresentano gli obiettivi della pianificazione urbana che, a tal fine, deve rinnovare metodi, tecniche e strumenti tradizionali verso l’Eco-Planning. Principali argomentazioni La sostenibilità in ambiente antropizzato/urbano si connota tramite tre indicatori principali: il livello di rinnovabilità delle fonti energetiche prelevate dall’esterno, il rendimento delle trasformazioni interne alla città, il livello di inquinamento da calore, da rumore, da anidride carbonica, da rifiuti. Il ritorno all’equilibrio uomo-natura presuppone il rinnovamento della pianificazione fisica e l’individuazione di nuove tecniche per il progetto della città sostenibile mediante il ripensamento, in senso collaborativo, delle relazioni socio-economiche e dell’uso delle tecnologie. L’Eco-Planning dovrà fondare su procedure di costruzione derivanti: dall’integrazione delle analisi urbanistiche tradizionali con le analisi per cicli, in grado di ricostruire il modello eco-sistemico della città, dalla conoscenza dei limiti della crescita urbana, che ponga fine all’espansione incontrollata e omologante, dalla concezione dell’insediamento come sistema urbano vivente, che superi la concezione del verde urbano come spazio residuale e promuova la città a luogo di integrazione tra naturalità e artificialità in armonico equilibrio, dall’autodeterminazione delle comunità locali e dalla conoscenza dei comportamenti sociali per avviare la città verso un’identità multietnica che permetta ai forti e ai deboli di convivere con pari dignità, dalla qualità urbana come elemento fondativo irrinunciabile [Colombo L., Il metodo in Urbanistica. Tradizione e rinnovamento nel piano,1998, pp. 158-162]. Metodologia/Caso di Studio/Comparazioni, etc. Domini della ricerca: Literature review. Strategia della ricerca: Correlational reserch [Groat & Wang 2002/2013]. Esiti attesi Il paper, al fine di contribuire al dibattito sulla formalizzazione di nuove tecniche di Eco-Planning, propone possibili linee guida sia interventi finalizzati alla mitigazione degli effetti che per incidere sulle cause del fenomeno. Le prime con un orizzonte temporale, di breve durata, potrebbero entrare nelle scelte dei piani operativi comunali e provinciali mentre le seconde, di lungo periodo, dovrebbero entrare a fare parte delle invarianti strutturali dei piani di area vasta.

The eco-sustainability of productive settlements is a relatively new topic: only since the 1990s have experiences aimed at reducing the environmental impact of productive activities become widespread. Communities of production and service enterprises that try to improve their sustainability by implementing environmental, economic and social performance can be identified as Eco-Industrial Parks in application of what was theorized by Lowe, Moran and Holmes, in the publication Fieldbook for the development of Eco-Industrial Parks (1996). To achieve eco-sustainability, it is fundamental to plan/design/manage the new and/or renewed production area either through a new project or by upgrading the existing areas, but the morphological configuration/reconfiguration of the area is combined with the rethinking/reorganization of the functions resulting from the new production chains and modes (Lowe, 2003). Achieving EIP status requires both a coordinated planning/management process at the urban and building scale and the coordinated organization/management of each participating enterprise. This paper, after framing the topic in green economy and industrial ecology from the international literature on EIPs, will explore the Aree Produttive Ecologicamente Attrezzate (Eco-equipped Production Areas), which represent the Italian EIP formula. The article will analyze the regulations in force in Italy with the intention of identifying some general Eco-Planning criteria that characterize these types of settlement aimed at drawing up guidelines to support urban planning choices and the implementation of the planned interventions.

Il fenomeno della dismissione industriale rappresenta una delle più importanti manifestazioni delle dinamiche socio-economiche della città contemporanea. Residui della storia industriale, le aree dismesse consentono di guardare alle diverse fasi della trasformazione urbana della città e, allo stesso tempo, si pongono come problema “vincolante” per la progettazione della città del presente e del futuro, nella misura in cui si è dovuto (o si deve) fare i conti con gli spazi rimasti inutilizzati, pianificandone le destinazioni compatibili. A Caserta il caso della “ex Saint Gobain”, la fabbrica pisana di vetri insediata nel 1957 e dismessa nel 1988, in parte oggi riutilizzata con la delocalizzazione di funzioni e servizi di tipo direzionali, ha avuto una grande incidenza sulle trasformazioni urbanistiche della città, modificandone gli assetti di piano.

Climate change has reinforced the importance of the green component, especially in its thermal mitigation functions. The theme of the renaturalization of the city [1], through initiatives of structural integration of greenery with the anthropized environment, represents an important objective of urban and territorial planning. It is necessary to assign to green, functions capable of satisfying real needs; in fact, if the Grey Infrastructures constitute the built capital of our cities and are necessary for the economic development of a territory, the Green Infrastructures [2], represent its natural capital and are necessary to guarantee environmental sustainability [3]. In the case of the compact city, where the urban form is largely established, it is difficult to create significant green spaces. Green infrastructure represents a new approach to the problem: street trees, green construction along railway lines, green roofs and facades are seen as solutions that are easy to implement and suitable for building links with nearest green spaces. There is therefore a need in the drafting of urban planning instruments to plan actions aimed at counteracting the effects of climate change. To this end, it is important to analyze the experiences of cities that, through the introduction of regulations and planning indications, have succeeded in limiting effects of overbuilding and the urban heat island, and the urban heat island, identifying shared solutions between public administrations and citizens, who, synergically, contribute to the reintroduction, management and maintenance of new green areas within the city. The research methodology can be framed within the domains of literature review and the strategy of case-study and correlational research [4]. The paper proposes a reading of some ecological indicators used at the international and national level for measuring/quantifying the value of ecological performance and/or compensation of green in urban/anthropized environments. The fundamental objective is to analyze these indicators to verify their limits and potential to assess their technical transferability in urban planning regulations. Special attention will be paid to Biotope Area Factor also through the application to the historical town center of Aversa to test this indicator in a stratified urban environment characterized by a low incidence of green areas, a recurring characteristic in Mediterranean historical town centers.

