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Abstract After thermal treatment, quail eggs pruduce an attractive flavor that is favored by consumers. In this study, the key aroma volatiles and their lipid precursors during thermal treatment were investigated by the electronic nose, GC-MS, GC-O-MS and UPLC-Q-Exactive HF-X. The results exhibited that the raw and fresh flavor of raw egg yolks came from 1-Octen-3-ol, 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-Decene, and 1-Undecene. 2-Methyl-3-octanone, Toluene, and some aromatic compounds worked synergistically to contribute to the aroma profile of boiled eggs. (+)-2-Bornanone, Octanal, 2-Methyl-butanal, Nonanal, (.+Dihydro-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-2(3 H)-furanone, 6,7-Dihydro-2,5-dimethyl-5 H-cyclopentapyrazine, (E)-2-methyl-6-(1-propenyl)-pyrazine, 2-Ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, 3,5-Diethyl-2-methyl-pyrazine, 2,5-Dimethyl-pyrazine were the key flavor compounds in the fried egg and gave it the popcorn and roasted flavors. The statistical analysis of the lipid profile revealed that brief, high-temperature heating (100 or 200 °C for 10 min) in typical boiled and fried quail eggs had minor effects on the lipid nutritional value. PE-related lipids, particularly those containing 18-carbon fatty acids, contributed to the aroma formation of fried quail eggs. Graphical Abstract

Antarctic krill oil (KO) is known for its poor oxidative stability, especially in emulsion systems. In this experiment, a complex of scallop water-soluble protein-resveratrol (SWPs-RES) was mixed with KO to create high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with varying RES ratios. The addition of RES led to noticeable conformational changes in SWPs, including fluorescence bursts, alterations in secondary structure, and modifications in binding motifs. The SWPs-RES complex (1:0.2) demonstrated the most effective free radical scavenging activities (HO: 38.61%, DPPH: 72.49%, ABTS: 85.66%), while the SWPs-RES complex (1:0.025) exhibited the highest emulsifying capacity. Furthermore, HIPEs containing the SWPs-RES complex (1:0.2) displayed improved rheological properties, physical stability, and enhanced oxidative stability against lipid oxidation during storage and simulated in vitro digestion. This study lays a scientific foundation for the utilization of scallop protein and Antarctic krill oil in the food industry.

Precooked treatments are essential in food processing, extending beyond mere sterilization to include the enhancement of nutritional value, flavor profile, and digestibility. This research scrutinizes the effects of water boiling and microwaving on red swamp crayfish, two distinct precooked methodologies. A comparative analytical framework has been employed to assess the efficacy of two precooked methods across a spectrum of quality indicators, including aerobic plate counts, texture, nutrient composition, volatile compound characterization, protein oxidation, and digestive properties. The findings revealed that both water boiling and microwaving effectively reduced bacterial counts to a safe level of 500 CFU/g. Microwave precooking facilitated a moderate oxidation of lipids in crayfish, preferentially liberating flavor compounds, thereby enhancing their sensory attributes. The boiling process imparted a pronounced denaturation to proteins, consequently augmenting the hardness of the crayfish. Notably, the enhanced digestibility of boiled crayfish proteins results from the denaturing action of boiling, promoting efficient protein digestion.

Plant cell walls are largely composed of polysaccharide polymers, including cellulose, hemicelluloses (xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and mixed-linkage β-1,3/1,4-glucan), and pectins. Among these cell wall polysaccharides, xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and pectins are often O-acetylated, and polysaccharide O-acetylation plays important roles in cell wall assembly and disease resistance. Genetic and biochemical analyses have implicated the involvement of three groups of proteins in plant cell wall polysaccharide O-acetylation: trichome birefringence-like (TBL)/domain of unknown function 231 (DUF231), reduced wall acetylation (RWA), and altered xyloglucan 9 (AXY9). Although the exact roles of RWAs and AXY9 are yet to be identified, members of the TBL/DUF231 family have been found to be O-acetyltransferases responsible for the O-acetylation of xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and pectins. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the occurrence of O-acetylated cell wall polysaccharides, the biochemical properties, structural features, and evolution of cell wall polysaccharide O-acetyltransferases, and the potential biotechnological applications of manipulations of cell wall polysaccharide acetylation. Further in-depth studies of the biochemical mechanisms of cell wall polysaccharide O-acetylation will not only enrich our understanding of cell wall biology, but also have important implications in engineering plants with increased disease resistance and reduced recalcitrance for biofuel production.

