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3. Lifespan prolonging mechanisms and insulin upregulation without fat accumulation in long-lived reproductives of a higher termite.

Author

Séité, Sarah, Harrison, Mark, Sillam-Dussès, David, Lupoli, Roland, Van Dooren, Tom, Robert, Alain, Poissonnier, Laure-Anne, Lemainque, Arnaud, Renault, David, Acket, Sébastien, Andrieu, Muriel, Viscarra, José, Sul, Hei, de Beer, Z, Bornberg-Bauer, Erich, and Vasseur-Cognet, Mireille

Subjects
Aging, Animals, DNA Repair, Fertility, Insulin, Isoptera, Longevity, Reproduction, Up-Regulation
Abstract

Kings and queens of eusocial termites can live for decades, while queens sustain a nearly maximal fertility. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying their long lifespan, we carried out transcriptomics, lipidomics and metabolomics in Macrotermes natalensis on sterile short-lived workers, long-lived kings and five stages spanning twenty years of adult queen maturation. Reproductives share gene expression differences from workers in agreement with a reduction of several aging-related processes, involving upregulation of DNA damage repair and mitochondrial functions. Anti-oxidant gene expression is downregulated, while peroxidability of membranes in queens decreases. Against expectations, we observed an upregulated gene expression in fat bodies of reproductives of several components of the IIS pathway, including an insulin-like peptide, Ilp9. This pattern does not lead to deleterious fat storage in physogastric queens, while simple sugars dominate in their hemolymph and large amounts of resources are allocated towards oogenesis. Our findings support the notion that all processes causing aging need to be addressed simultaneously in order to prevent it.

Published
2022

4. Phylogenomic Analysis of a 55.1-kb 19-Gene Dataset Resolves a Monophyletic Fusarium that Includes the Fusarium solani Species Complex.

Author

Geiser, David M, Al-Hatmi, Abdullah MS, Aoki, Takayuki, Arie, Tsutomu, Balmas, Virgilio, Barnes, Irene, Bergstrom, Gary C, Bhattacharyya, Madan K, Blomquist, Cheryl L, Bowden, Robert L, Brankovics, Balázs, Brown, Daren W, Burgess, Lester W, Bushley, Kathryn, Busman, Mark, Cano-Lira, José F, Carrillo, Joseph D, Chang, Hao-Xun, Chen, Chi-Yu, Chen, Wanquan, Chilvers, Martin, Chulze, Sofia, Coleman, Jeffrey J, Cuomo, Christina A, de Beer, Z Wilhelm, de Hoog, G Sybren, Del Castillo-Múnera, Johanna, Del Ponte, Emerson M, Diéguez-Uribeondo, Javier, Di Pietro, Antonio, Edel-Hermann, Véronique, Elmer, Wade H, Epstein, Lynn, Eskalen, Akif, Esposto, Maria Carmela, Everts, Kathryne L, Fernández-Pavía, Sylvia P, da Silva, Gilvan Ferreira, Foroud, Nora A, Fourie, Gerda, Frandsen, Rasmus JN, Freeman, Stanley, Freitag, Michael, Frenkel, Omer, Fuller, Kevin K, Gagkaeva, Tatiana, Gardiner, Donald M, Glenn, Anthony E, Gold, Scott E, Gordon, Thomas R, Gregory, Nancy F, Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guarro, Josep, Gugino, Beth K, Gutierrez, Santiago, Hammond-Kosack, Kim E, Harris, Linda J, Homa, Mónika, Hong, Cheng-Fang, Hornok, László, Huang, Jenn-Wen, Ilkit, Macit, Jacobs, Adriaana, Jacobs, Karin, Jiang, Cong, Jiménez-Gasco, María Del Mar, Kang, Seogchan, Kasson, Matthew T, Kazan, Kemal, Kennell, John C, Kim, Hye-Seon, Kistler, H Corby, Kuldau, Gretchen A, Kulik, Tomasz, Kurzai, Oliver, Laraba, Imane, Laurence, Matthew H, Lee, Theresa, Lee, Yin-Won, Lee, Yong-Hwan, Leslie, John F, Liew, Edward CY, Lofton, Lily W, Logrieco, Antonio F, S López-Berges, Manuel, Luque, Alicia G, Lysøe, Erik, Ma, Li-Jun, Marra, Robert E, Martin, Frank N, May, Sara R, McCormick, Susan P, McGee, Chyanna, Meis, Jacques F, Migheli, Quirico, Mohamed Nor, NMI, Monod, Michel, Moretti, Antonio, Mostert, Diane, and Mulè, Giuseppina