This contribution provides a review of public housing laws and policies in Italy, starting from the early nineties, with a specific focus the city of Naples. Then, there is an in-depth analysis of three large public housing neighbourhoods located in as many Neapolitan districts–Traiano, Scampia and Ponticelli. All these neighbourhoods, built up before the sustainability paradigm became a guiding principle of planning practices, show standards of urban quality and quality of life very far from those commonly required nowadays. Thus, with reference to the key principles for sustainable regeneration of urban neighbourhoods, capable of integrating physical, social, economic, environmental and cultural issues, the analysis of the selected Neapolitan areas highlights both their criticalities and the main steps forward that have been made and those still to be made towards their sustainable regeneration.

In Italy, which has traditionally been a country of emigration since the unification of Italy, in the last thirty years there has been an intense increase in the flow of immigrants, resulting in economic, social and spatial problems. If the housing conditions represents one of the main indicators to measure the degree of social integration, in Italy a particularly weak segment in the housing demand is represented precisely by immigrants to whom the most degraded and inadequate sector of the housing stock is often destined. A phenomenon of particular note is represented by the settlement choices in the hinterland of large urban areas where there is a high percentage of foreign population (both official and unofficial). This is what happened in the Campania region, in the territory that starts from Caserta to get to Salerno, passing through the metropolitan city of Naples. In this same area the housing discomfort reaches the highest intensity. The province of Caserta, one of the provinces with the highest percentage of immigrants, saw a veritable “multicultural territory” take shape along the Domitian coast. The building and housing situation of the coast, especially in the municipalities of Castel Volturno and Mondragone, is articulated on both sides of the Domitian state highway along which flow, almost serially, houses very similar to each other, all equally square which alternate small commercial activities, some hotels and the remains of what should have been other housing structures. Starting from the 90s, migrants arriving on the Italian territory recognized in the Domitian coast a new center of attraction and it was determined a real change in the form of foreign settlement, which changed from seasonal to permanent. The massive presence of foreign populations generated a “process of refunctionalization” of some places, in the total absence of instruments of government of a territory become in effect “multicultural”. If the housing condition and, more generally, the collective living conditions of the immigrants are particularly problematic along the Domitian coast, the observation of the real estate market and its dynamics leads further to confirm this assumption.

The paper proposes a reflection on the urban transformation of a partly disused industrial area located in Santa Maria Capua Vetere territory, a medium-sized municipality of Caserta Conurbation. In the Caserta Province the lack of a clear delimitation of industrial areas allowed, between 1955 and 1961, the construction of large industries such as Saint-Gobain in Caserta, Pierrel in Capua, Autelco in Marcianise, Texas in Aversa, Pozzi in Sparanise and Siemens in Santa Maria Capua Vetere, which was closed down in the nineties. A series of areas occupied by factories that have been partially or totally dismantled and that constitute problematic nodes in the contemporary territory. Siemens (later Italtel) was a factory located in a strategic place, along the Appian Way and bordering on the municipality of Capua. In the 1970s it employed 30.400 people and today it appears as a place (covering around 165.000 mq) of decay and neglect. The first part highlights some of the issues that lead to the abandonment of industrial areas through the analysis of Italian and foreign case studies. The second one analyses the de facto and de jure state of the area, the de facto through a detailed study that highlights its peculiarities and negative aspects and de jure from the comparison of the forecasts of the PTCP, the PRG and the PUC, recently adopted by the municipal council respectively. The third part proposes a meta-design hypothesis of resilient and sustainable regeneration.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related short-term mortality is high in dialysis patients, but longer-term outcomes are largely unknown. We therefore assessed patient recovery in a large cohort of dialysis patients 3 months after their COVID-19 diagnosis. Methods We analyzed data on dialysis patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from 1 February 2020 to 31 March 2021 from the European Renal Association COVID-19 Database (ERACODA). The outcomes studied were patient survival, residence and functional and mental health status (estimated by their treating physician) 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. Complete follow-up data were available for 854 surviving patients. Patient characteristics associated with recovery were analyzed using logistic regression. Results In 2449 hemodialysis patients (mean ± SD age 67.5 ± 14.4 years, 62% male), survival probabilities at 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis were 90% for nonhospitalized patients (n = 1087), 73% for patients admitted to the hospital but not to an intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 1165) and 40% for those admitted to an ICU (n = 197). Patient survival hardly decreased between 28 days and 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. At 3 months, 87% functioned at their pre-existent functional and 94% at their pre-existent mental level. Only few of the surviving patients were still admitted to the hospital (0.8–6.3%) or a nursing home (∼5%). A higher age and frailty score at presentation and ICU admission were associated with worse functional outcome. Conclusions Mortality between 28 days and 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis was low and the majority of patients who survived COVID-19 recovered to their pre-existent functional and mental health level at 3 months after diagnosis.

L’esperienza della pandemia da Covid-19 obbliga, tra l’altro, le città a modificare il proprio tradizionale approccio ai regimi emergenziali. I fenomeni di crisi – non più solo economica, ma anche sanitaria e ambientale – rappresentano ormai una realtà a cui quotidianamente rapportarsi, realtà che pone richieste inedite, alle quali occorre fornire risposte adeguate. In tale contesto, il distanziamento fisico, che implica la distanza spaziale, impone, innanzitutto, una revisione delle modalità di vivere a livello collettivo, ed è questa la ragione per la quale una delle forme in cui dovrà manifestarsi la resilienza urbana sarà la capacità di riorganizzare l’uso dello spazio pubblico, per garantire contemporaneamente fruizione collettiva e salvaguardia delle necessarie misure di distanziamento. Ciò premesso, il paper si propone di indagare le criticità che oggi connotano la gestione del luogo per eccellenza in cui questa sfida diventa vitale, ovvero lo spazio verde pubblico (verde pubblico attrezzato, verde urbano, extraurbano e verde di quartiere). In particolare, lo studio – nel mettere in discussione la perdurante attualità del modello puramente quantitativo di cui al D.M. n. 1444/1968 –si interroga sulle possibili modalità di conciliazione delle (divergenti) esigenze della fruizione collettiva delle aree verdi, da un lato, e della soddisfazione degli obiettivi di distanziamento sociale, dall’altro; nonché, più in generale, sulla possibile individuazione di un modello regolatorio sostenibile ed efficace in grado di valorizzare la centralità del ruolo che le aree verdi sono destinate a ricoprire nella città resiliente contemporanea.