High mortality and morbidity rates associated with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and post-STEMI heart failure (HF) necessitate proper risk stratification for coronary artery disease (CAD). A prediction model that combines specificity and convenience is highly required. This study aimed to design a monocyte-based gene assay for predicting STEMI and post-STEMI HF. A total of 1,956 monocyte expression profiles and corresponding clinical data were integrated from multiple sources. Meta-results were obtained through the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential analysis to identify characteristic genes for STEMI. Machine learning models based on the decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) algorithms were trained and validated. Five genes overlapped and were subjected to the model proposal. The discriminative performance of the DT model outperformed the other two methods. The established four-gene panel (HLA-J, CFP, STX11, and NFYC) could discriminate STEMI and HF with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 or above. In the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), several cardiac pathogenesis pathways and cardiovascular disorder signatures showed statistically significant, concordant differences between subjects with high and low expression levels of the four-gene panel, affirming the validity of the established model. In conclusion, we have developed and validated a model that offers the hope for accurately predicting the risk of STEMI and HF, leading to optimal risk stratification and personalized management of CAD, thereby improving individual outcomes.

Based on the average human body size in China and the THUMS AM50 finite element model of the human body, the Kriging interpolation algorithm was used to model the Chinese 50th percentile human body, and the biological fidelity of the model was verified. We built three different types of passenger vehicle models, namely, sedan, sports utility vehicle (SUV), and multi-purpose vehicle (MPV), and used mechanical response analysis and finite element simulation to compare and analyze the dynamic differences and head injury differences between the Chinese 50th percentile human body and the THUMS AM50 model during passenger vehicle collisions. The results showed that there are obvious differences between the Chinese mannequin and THUMS in terms of collision time, collision position, invasion speed, and angle. When a sedan collided with the mannequins, the skull damage to the Chinese human body model was more severe, and when a sedan or SUV collided, the brain damage to the Chinese human body was more severe. The abovementioned results suggest that the existing C-NCAP pedestrian protection testing regulations may not provide the best protection for Chinese human bodies, and that the regulations need to be improved by combining collision damage mechanisms and the physical characteristics of Chinese pedestrians. This thorough investigation is positioned to shed light on the fundamental biomechanics and injury mechanisms at play. Furthermore, the amalgamation of clinically rooted translational and engineering research in the realm of traumatic brain injury has the potential to establish a solid foundation for discerning preventive methodologies. Ultimately, this endeavor holds the potential to introduce effective strategies aimed at preventing and safeguarding against traumatic brain injuries.

High-power quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have a wide application prospect. In this paper, a high-power high-beam-quality device with a large ridge width is demonstrated. The effect of different ridge widths on mode loss was studied, and the results showed that the mode loss decreased as the ridge width increased. Furthermore, as the width of the ridge increased, the temperature of the active region rose. In the experiment, the wafers were grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and the ridge width of the device was controlled by wet etching. A laser with a ridge width of 15 µm and a length of 5 mm achieved an output of 2.2 W under 288 K continuous wave (CW) operation, with a maximum slow-axis divergence angle of 27.2° and a device wavelength of 5 μm. The research results of this article promote the industrial production of base transverse mode QCL.

Soft-packed ready-to-eat (RTE) shrimp has gradually become popular with consumers due to its portability and deliciousness. However, the browning caused by high-temperature sterilization is a non-negligible disadvantage affecting sensory quality. RTE shrimp is processed through “boiling + vacuum soft packing + high temperature and pressure sterilization”. Ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy with CIELAB color measurement showed that phytic acid (PA) + lactic acid (LA), PA + citric acid (CA), and PA + LA + CA soaking before cooking alleviated browning, as well as UVabsorbance and the browning index (BI). Meanwhile, UV spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that organic acid soaking reduced the content of carbonyl, dityrosine, disulfide bonds, surface hydrophobicity, and protein solubility, but promoted the content of free sulfhydryl and protein aggregation. However, in vitro digestion simulations showed that organic acid soaking unexpectedly inhibited the degree of hydrolysis and protein digestibility. This study provides the basis for the application of organic acids as color protectors for RTE aquatic muscle product.

Egg products after thermal treatment possess a unique flavor and are favored by consumers. In this study, the key aroma-active compounds of egg yolk products and their formation mechanism during thermal treatment were investigated. The volatile aroma compounds in egg yolks were monitored using an electronic nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry (GC–O–MS), and the lipid molecular species were explored using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography– mass spectrometry with a Q-Exactive HF-X Orbitrap (UPLC-Q-Exactive HF-X). A total of 68 volatile compounds were identified. Boiled eggs mainly derived their flavor from hexanal, 2-pentyl-furan, 2-butanone, 3-methyl-butanal and heptane. Meanwhile, fried eggs relied mainly on 14 compounds, the most important of which were 2-ethyl-3-methyl-pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, nonanal and 2,3-diethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, providing a baked and burnt sugar flavor. A total of 201 lipid molecules, belonging to 21 lipid subclasses, were identified in egg yolks, and 13 oxidized lipids were characterized using a molecular network. Phosphoethanolamines (PEs) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids were the primary flavor precursors contributing to the development of egg yolks’ flavor, participating in lipid oxidation reactions and the Maillard reaction and regulating the production of aldehydes and pyrazine compounds. This study provides reference and guidance for the development of egg yolk flavor products.