Subjects
evolution, fungal pathogens, Plant Biology & Botany, Microbiology, Plant Biology, Crop and Pasture Production
Abstract

Scientific communication is facilitated by a data-driven, scientifically sound taxonomy that considers the end-user's needs and established successful practice. In 2013, the Fusarium community voiced near unanimous support for a concept of Fusarium that represented a clade comprising all agriculturally and clinically important Fusarium species, including the F. solani species complex (FSSC). Subsequently, this concept was challenged in 2015 by one research group who proposed dividing the genus Fusarium into seven genera, including the FSSC described as members of the genus Neocosmospora, with subsequent justification in 2018 based on claims that the 2013 concept of Fusarium is polyphyletic. Here, we test this claim and provide a phylogeny based on exonic nucleotide sequences of 19 orthologous protein-coding genes that strongly support the monophyly of Fusarium including the FSSC. We reassert the practical and scientific argument in support of a genus Fusarium that includes the FSSC and several other basal lineages, consistent with the longstanding use of this name among plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, students, and researchers with a stake in its taxonomy. In recognition of this monophyly, 40 species described as genus Neocosmospora were recombined in genus Fusarium, and nine others were renamed Fusarium. Here the global Fusarium community voices strong support for the inclusion of the FSSC in Fusarium, as it remains the best scientific, nomenclatural, and practical taxonomic option available.

Published
2021

5. The Termite Fungal Cultivar Termitomyces Combines Diverse Enzymes and Oxidative Reactions for Plant Biomass Conversion.

Author

Schalk, Felix, Gostinčar, Cene, Kreuzenbeck, Nina, Conlon, Benjamin, Sommerwerk, Elisabeth, Rabe, Patrick, Burkhardt, Immo, Krüger, Thomas, Kniemeyer, Olaf, Brakhage, Axel, Gunde-Cimerman, Nina, de Beer, Z, Dickschat, Jeroen, Poulsen, Michael, and Beemelmanns, Christine

Subjects
Termitomyces, biodegradation, lignin degradation, lignocellulose, metabolites, redox chemistry, redox proteins, secondary metabolism, symbiosis, Animals, Biomass, Ecosystem, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Gene Expression Profiling, Genome, Fungal, Isoptera, Lignin, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidative Stress, Plants, Symbiosis, Termitomyces
Abstract

Macrotermitine termites have domesticated fungi in the genus Termitomyces as their primary food source using predigested plant biomass. To access the full nutritional value of lignin-enriched plant biomass, the termite-fungus symbiosis requires the depolymerization of this complex phenolic polymer. While most previous work suggests that lignocellulose degradation is accomplished predominantly by the fungal cultivar, our current understanding of the underlying biomolecular mechanisms remains rudimentary. Here, we provide conclusive omics and activity-based evidence that Termitomyces employs not only a broad array of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) but also a restricted set of oxidizing enzymes (manganese peroxidase, dye decolorization peroxidase, an unspecific peroxygenase, laccases, and aryl-alcohol oxidases) and Fenton chemistry for biomass degradation. We propose for the first time that Termitomyces induces hydroquinone-mediated Fenton chemistry (Fe2+ + H2O2 + H+ → Fe3+ + •OH + H2O) using a herein newly described 2-methoxy-1,4-dihydroxybenzene (2-MH2Q, compound 19)-based electron shuttle system to complement the enzymatic degradation pathways. This study provides a comprehensive depiction of how efficient biomass degradation by means of this ancient insects agricultural symbiosis is accomplished. IMPORTANCE Fungus-growing termites have optimized the decomposition of recalcitrant plant biomass to access valuable nutrients by engaging in a tripartite symbiosis with complementary contributions from a fungal mutualist and a codiversified gut microbiome. This complex symbiotic interplay makes them one of the most successful and important decomposers for carbon cycling in Old World ecosystems. To date, most research has focused on the enzymatic contributions of microbial partners to carbohydrate decomposition. Here, we provide genomic, transcriptomic, and enzymatic evidence that Termitomyces also employs redox mechanisms, including diverse ligninolytic enzymes and a Fenton chemistry-based hydroquinone-catalyzed lignin degradation mechanism, to break down lignin-rich plant material. Insights into these efficient decomposition mechanisms reveal new sources of efficient ligninolytic agents applicable for energy generation from renewable sources.