L’attuale fase di contrazione delle già deboli economie locali in Italia e, ancor più nel Mezzogiorno, e le profonde mutazioni sociopolitiche avvenute a partire dalla seconda metà del Novecento hanno generato un cospicuo patrimonio di aree, infrastrutture e manufatti dismessi che, molto spesso, rimangono inutilizzati o divengono oggetto di trasformazioni episodiche, non sempre organiche ad una visione sistemica del contesto in cui sono inserite. La crescente attenzione, anche nelle più recenti leggi urbanistiche regionali, al tema della riduzione del consumo di suolo implica lo sviluppo di strategie complementari, volte a reinterpretare e rigenerare il patrimonio di aree/manufatti inutilizzati o sottoutilizzati, che caratterizza sia le frange periurbane sia il tessuto urbano consolidato. La transizione verso strategie rigenerative richiede, però, un sostanziale aggiornamento degli apparati conoscitivi e progettuali degli strumenti di governo delle trasformazioni urbane. In riferimento a tali questioni, il contributo approfondisce la complessa questione della revisione, in chiave rigenerativa, della strumentazione urbanistica comunale, declinandola in riferimento ad alcuni ambiti del territorio casertano. Quest’ultimo è caratterizzato dalla presenza di un vasto patrimonio di aree inutilizzate, frutto della dismissione di attività produttive o di stoccaggio dei rifiuti e generalmente concentrati nelle fasce periurbane, ma anche di aree militari, caserme, ecc., localizzati in aree urbane centrali e da una marcata obsolescenza della strumentazione urbanistica. L’attenzione al territorio casertano è inoltre funzione dell’innovazione, almeno concettuale, introdotta dal Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento della Provincia di Caserta con l’individuazione della categoria delle “aree negate”. Partendo dall’assunto che per affrontare il tema della rigenerazione sono indispensabili conoscenze in grado di supportare efficacemente le scelte future, il contributo fornisce una griglia analitico-interpretativa di questa macro-categoria in riferimento a due ambiti della provincia di Caserta: un sistema di piccoli comuni nel territorio aversano e il comune di Caserta, città di medie dimensioni e capoluogo della provincia omonima. In riferimento a tali aree, si esaminano quindi progetti presentati e i pochi interventi in atto per la rigenerazione delle aree negate, nel quadro degli indirizzi offerti dalla pianificazione comunale vigente e si avanzano alcuni spunti di riflessione per la revisione degli apparativi conoscitivi e regolativi della strumentazione urbanistica comunale, volti ad accrescerne la capacità di innescare processi di sviluppo del territorio che facciano perno sulla rigenerazione del patrimonio di aree e manufatti dismessi, strutturandola entro una visione complessiva e organica di uno sviluppo del territorio comunale a consumo di suolo zero.

Gli ecologi hanno analizzato i sistemi naturali trascurando le aree urbanizzate, gli aggettivi urbano ed ecologico sono considerati in antitesi (McIntyre et al., 2000) e hanno preferito studiare la natura senza l’uomo (Collins et al., 2000; Wu & Loucks, 1995). Ecosistemi naturali sani e resilienti sono indispensabili per la società e l’economia, essi sono determinanti per la qualità della vita (UNI-Health, 2019). La biodiversità è la principale matrice della ricchezza e della funzionalità degli ecosistemi. Il concetto di servizio eco-sistemico è il nucleo del processo di valorizzazione del capitale naturale ed una ragione forte per la conservazione della natura e della biodiversità (UNCBD, 1992). La crisi economica che ha investito i paesi ad economia liberista, condizionati da una finanza aggressiva, impone riforme strutturali e un radicale cambiamento di prospettiva per tener conto di fattori come la valorizzazione dei servizi eco-sistemici (Costanza, 1999; UN-MEA, 2001), attraverso la messa a punto di strategie e norme tecnico-giuridiche adatte allo scopo. Il progetto di un green new deal, basato sulla green economy, è indirizzato al superamento di tale crisi economica ed ambientale, mediante un processo di transizione ad uno sviluppo più equo e sostenibile, per il quale è necessaria una profonda riconsiderazione del ruolo del capitale naturale (Schumacher, 1973; Hawken et al., 1999; WB, 2006). La green economy si è andata definendo su due percorsi interdipendenti il primo punta allo sviluppo sostenibile, attraverso il recupero/riqualificazione/rigenerazione del capitale naturale e la valorizzazione dei servizi eco-sistemici, il secondo alla cancellazione della povertà. Il paper si colloca in questo ampio dibattito culturale e propone alcune riflessioni per contribuire alla formalizzazione di nuove tecniche di Eco-Planning, finalizzate all’aggiornamento e adeguamento delle pratiche tradizionali di pianificazione dello spazio fisico alle complesse questioni ambientali in risposta alla nuova domanda di territorio espressa dalla comunità insediata contemporanea.

The relationship between industrial policy and territorial organization is a theme that has been widely debated in the Italian urban planning, especially since the late fifties, when industrial planning began with the ASI Consortia. The paper analyses the planning activity of the ASI Consortium of Caserta, the body in charge of the territorial management of industrial settlements, according to an interpretative model which, by measuring the weight of industrialization by Areas on the spatial development models of the areas involved and on the formation of territorial hierarchies, is intertwined with the complex story of regional planning. In the province of Caserta, the situation is emblematic: no territorial coordination plan existed until the year 2000, while the ASI Plan existed since the sixties. Since, as is well known, the ASI plans were equivalent to the Territorial Coordination Plans of the National Urban Planning Law and, therefore, like the Territorial Coordination Plan, had the power to bind the municipalities in the area to conform their regulatory plans to the directives set by the consortium plan. In this perspective, the focus extends to themes that are crucial in the current urban planning debate: planning on a supra-municipal scale, in which the ASI plans are inserted, the function of sector plans in the Italian planning system, the concept of the efficacy of plans, the new tasks of planning in the city and in deindustrialized areas.