Abstract Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) holds a major position in the fishery market worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four drying methods, namely vacuum freeze (VFD), vacuum microwave (VMD), hot air (HAD) and microwave (MD), on texture, amino acids, microstructure, lipid oxidation and protein degradation of tilapia fillets. The results showed that vacuum combined with refrigeration (VFD) or VMD had better color, chromatic aberration, shrinkage ratio and microstructure. The total essential amino acid content (31.16%), α‐helical (28.06%) structure and protein denaturation temperature of nonthermal VFD were higher than the VMD, HAD and MD methods. In thermal drying processing, VMD had some advantages in protein stability, microstructure, lipid oxidation and flavor compared with HAD and MD products. Therefore, a combined drying method was discovered to have prospects for use in tilapia processing. VFD was considered the appropriate nonthermal drying method of fillets with high product quality and protein stability. Meanwhile, considering the advantages of its efficiency, quality and energy consumption, the VMD had the best potential of the four methods employed to dry tilapia fillets.

Trans, trans-2,4-decadienal (tt-DDE) is a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde that widely present in foods. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of tt-DDE exposure on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the possible protective effects of green tea catechins. tt-DDE exposure induced pyroptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in endothelial cells, as evidenced by increased LDH release and PI-positive cells, and elevated protein expressions of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and GSDMD-N. NLRP3 inhibitor (MCC950) efficiently suppressed the tt-DDE-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Additionally, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) showed the strongest activity among the four green tea catechins, which significantly alleviated tt-DDE-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, EGCG effectively attenuated tt-DDE-induced endothelial cell pyroptosis and dysfunction by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Results of cultured mesenteric arteries further confirmed that EGCG prevented tt-DDE-induced endothelial dysfunction and pyroptosis. These results provide novel insights into tt-DDE-induced endothelial injury, and demonstrate the protective role of EGCG against tt-DDE-associated endothelial toxicity.

This study was designed, for the first time, to investigate the effect of oxidation on the digestion and absorption properties of protein in boiled sea cucumber body wall (BSCBW) via simulated digestion combined with everted-rat-gut-sac models. Boiling heat treatments led to protein oxidation in SCBW, manifested by increases in free radical intensity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, carbonyl groups, disulfide bonds, dityrosine bonds, advanced glycation end products, protein hydrophobicity and aggregation, and declines in both free sulfhydryl groups and secondary structure transition from α-helix to β-sheet. Boiling for 2 h caused anti-digestion collagen unfolding, provided the action site for protease and improved protein digestion and absorption levels. On the contrary, excessive oxidative modification of 4 h BSCBW resulted in decreased protein digestion and absorption levels. From the perspective of texture, digestion and absorption properties, boiling for 2 h can obtain sea cucumber products with better edible and digestible properties, which is considered to be a better processing condition.

The deepening of color of ready-to-eat (RTE) abalone during storage leads to sensory quality degradation, which seriously affects the shelf life of products and consumers’ purchasing desire. The goal of this study is to look into the causes of non-enzymatic browning and lipid oxidation, as well as how to control them, and their effect on the color of RTE abalone during storage. The control, bloodletting and antioxidants groups (lactic acid, citric acid and 4-hexylresorcinol) of RTE abalone were stored for 0, 20 and 40 days at 40 °C, respectively, to explore the rule and mechanism of the color change in RTE abalone. This research shows that RTE abalone undergoes browning during storage. Meanwhile, the content of reducing sugar, phenols and unsaturated fatty acids decreases, while the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and aldehydes increases during storage. In addition, the color change in RTE abalone during storage is mainly related to the Maillard reaction, while the lipid oxidation mainly forms pyrrole and participates in the Strecker degradation process as part of the Maillard reaction. The quality of RTE abalone can be maintained by controlling browning effectively as well as lipid oxidation through bloodletting and the addition of antioxidants to ensure that RTE abalone has high storage stability. According to our research, bloodletting and the addition of antioxidants to RTE abalone have a good application prospect and popularizing value in the storage of RTE abalone.