Published
2021

7. The Challenges Posed by COVID-19 to the BRICS Education Systems: Lessons to Be Learnt

Author

Niemczyk, E. K., de Beer, Z. L., and Steyn, H. J.

Abstract

It is considered an axiom that the national education system is expected to render a service during the real and ever-changing educational needs of a given nation. Typically, the primary functioning is characterised by the provisioning of an educationally determined pathway for each student according to their specific contexts. A real state of emergency arises when the national community is suddenly faced with dramatic challenges such as those posed by the external factors namely the global outbreak of COVID-19. In this situation, the unique challenge for individual national education systems was to address the educational needs of the students and the community with the pre-condition to safeguard their health in the face of the pandemic. The response of each education system had to prioritise the implementation of health protocols to safeguard all education stakeholders, along with the provision of quality education. The objective of this article was to explore the approaches and practices that the BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) implemented during the time of the pandemic. To accomplish this objective, a systematic document analysis was conducted that ultimately allowed the identification of lessons to be learnt. The results show many similar approaches employed by the BRICS such as transitioning to online teaching, devoting funds to address emerging challenges and developing new teaching strategies. The article concludes with the lessons learnt from the nations under investigation.

Published
2021
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14. Mound Compartments and Soil Properties, But Not Symbiotic Podaxis Fungi, Drive Microbial Landscapes in Trinervitermes Trinervoides Termite Colonies

Author

Bodawatta, Kasun, primary, Maccario, Lorrie, additional, Peereboom, Nils, additional, Conlon, Benjamin H., additional, Li, Guangshuo, additional, Vinagre‐Izquierdo, Celia, additional, Jønsson, Knud Andreas, additional, Vesala, Risto M., additional, de Beer, Z. Wilhelm, additional, Priemé, Anders, additional, and Poulsen, Michael, additional

Published
2024
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28. Nine draft genome sequences of Claviceps purpurea s.lat., including C. arundinis, C. humidiphila, and C. cf. spartinae, pseudomolecules for the pitch canker pathogen Fusarium circinatum, draft genome of Davidsoniella eucalypti, Grosmannia galeiformis, Quambalaria eucalypti, and Teratosphaeria destructans

Author

Wingfield, Brenda D., Liu, Miao, Nguyen, Hai D. T., Lane, Frances A., Morgan, Seamus W., De Vos, Lieschen, Wilken, P. Markus, Duong, Tuan A., Aylward, Janneke, Coetzee, Martin P. A., Dadej, Kasia, De Beer, Z. Wilhelm, Findlay, Wendy, Havenga, Minette, Kolařík, Miroslav, Menzies, Jim G., Naidoo, Kershney, Pochopski, Olivia, Shoukouhi, Parivash, Santana, Quentin C., Seifert, Keith A., Soal, Nicole, Steenkamp, Emma T., Tatham, Catherine T., van der Nest, Margriet A., and Wingfield, Michael J.

Published
2018
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29. Draft genome sequence of Annulohypoxylon stygium, Aspergillus mulundensis, Berkeleyomyces basicola (syn. Thielaviopsis basicola), Ceratocystis smalleyi, two Cercospora beticola strains, Coleophoma cylindrospora, Fusarium fracticaudum, Phialophora cf. hyalina, and Morchella septimelata

Author

Wingfield, Brenda D., Bills, Gerald F., Dong, Yang, Huang, Wenli, Nel, Wilma J., Swalarsk-Parry, Benedicta S., Vaghefi, Niloofar, Wilken, P. Markus, An, Zhiqiang, de Beer, Z. Wilhelm, De Vos, Lieschen, Chen, Li, Duong, Tuan A., Gao, Yun, Hammerbacher, Almuth, Kikkert, Julie R., Li, Yan, Li, Huiying, Li, Kuan, Li, Qiang, Liu, Xingzhong, Ma, Xiao, Naidoo, Kershney, Pethybridge, Sarah J., Sun, Jingzu, Steenkamp, Emma T., van der Nest, Magriet A., van Wyk, Stephanie, Wingfield, Michael J., Xiong, Chuan, Yue, Qun, and Zhang, Xiaoling

Published
2018
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36. Resolution of eleven reported and five novel Podaxis species based on ITS phylogeny, phylogenomics, morphology, ecology, and geographic distribution

Author

Li, G. S., Leal-Dutra, C. A., Cuesta-Maté, A., Conlon, B. H., Peereboom, N., Beemelmanns, C., Aanen, D. K., Rosendahl, S., de Beer, Z. W., Poulsen, M., Li, G. S., Leal-Dutra, C. A., Cuesta-Maté, A., Conlon, B. H., Peereboom, N., Beemelmanns, C., Aanen, D. K., Rosendahl, S., de Beer, Z. W., and Poulsen, M.