Background Patients on kidney replacement therapy (KRT) are at very high risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The triage pathway for KRT patients presenting to hospitals with varying severity of COVID-19 illness remains ill-defined. We studied the clinical characteristics of patients at initial and subsequent hospital presentations and the impact on patient outcomes. Methods The European Renal Association COVID-19 Database (ERACODA) was analysed for clinical and laboratory features of 1423 KRT patients with COVID-19 either hospitalized or non-hospitalized at initial triage and those re-presenting a second time. Predictors of outcomes (hospitalization, 28-day mortality) were then determined for all those not hospitalized at initial triage. Results Among 1423 KRT patients with COVID-19 [haemodialysis (HD), n = 1017; transplant, n = 406), 25% (n = 355) were not hospitalized at first presentation due to mild illness (30% HD, 13% transplant). Of the non-hospitalized patients, only 10% (n = 36) re-presented a second time, with a 5-day median interval between the two presentations (interquartile range 2–7 days). Patients who re-presented had worsening respiratory symptoms, a decrease in oxygen saturation (97% versus 90%) and an increase in C-reactive protein (26 versus 73 mg/L) and were older (72 vs 63 years) compared with those who did not return a second time. The 28-day mortality between early admission (at first presentation) and deferred admission (at second presentation) was not significantly different (29% versus 25%; P = 0.6). Older age, prior smoking history, higher clinical frailty score and self-reported shortness of breath at first presentation were identified as risk predictors of mortality when re-presenting after discharge at initial triage. Conclusions This study provides evidence that KRT patients with COVID-19 and mild illness can be managed effectively with supported outpatient care and with vigilance of respiratory symptoms, especially in those with risk factors for poor outcomes. Our findings support a risk-stratified clinical approach to admissions and discharges of KRT patients presenting with COVID-19 to aid clinical triage and optimize resource utilization during the ongoing pandemic.

Provincial territorial structural plan and municipal land-use plan in Caserta Province (Salvatore Losco) The territorial reading proposed by the PTCP of Caserta, in force since 2012, disarticulates the settlement system in six areas in 3 of them, Aversa, Caserta and Litorale Domitio, there are also conurbations involving all 19 municipalities of Aversa and only a part of those belonging to the areas of Caserta and Litorale Domitio. The area of Caserta, consisting of 36 municipalities, includes the Caserta Conurbation, it is formed by the interweaving of 21 municipalities that have grown up around the Via Appia, from San Felice a Cancello to Caserta and Marcianise, from Santa Maria Capua Vetere, to San Tammaro until modern Capua. The project of the PTCP illustrated in the Territorial Land-Use Plan identifies particular areas named denied areas for a sustainable transformation of the territory; they belong both to urban areas and open space, are devoid of a univocally defined function and are marked by obvious signs of degradation. Denied areas are divided into two macro-categories, settlement potential and environmental potential. Both macro-categories have been further sub-articulated into five types: critical urban areas, quarries, critical areas with waste accumulation, critical open space areas and critical infrastructure areas. The recovery, redevelopment of the territory and the regeneration of these neglected areas is entrusted with the project of the inter-municipal and/or municipal urban plan. The apparent flexibility of the PTCP addresses, however, clashes with the rigidity attributed by the technical rule to the perimeter and classification of denied areas due to the analysis and representation scale of the provincial plan not suitable for the inter-municipal and municipal scale. It does not allow to correctly perimeter these areas nor to disarticulate them more effectively, it is therefore necessary to identify an intermediate aggregate of municipalities between the individual municipality and the conurbation or area that represents a correct scale of intervention to refer structural planning and subclasses for the programmatic-operational provisions of the municipal plan. A possible solution to overcome this coordination problem could be found either in the drafting of a structural plan for homogeneous groups of municipalities or for the whole conurbation or area (general inter-municipal vision) or in the hierarchical structuring of groups of municipalities in relation to the individual problems to be tackled (intersectoral variable geometry vision). This second option is referred to the proposal for the redevelopment of the municipalities of Capua, Santa Maria Capua Vetere and San Tammaro as a widespread museum and network reconfiguration of cultural and environmental assets for tourism-recreational purposes, which have a considerable material and immaterial heritage of cultural heritage characterized by historical, artistic and environmental value that is completely underused. A supra-municipal intersectoral project in Caserta Province (Claudia de Biase) Priority objective of the project is the revaluation of the cultural heritage through a requalification proposal that is capable of reverberating over the entire territory, starting from some sample municipalities of the Caserta conurbation. The case study involves the areas located in the municipalities of Capua, Santa Maria Capua Vetere and San Tammaro. Through the re-functionalisation of the degraded areas along the main axis of the Via Appia, their reconnection with the urban environment, the cultural heritage and the denied areas, it will be possible to reconfigure a network system basic to the tourism development. The concept is the spread museum on the whole territory which aims at the valorisation of natural and historical resources and gives a sense to the territory itself. The redevelopment proposal highlights the need to recover, enhance and make them dialogue each other about the objects and places that have been the scene of historical events intimately linked to the territory, highlighting that, often, the passage of time, the overlapping of subsequent events, having transformed or converted a place to other functions, covers its memory and history. The proposal is, therefore, a supra-municipal intersectoral project that aims to give to the places of memory the possibility to tell their story, enucleating and harmonizing the different cultural resources with the local system. The project considers, however, this heritage together with the denied areas of the PTCP, the aim is the attribution of a new role and value to these parts, using them as a tool to reconnect wider contexts. To this end, best practices have been identified as concepts that are based on three types of macro-areas named urban, peri-urban and productive (agricultural or commercial), in which the reference territory has been disarticulated. For each of them, differentiated solutions relevant to the category to which they belong have been hypothesised. After identifying the urban framework, characterized by solids and voids on the territory, the latter become the fulcrum of the redevelopment project. They are transformed into new and articulated points of interest, spaces for sharing and exchange, junctions and attractive points that direct individuals towards the system-cultural network of the territory. The project differs, of course, for each type of macro-area and thus responds to the different needs arising from each of them. Therefore, innovative junctions and proposals for the reconversion of the voids for the urban macro area have been foreseen, different from those located in the peri-urban and from those located in the productive one. It is natural that strategies are distinct and diversified for each of the macro areas chosen, because the condition of the areas and the needs of these parts of the territory are different upstream. It is up to the project to manage to sew them into a planning system.