High-purity eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester (EPA-EE) can be produced from an integrated technique consisting of saponification, ethyl esterification, urea complexation, molecular distillation and column separation. In order to improve the purity and inhibit oxidation, tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP) was added before the procedure of ethyl esterification. Furthermore, through the optimization of process parameters, 2:1 (mass ratio of urea to fish oil, g/g), 6 h (crystallization time) and 4:1 (mass ratio of ethyl alcohol to urea, g/g) were found to be the optimum conditions in the procedure of urea complexation. Distillate (fraction collection), 115 °C (distillation temperature) and one stage (the number of stages) were found to be the optimum conditions for the procedure of molecular distillation. With the addition of TPP and the above optimum conditions, high-purity (96.95%) EPA-EE was finally obtained after column separation.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of multifaceted clinical pharmacist-led antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program on the rational use of antibiotics for patients who receive vascular and interventional radiology therapies.Methods: A quasi-experimental retrospective intervention design with a comparison group was applied to the practice of antibiotic use in the department of vascular and interventional radiology in a Chinese tertiary hospital. We used difference-in-differences (DID) analysis to compare outcomes before and after the AMS intervention between the intervention group and control group, to determine whether intervention would lead to changes in irrationality of antibiotic prescribing, antibiotic utilization, cost of antibiotics, and length of hospital stay.Results: The DID results showed that the intervention group was associated with a reduction in the average consumption of antibiotics (p = 0.017) and cost of antibiotics (p = 0.006) and cost per defined daily dose (DDD) (p = 0.000). There were no significant differences in the mean change of total costs and length of stay between the two groups (p > 0.05). The average inappropriate score of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in the intervention group declined by 0.23, while it decreased by 0.02 in the control group [0.21 (95% CI, −0.271 to −0.143); p = 0.000]. The average inappropriate score of non-surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in the intervention group declined by 0.14, while it increased by 0.02 in the control group [0.16 (95% CI, −0.288 to −0.035); p = 0.010]. The average inappropriate score of the therapeutic use of antibiotics in the intervention group declined by 0.07, while it decreased by 0.01 in the control group [0.06 (95% CI, −0.115 to −0.022); p = 0.003].Conclusions: This study provides evidence that implementation of AMS interventions was associated with a marked reduction of antibiotic use, cost of antibiotics, and irrationality of antibiotic prescribing in China.

Phenolipids such as alkyl gallates (A-GAs) have been approved by the food industry as non-toxic antioxidant additives, which are also regarded as an emerging source of functional food ingredients. However, comprehensive understanding of their digestive absorption is needed. Thus, the models of live mice and anaerobic fermentation were used to clarify the distribution and microbial hydrolysis characteristics of A-GAs in the gastrointestinal tract. HPLC-UV results demonstrated that A-GAs could be hydrolyzed by intestinal lipases and gut microorganisms including Lactobacillus to produce free gallic acid (GA). Through regulating the chain length of the lipid part in A-GAs, the sustained and controllable release of the GA can be easily achieved. Furthermore, A-GAs were also able to reach the colon and the cecum, which would lead to potential gastrointestinal protective effects. Therefore, A-GAs may be applied as possible ingredient for functional foods.

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) oil contains high levels of marine omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In industrial production, krill oil is usually extracted from krill meals by using ethanol as a solvent. Water in the krill meal can be easily extracted by using ethanol as an extraction solvent. During the extraction process, the EPA and DHA are more easily oxidized and degraded when water exists in the ethanol extract of krill oil. Based on the analysis of peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid composition, and lipid class composition, the present study indicated that the composite antioxidants (TP-TPP) consist of tea polyphenol (TP) and tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP) had an excellent antioxidant effect. By contrast, adding TP-TPP into ethanol solvent during the extraction process is more effective than adding TP-TPP into krill oil after the extraction process.

The spread of emerging self-limiting infectious diseases is closely related to medical resources. This paper introduces the concept of safe medical resources, i.e., the minimum medical resources that are needed to prevent the overburden of medical resources, and explores the impacts of medical resources on the spread of emerging self-limiting infectious diseases. The results showed that when the isolation rate of hospitalized patients who have mild infections is low, increasing the isolation rate of patients with severe infections requires safe more medical resources. On the contrary, when the isolation rate of hospitalized patients with mild infections is at a high level, increasing the isolation rate of patients with severe infections results in a decrease in safe medical resources. Furthermore, when the isolation rates of patients with mild and severe infections increase simultaneously, safe medical resources decrease gradually. That is to say, when the medical resources are at a low level, it is more necessary to improve the isolation rates of infected individuals so as to avoid the phenomenon of overburdened medical resources and control the spread of emerging infectious diseases. In addition, overwhelmed medical resources increase the number of deaths. Meanwhile, for different emerging self-limiting infectious diseases, as long as the recovery periods are the same, safe medical resources also remain the same.