Abstract

The genus Podaxis was first described from India by Linnaeus in 1771, but several revisions of the genus have left the taxonomy unclear. Forty-four Podaxis species names and nine intraspecific varieties are currently accepted, but most fungarium specimens are labelled Podaxis pistillaris. Recent molecular analyses based on barcoding genes suggest that the genus comprises several species, but their status is largely unresolved. Here we obtained basidiospores and photographs from 166 fungarium specimens from around the world and generated a phylogeny based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 (ITS), and a phylogenomic analysis of 3 839 BUSCO genes from low-coverage genomes for a subset of the specimens. Combining phylogenetics, phylogenomics, morphology, ecology, and geographical distribution, spanning 250 years of collections, we propose that the genus includes at least 16 unambiguous species. Based on 10 type specimens (holotype, paratype, and syntype), four recorded species were confirmed, P. carcinomalis, P. deflersii, P. emerici, and P. farlowii. Comparing phylogenetic analysis with described species, including morphology, ecology, and distribution, we resurrected P. termitophilus and designated neotypes, epitypes, or lectotypes for five previously described species, P. aegyptiacus, P. africana, P. beringamensis, P. calyptratus, and P. perraldieri. Lastly, based on phylogenies and morphology of type material, we synonymized three reported species, P. algericus, P. arabicus, and P. rugospora with P. pistillaris, and described five new species that we named P. desolatus, P. inyoensis, P. mareebaensis, P. namaquensis, and P. namibensis.

Published
2023

39. Draft genome of Cercospora zeina, Fusarium pininemorale, Hawksworthiomyces lignivorus, Huntiella decipiens and Ophiostoma ips

Author

Wingfield, Brenda D., Berger, Dave K., Steenkamp, Emma T., Lim, Hye-Jin, Duong, Tuan A., Bluhm, Burton H., de Beer, Z. Wilhelm, De Vos, Lieschen, Fourie, G., Naidoo, Kershney, Olivier, Nicky, Lin, Yao-Cheng, Van de Peer, Yves, Joubert, Fourie, Crampton, Bridget G., Swart, Velushka, Soal, Nicole, Tatham, Catherine, van der Nest, Magriet A., van der Merwe, Nicolaas A., van Wyk, Stephanie, Wilken, P. Markus, and Wingfield, Michael J.

Published
2017
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44. Complementary symbiont contributions to plant decomposition in a fungus-farming termite

Author

Poulsen, Michael, Hu, Haofu, Li, Cai, Chen, Zhensheng, Xu, Luohao, Otani, Saria, Nygaard, Sanne, Nobre, Tania, Klaubauf, Sylvia, Schindler, Philipp M., Hauser, Frank, Pan, Hailin, Yang, Zhikai, Sonnenberg, Anton S. M., de Beer, Z. Wilhelm, Zhang, Yong, Wingfield, Michael J., Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., de Vries, Ronald P., Korb, Judith, Aanen, Duur K., Wang, Jun, Boomsma, Jacobus J., and Zhang, Guojie

Published
2014

50. IMA Genome-F 6: Draft genome sequences of Armillaria fuscipes, Ceratocystiopsis minuta, Ceratocystis adiposa, Endoconidiophora laricicola, E. polonica and Penicillium freii DAOMC 242723

Author

Wingfield, Brenda D., Ambler, Jon M., Coetzee, Martin P. A., de Beer, Z. Wilhelm, Duong, Tuan A., Joubert, Fourie, Hammerbacher, Almuth, McTaggart, Alistair R., Naidoo, Kershney, Nguyen, Hai D. T., Ponomareva, Ekaterina, Santana, Quentin S., Seifert, Keith A., Steenkamp, Emma T., Trollip, Conrad, van der Nest, Magriet A., Visagie, Cobus M., Wilken, P. Markus, Wingfield, Michael J., and Yilmaz, Neriman

Published
2016
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