Obiettivo prioritario della pianificazione urbanistica è la programmazione delle trasformazioni del territorio, perseguendo prioritariamente il superiore interesse pubblico. La riduzione dei rischi territoriali, essendo interesse delle comunità insediate, rientra a pieno titolo nell’interesse pubblico pertanto le azioni di piano devono intervenire sulla mitigazione del rischio attraverso la riduzione dell’esposizione e/o della vulnerabilità. Questa prospettiva implica un ripensamento di alcune tecniche tradizionali di redazione del piano, basate esclusivamente su criteri quantitativi, come quelle relative al dimensionamento residenziale che, a tal fine, dovrebbe utilizzare anche logiche prestazionali, affinché le azioni di mitigazione del rischio possano essere attuate e incidere efficacemente sulle reali trasformazioni del territorio. Il contributo, a partire dal caso studio di Terzigno (Na), territorio interessato da vari rischi territoriali (sismico e vulcanico in primis) che minacciano direttamente la parte urbanizzata, rifletterà sulla possibilità di utilizzare la Classe di Rischio Sismico, applicata al patrimonio edilizio, nel pre-dimensionamento residenziale prestazionale del piano comunale in un’ottica di rigenerazione urbana ecosostenibile.

Aversa is a municipality in the province of Caserta of about 53.000 inhabitants. In reference to Aversa, the Territorial Plan of Provincial Coordination, PTCP, has highlighted a deficit of public space and a huge denied territory; moreover, it has set as objective a requalification of the urban fabric. The city has a precious historical heritage, decisive for the future social and economic development of the territory. This is the reason why in 2000 it was involved in a Recovery Plan of the historical centre, whose aim was the functional, urban and building requalification of the same, thus stopping this degradation through actions attentive to the social, cultural and economic condition of the historical centre. The municipality, today, is still endowed with a General Regulatory Plan of 2001, but notwithstanding this, with the Regional Law n. 16/2004, the Campania Region has introduced the Municipal Urban Plan, PUC, a general urban planning instrument of the municipality, which regulates the environmental protection, the urban and building transformations of the municipal territory. The various administrations that have taken turns, have tried to bring Aversa towards a PUC, but to date we are still far from having a new instrument to govern the territory. The paper thus reconstructs the urban planning of the municipality, with particular attention to the historical centre, to analyze the current situation, the effects of the plans on the territory and the historical centre itself and to give ideas to the future administration.

Nel 1945 viene ricostituita la provincia di Caserta, soppressa nel 1927; una provincia che rimane priva di strumenti di pianificazione fino a tempi recenti. Il contributo ricostruisce le proposte di Pianificazione territoriale, presentate da vari soggetti e vari Enti territoriali, a partire dall’emanazione della legge urbanistica nazionale, cercando di definire le strategie di intervento previste per il territorio. Dai primi studi del 1952 che non decollano anche per le incertezze del quadro nazionale, si passa allo studio sperimentale di Luigi Cosenza, per poi giungere al documento Novacco-Rossi Doria che inserisce Caserta nella cosiddetta zona attiva, essendo tra le zone maggiormente urbanizzate. Molti, come si vedrà, sono i limiti ma anche i punti di forza di questo documento. Negli anni successivi seguiranno altre proposte: nel 1964 una parte della provincia di Caserta rientra nel progetto di piano regolatore intercomunale del comprensorio di Napoli, redatto da un gruppo di lavoro coordinato da Luigi Piccinato e uno Schema di Sviluppo Economico regionale per il periodo 1966-1970 (SSE). Nel 1967 vengono presentate dal Comitato, pochi anni prima istituito, le Indicazioni per le direttive da seguire nella redazione del PTC. Da questo momento molti saranno gli spunti e le proposte di assetto del territorio regionale e provinciale che, però, come è noto, stenteranno a riuscire. Solo negli anni duemila si sbloccherà la situazione e si arriverà alla definizione di un quadro preciso della pianificazione e del governo del territorio regionale e provinciale. La carenza di pianificazione ha determinato lo stato della nostra provincia: urbanizzazione diffusa, sprawl, abusi nelle zone agricole e disordine insediativo sono tutti elementi connotanti il territorio casertano, dovuti anche e, forse soprattutto, alla mancanza di una visione globale del territorio.

Ecological Network involves the whole territory, the elements that make it up are recognizable: - at regional scale: National and Regional parks, Site of Community Importance on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC), Special Area of Conservation of wild birds (Birds Directive 2009/147/EC), agricultural and forest areas and ecological corridors; - at provincial scale: areas of high naturalistic value, natural areas of naturalistic completion, urban and peri-urban areas for widespread ecological reconstruction, gates and contaminated areas. After outlining the concepts of Green Infrastructure and Ecological Network, a particular attention will be focused on regional and provincial planning of Ecological Networks in Campania region, to identify general elements separated from territorial specificities. To achieve a result the methodology applied will be the comparative reading of spatial planning tools in force at regional and provincial level. The main objectives are to highlight the planning techniques applied and the interrelationships between Regional Ecological Network and Provincial Ecological one, both of which are crucial for the implementation of Eco-Planning tools.

The National Internal Areas Strategy has been active in Italy for some years. It aims at contrasting the depopulation of peripheral areas of our country and affirming a way of making public policies that takes into account the singular multiplicity of territorial situations that characterize it. It also represents a battle aimed at a more socially and territorially equitable development. This contribution proposes reflections starting from the case study of the Municipality of Palomonte (SA), developed within the second level Master in Sustainable Maintenance and Rehabilitation of the built environment of the University of Naples Federico II. Palomonte is an "intermediate" area, according to the classification proposed by the SNAI, which, with a demographic trend peculiar to the internal areas of Southern Italy, in recent years is affected by processes of depopulation and fragmentation of the territory. Through the combination of a place-based approach with the capability approach, and on the basis of a system vision between poles and internal areas, the research proposes short to medium term adaptive reuse scenarios, with the aim of triggering a reversal of the current demographic trend, attracting old and new inhabitants to invest in the area.

Starting from the nineties of the XX century UE has gradually entered the national territorial politics of member states. Community directives concern the infrastructures, the technologies, the market of the job, the environment, the social integration, the economy; every member state implements them in the national laws and, with the funds allocated by the UE, supports projects of growth and development in every sector. The culture of the European financing proceeds very slowly in Italy, infact it is the last in the list of the expense among the greatest state recipients of the continental financings, behind Poland, Germany, France and Spain, because it has used only the 1 - 2% of 42,7 appropriated million. The paper aims to try a synthesis about the influence of these UE decisions on the Italian physical planning system and their strength support to the economic, social and, in particular, to the urban and territorial transformation and development.

Per trasformare il delicato tema dell’accoglienza da problema a risorsa è necessario gestire e indirizzare le trasformazioni che i fenomeni migratori generano a partire da una riorganizzazione culturale e poi fisica della città. Le autrici approfondiranno alcuni temi riconducibili prevalentemente all’opportunità di lavorare sia sulla qualità ambientale e tecnologica degli spazi urbani sia sulla messa a sistema degli stessi per realizzare una struttura spazio-funzionale più performante e in grado di adattarsi ai continui cambiamenti socio-ambientali. Le strategie progettuali proposte, inoltre, si muovono con particolare interesse all’aspetto ecologico della tutela della biodiversità che passa attraverso la connessione a rete degli habitat, e più in generale delle aree naturali.

The present paper proposes a reading of urban abusiveness that has affected Italian cities in recent decades, distinguishing it from the unauthorized building. It addresses the phenomenon within the broader issues of physical planning of the territory, in the awareness of the strong environmental impact it determines. Urban abusiveness has a strong influence on the land's layout and on the consumption, use and protection of the soil, and heavily shapes the redevelopment of many southern Italian cities. The paper is organized in three parts: the first one will focus on recognition of urban abusiveness, that is, with urban/territorial effects, distinguishing it from the phenomenon of unauthorized building; the second one will propose a procedure, based on the overlay-mapping technique, capable of representing the urban-scale phenomenon and the third one proposes guidelines for the drafting of the urban plan (or other territory planning tool), which focuses on the urban regeneration of the settlements affected by this phenomenon.

Il seguente lavoro mira ad una proposta di riqualificazione urbana dell‟area denominata “Ex C.A.P.S.” ossia l‟ex Campo di Assistenza per Profughi Stranieri nel comune di Capua, in provincia di Caserta. L‟ex C.A.P.S. è oggi uno spazio pubblico sottratto alla popolazione che versa in un grave stato di abbandono. L‟area non è inserita tra quelle “negate” del PTCP perché è in corso (dal 2015) un programma di intervento per la valorizzazione e la trasformazione, previa bonifica, di tale area di proprietà comunale. Si tratta di un‟area di 132.863 mq, dalla forma di un trapezio rettangolo notevolmente allungato, inserita nel territorio comunale di Capua lungo la Via Martiri di Nassiriya. La prima parte della ricerca consiste in un‟indagine storica che chiarisca l‟evoluzione della città di Capua, il suo impianto urbano ed in particolare le sue risorse e i suoi problemi. Step successivo è un inquadramento urbanistico della città di Capua nella Pianificazione sovracomunale e, in particolare, nel Piano provinciale (PTCP), utile per conoscere le direttive in atto. Dopo un‟analisi territoriale si è passati allo studio degli strumenti urbanistici previgenti e vigenti al fine di comprendere le scelte delle amministrazioni e i relativi effetti che queste hanno avuto sulla morfologia della città. Lo studio dell‟area è il passaggio successivo sia dal punto di vista normativo che urbanistico. La proposta che ne scaturisce, sulla scorta della letteratura in materia di ecoplanning, è volta, come accennato in precedenza, alla riqualificazione urbana dell‟area, una riqualificazione finalizzata all‟integrazione dell‟ambiente antropizzato con quello naturale e, contemporaneamente, alla conservazione e al recupero degli ecosistemi compromessi, facilitando allo stesso tempo lo sviluppo dell‟ambiente costruito all‟interno di confini ecologicamente accettabili.

Ecological Network involves the whole territory, the elements that make it up are recognizable: - at regional scale in: national and regional parks, Site of Community Importance on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC), Special Area of Conservation of wild birds (Birds Directive 2009/147/EC), agricultural and forest areas and ecological corridors; - at provincial scale in: areas of high naturalistic value, natural areas of naturalistic completion, urban and peri-urban areas for widespread ecological reconstruction, gates and contaminated areas; - at municipal scale in: primary and secondary nodes, buffer zones of these nodes, areas of environmental protection, ecological connections, linear and punctual elements of local ecological network such as the gates of this network, the eco-fruitive connections between area with diffused naturalness or in anthropized areas, the fruition routes and the support areas. EN represents the fundamental sub-network of the Green Infrastructure that is an equipped macronetwork able to perform multiple functions and consists of a system of interconnected networks with green spaces that preserve the natural values and functions of the ecosystems and provide multiple benefits to the human population. Planning, design, implement and manage an efficient EN helps to stem climate change, rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall, increasing extreme weather events and the urban heat island effect. The recognition, protection, environmental regeneration and new realization, at various scales, of an EN is a real possibility both to mitigate the effects in the short term and to affect the causes in the long term too. The paper explores the implementation of an EN at the municipal scale as a fundamental element to design the town land use plan starting from a case-study to identify elements of generality distinguished from the territorial specificities.

Capua is one of older cities in Caserta province and today its socio-economic, spatial, social, economic and settlement disequilibrium is clear. The analysis done discloses functional, social and physical degradation of the city and the missing of identity, mixed with phenomena of urban disorder and social and environmental degradation. Very often, infrastructures and social services miss as well. This deficit of public space takes to the creation of denied territory, localized in urban and rural areas. The area of ex assistance camp for foreign refugees – Ex C.A.P.S., our case study, is between the historical centre and housing buildings realized over the 80s-90s. Thanks to Law Scelba (1952), ruling assistance to refugee, this area is destined to a "Campo di Accoglienza", used to host refugee coming from East Europe. Nowadays, the area is not destined for anything and is a state of abandonment and misses its identity. It is neither an empty nor a dismissed area. It might be considered a non-place, without any value, any functional link with the context and with no social aim. It is a marginal place since Institutions have ignored it for years. The aim is to revitalize this area starting from its criticalities, such as accessibility, green and parking areas, services, infrastructures and the missing of social integration through the creation of a big urban park full of utilities and housing buildings. As for accessibility, pedestrian, cycling and driveway paths have been thought to improve it. The last, and maybe the most important, criticality deals with the missing of social integration since the area is not functionally connected with the context. A mixed housing park has been created in order to overcome this criticality. No distinction between public and private buildings has been done in order to achieve a social, functional and housing mix against mono-functionality of peripheral areas.

Capua è un comune di circa 20.000 abitanti in Provincia di Caserta. La Provincia ha approvato (DCP 26 del 26/04/2012), il proprio Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento Provinciale (PTCP). Lo strumento ha evidenziato, per il Comune di Capua, un crescente degrado funzionale e fisico dei centri storici e la mancanza di identità civica, accompagnata da una forte carenza di attrezzature e servizi sociali, evidente soprattutto nelle periferie e nei recenti sviluppi del tessuto urbano. Il PTCP di Caserta ha introdotto un’importante novità: l’inserimento di una “specifica” tipologia di aree, le cosiddette aree negate. Si tratta, in sintesi, di quelle parti di territorio appartenenti sia al sistema urbano che al sistema dello spazio aperto, prive di una funzione univocamente definita e contrassegnate da evidenti segni di degrado (Capo II, art.75, NTA, PTCP). Tali aree, nel territorio di Capua, sono ben 114. Tra queste, in particolare, vi è un’area di 132.863mq, dalla forma di un trapezio rettangolo notevolmente allungato, localizzata in una zona urbana baricentrica tra il centro storico e gli insediamenti abitativi realizzati negli anni 80-90. Ad oggi quest’area non ha una destinazione d’uso e da diversi anni versa in uno stato di completo abbandono non avendo ancora una pianificazione definitiva. Dobbiamo, a tal proposito, ricordare che a Capua vige ancora un PRG del 1974 e che, nonostante nel corso degli anni siano state approvate 3 varianti e siano stati presentati diversi preliminari di PUC, solo nel 2015, l’amministrazione comunale ha deciso di intervenire in quest’area, attraverso la previsione di un “programma di intervento per la valorizzazione e la trasformazione”, previa bonifica dell’area. Il programma prevede, data anche l’aggravarsi delle condizioni di degrado, la demolizione di alcuni corpi di fabbrica e il recupero della restante area. Ad oggi, però, nonostante la previsione del programma, l’area si presenta ancora come un “non-luogo”.

Tesi sostenuta L’umanità sta diventando sempre più urbana: in tutto il mondo, una persona su due abita in territori fortemente antropizzati, basta solo questo dato per affermare che la sostenibilità ambientale è una sfida urbana, è la ricerca di una nuova urbanità. La stessa città si estende sempre più verso il territorio anche se cambia il concetto di città tradizionale - l’urbanità circoscritta all’urbs - e le forme spaziali attraverso le quali essa si dispiega nel territorio. Si tratta comunque di condizione urbana seppur nuova e niente affatto tipica che si potrebbe riconoscere in una nuova densità e morfologia urbana, nell’innovazione dei trasporti, nell’utilizzo delle fonti energetiche non fossili, nel trattamento innovativo dei rifiuti, nel miglioramento della biodiversità e nella conservazione della natura. In questo quadro scientifico il paper, nell’intento di contribuire al dibattito per la formalizzazione di nuove tecniche di Eco-Planning, propone una lettura interpretativa, fortemente orientata all’operatività, di alcuni indicatori ecologici utilizzati al livello internazionale per la misurazione/quantificazione del verde in ambiente urbano/antropizzato al fine di ridurre l’effetto isola di calore urbano. Applica il BAF-Biotope Area Factor al centro storico di Aversa come caso di studio. Principali argomentazioni Negli ultimi anni il cambiamento climatico ha rafforzato l’importanza della componente verde, specialmente nelle sue funzioni di mitigazione termica. Il tema della rinaturalizzazione della città, attraverso iniziative d’integrazione strutturale del verde con l’ambiente costruito, rappresenta un importante obiettivo della pianificazione urbana e territoriale. Bisogna, quindi, riconoscere al verde, funzioni in grado di soddisfare bisogni reali, infatti, se le Infrastrutture Grigie costituiscono il capitale costruito delle nostre città e sono necessarie per lo sviluppo economico di un territorio, le Infrastrutture Verdi [Yeang, 2009], ne rappresentano il capitale naturale e sono necessarie per garantire la sostenibilità ambientale [Farr, 2008]. Nel caso della città compatta, dove la forma urbana è ormai largamente consolidata e difficile la realizzazione di spazi verdi significativi, l’Infrastruttura Verde rappresenta un nuovo approccio al problema, alberature stradali, costruzione di verde lungo le linee ferroviarie, tetti e facciate verdi, si configurano come soluzioni di facile attuazione ed idonei a costruire legami con gli spazi verdi più prossimi. Si avverte la necessità nella redazione degli strumenti urbanistici di prevedere azioni finalizzate a contrastare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico. A tal fine è di estrema importanza analizzare le esperienze di città che, attraverso l’introduzione di norme e indicazioni progettuali, sono riuscite a limitare gli effetti della cementificazione e dell’isola di calore urbana, individuando soluzioni condivise tra le pubbliche amministrazioni e i cittadini, i quali, sinergicamente, contribuiscono alla reintroduzione, gestione e mantenimento di nuove aree verdi all’interno della città. Metodologia/Caso di Studio/Comparazioni, etc. Domini della ricerca: Literature review. Strategia della ricerca: Case Study e Correlational reserch [Groat & Wang 2002/2013]. Esiti attesi Il paper propone la lettura comparativa di alcuni indicatori ecologici utilizzati al livello internazionale per la misurazione/quantificazione del verde in ambiente urbano/antropizzato. L’obiettivo fondamentale è quello di approfondire i punti di forza e di debolezza di tali indicatori al fine di valutare la loro trasferibilità nella regolamentazione urbanistica. Dedica poi una particolare attenzione al BAF e lo applica al caso studio del centro storico di Aversa al fine di testare questo indicatore in un ambiente urbano stratificato e caratterizzato da bassa incidenza delle superfici a verde, caratteristica tipica dei centri storici mediterranei.

Italy has been strongly influenced by the wave of migratory flows that over the years have seen it involved, undergoing significant changes. The number of immigrants in the ranks of the population, Italian and European in general, is constantly growing. In the context of an urban context in which the strong presence of foreign citizens is undeniable, the operation of integration between the host community and the host community becomes a fundamental step. In order to be managed, a phenomenon such as immigration requires actions and programmes capable of promoting integration between cultures at an urban level. The question of urban identity emerges, therefore, which pours into the places of the city and into the conformation of its spaces, and the question of cultural identity which, instead, finds itself in the expression of collective memory, in everything that is the history and essence of a culture and which inevitably pours into the city itself. As a result, we are faced with an inevitable contrast between the defence of urban identity and cultural uniformity with the current phenomenon of globalization and the rampant process of immigration. In the current circumstances, urban planning also has the task of ensuring equal access to services and opportunities for the population. In this sense, two nodes need to be resolved: accessibility to services and management of public space. Accessibility refers to the places of the city - districts, squares, buildings - and their ability to be easily reached by any category of users. Interesting is the link that arises between the concept of accessibility and the problem of social exclusion in turn linked to the degree of usability of the spaces of the city. With reference to that portion of citizens composed of immigrants, it can be said that the concept of accessibility is more closely linked to mobility and housing. The objective is therefore to improve the conditions of urban accessibility in favour of the "weaker" users. Public space, in turn, represents the place where urban life finds its maximum expression. It is also understood as the community space - squares, streets, stations, etc. - the place of collective memory and should therefore be read as a symbolic place for the city. It is in public space that the inhabitant of a neighborhood must be able to recognize himself, and for immigrants the public space can become an opportunity for meeting, confrontation and knowledge. The re-creation and improvement of public space as a strategy for the requalification of the outskirts and ethnically connoted areas of a city, should include actions to improve connections, increase multifunctionality, and reduce the phenomena of exclusion. The study that we propose to address starts from the analysis of a case study - related to the town of Castel Volturno, in the province of Caserta - photograph of a negative reality for immigrants. This is a territory whose urbanization process has been totally detached from the services. The phenomena of building abuse and speculation of which Castel Volturno was the scene, have contributed to increasing the level of degradation of the city itself by encouraging, among other things, the settlement in it of a growing number of immigrants. The objective to be pursued is the realization of interventions on an urban scale that are able to promote integration and multi-ethnic coexistence between the indigenous population and the foreign one.

Urban planning is the science that, at different scales, deals with the organization of territories; the goal is to allow the community to carry out the different activities of urban and territorial life. Since the beginning of time, people had to give themselves rules of coexistence, including the rules for use of all public areas. Therefore, in other words, before we had the modern urban planning discipline, people have always practiced urban planning, both spontaneously and applying theories but also working off utopias. After recalling the foundation cities of ancient history, the production of ideal urban models and cities built in the Fascist period, this contribution focuses on the “foundation of the city in the city”, or the “invention” of the neighborhood residential and, in particular, the Italian economic and popular housing neighborhood. The foundation of the new residential areas, that is, of “small cities” realized ex-novo, triggers, inter alia, the break with the historic city and the new process of urban expansion and establishes the concept of suburbs. The case studies examined in the Italian production of Edilizia Residenziale Pubblica –ERP (i.e., Public Residential Housing) neighborhood and, more recently, of the requalification and recovery interventions that concerned them, are also addressed in terms of neighborhood, comparing them to international case studies. In particular, we explore the dimensions of sustainable development, capable of effectively activating both natural capital and functional and social mixité.

The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of chimney stenting, a bailout technique to treat coronary artery occlusion (CAO).CAO during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a rare but often fatal complication.In the international Chimney Registry, patient and procedural characteristics and data on outcomes are retrospectively collected from patients who underwent chimney stenting during TAVR.To date, 16 centers have contributed 60 cases among 12,800 TAVR procedures (0.5%). Chimney stenting was performed for 2 reasons: 1) due to the development of an established CAO (n = 25 [41.6%]); or 2) due to an impending CAO (n = 35 [58.3%]). The majority of cases (92.9%) had 1 or more classical risk factors for CAO. Upfront coronary protection was performed in 44 patients (73.3%). Procedural and in-hospital mortality occurred in 1 and 2 patients, respectively. Myocardial infarction (52.0% vs. 0.0%; p 0.01), cardiogenic shock (52.0% vs. 2.9%; p 0.01), and resuscitation (44.0% vs. 2.9%; p 0.01) all occurred more frequently in patients with established CAO compared with those with impending CAO. The absence of upfront coronary protection was the sole independent risk factor for the combined endpoint of death, cardiogenic shock, or myocardial infarction. During a median follow-up time of 612 days (interquartile range: 405 to 842 days), 2 cases of stent failure were reported (1 in-stent restenosis, 1 possible late stent thrombosis) after 157 and 374 days.Chimney stenting appears to be an acceptable bailout technique for CAO, with higher event rates among those with established CAO and among those without upfront coronary protection.

Afterwords the Great War, the reconstruction period began in Italy, especially in the areas that had been the war theatre. This is an interesting phase from the point of view of Urbanism and, above all, of the Urbanism Technique and its evolution in the twentieth century, culminated with the approval of the Italian National Urban-Panning Law - LUN in 1942, which deserves more attention to how much to date was devoted to the subject by scholars of the discipline. This paper will try to highlight some key points: how did it work, that is, which urban-planning tools were used to implement reconstruction interventions even after the approval of the LUN; who has intervened in the various phases of reconstruction, that is, which were the relevant subjects; finally, if and how, after the First World War and the Second also, the tools implemented to plan the reconstruction have changed. Until the middle of the 1960s, the LUN was not really applied, so much so that it can be said that the beginning of its widespread application can be set in the second half of the sixties.

Challenges for transformations are the first step for a new governance of territories, especially in degraded areas in which the urban tissue is the mirror image of the social one. This paper presents the main aspects of the European project I.Re.Ne, developed in the framework of the UIA third call. The project aims to the regeneration of three housing districts and their connections in three municipalities of the Caserta province. Attention to urban, socio-economic and environmental aspects, by means of a sustainable urban renewal are the key aspects. The project includes the design of a green infrastructure and actions directed to sustainable land use, energy efficiency of the buildings, green-blue urban landscape system design, urban agriculture by means of cannabis sativa plantations in the neighborhoods and along the connection roads.

The paper addresses illegal building and development activity, a phenomenon that substantially impacts the urban and regional system and influences land use and consumption. The paper begins by briefly describing the types and different meanings of informal settlements throughout the world, as well as in Italy. To explain what illegal building means in Italy, it is necessary to illustrate the country’s urban planning system, its regulations and the three laws that introduced building amnesty. The origins and causes of illegal building and urban planning practices are pointed out and precisely described. National data with particular focus on the Campania region illustrates the magnitude of the phenomenon. In fact, the largest part of illegal building volumes can be found in Southern Italian regions characterized by administrative inefficiency. The study concludes with some ideas on how to approach urban planning in territories marked by the presence of illegal development, whether compact or sprawled.