Aldehydes are implicated in the development of hypertension. Trans, trans-2,4-decadienal (tt-DDE), a dietary α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is widespread in many food products. However, the role of tt-DDE in the pathophysiology of hypertension remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate whether tt-DDE consumption evokes hypertension and to explore the mechanisms underlying such a role. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered different concentrations of tt-DDE. After 28 days, blood pressure and endothelial function of mesenteric arteries were measured. Results showed that tt-DDE treatment significantly increased blood pressure and impaired endothelial function based on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and p-VASP levels. Mechanistically, tt-DDE induced oxidative/nitrative stress in the arteries of rats as evidenced by overproductions of superoxide and peroxynitrite, accompanied with increased expressions of iNOS and gp91phox. To further investigate the effects of tt-DDE on endothelial cells and underlying mechanisms, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with different concentrations of tt-DDE. tt-DDE induced oxidative/nitrative stress in HUVECs. Moreover, tt-DDE induced endothelial cells apoptosis through JNK-mediated signaling pathway. These results show, for the first time, that oral intake of tt-DDE elevates blood pressure and induces endothelial dysfunction in rats through oxidative/nitrative stress and JNK-mediated apoptosis signaling, indicating that excess ingestion of tt-DDE is a potential risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and hypertension.

A large quantity of by-products is annually produced from processing of Sapindaceae fruits including longan and rambutan, accounting for 24.9–40.7 and 52.9–74.7% of the whole fruit on a fresh weight basis, respectively, and these are currently discarded. These by-products are rich in phenolics with over 50 compounds identified. Among these the main components are gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, and geraniin. This review highlights the biological activities, health-promoting effects and safety evaluation of these by-products as well as their potential application in food and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of conventional and modern extraction techniques for the recovery of these phenolics are discussed. This information is intended to inspire further research in areas that are still underexplored and encourage fruit processing manufacturers to find ways to add value to these fruit by-products and to minimize their wastage.

It is highly desirable that efficient recoverable heterogeneous catalysts should be developed to replace the costly biocatalysts used in producing structured phospholipids (SPLs) with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). Thus, mesoporous propyl and phenyl sulfonic acid-functionalized SBA-15 materials synthesized via surface modification methods were investigated for the soybean lecithin interesterification with methyl caprate or caprylate. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized solid acids were deeply studied by small-angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and pyridine adsorption, etc. to build the possible structure−performance relationships. The results revealed that amounts of organosulfonic acid groups were successfully grafted onto the SBA-15 support, and most of the surface acid sites contained in the as-prepared organic−inorganic hybrid samples were assigned as strong Brӧnsted acid sites. Notably, the functionalized SBA-15 materials exhibited promising catalytic behaviors in producing MCFA-enriched SPLs under mild conditions (40 °C, 6 h) when compared with commercial Amberlyst-15 and typical phospholipases or lipases, mostly due to their high surface area, ordered structure and adequate Brӧnsted acid sites. Besides, the as-prepared materials could be easily recycled five times without obvious deactivation. This work might shed light on alternative catalysts for SPL production instead of the costly enzymes.

In this study, three synthetic zinc-chelating peptides (ZCPs) derived from sea cucumber hydrolysates with limited or none of the common metal-chelating amino-acid residues were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, zeta-potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The amount of zinc bound to the ZCPs reached maximum values with ZCP:zinc at 1:1, and it was not further increased by additional zinc presence. The secondary structures of ZCPs were slightly altered, whereas no formation of multimers was observed. Furthermore, zinc increased the zeta-potential value by neutralizing the negatively charged residues. Only free carboxyl in C-terminus of ZCPs was identified as the primary binding site of zinc. These results provide the theoretical foundation to understand the mechanism of zinc chelation by peptides.

In this study, we aimed at characterizing the structure and the anticoagulant activity of a polysaccharide fraction (AGP33) isolated from the gonads of Haliotis discus hannai Ino. AGP33 was extracted by enzymatic hydrolysis and purified by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The backbone fraction of AGP33 (BAGP33), which appeared to contain of mannose, glucose and galactose, was prepared by partial acid hydrolysis. According to methylation and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the backbone of AGP33 was identified as mainly consisting of 1→3-linked, 1→4-linked, and 1→6-linked monosaccharides. AGP33 is a sulfated polysaccharide with sulfates occur at 3-O- and 4-O-positions. It prolonged thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) compared to a saline control solution in a dosage-dependent manner. AGP33 exhibited an extension (p < 0.01) of APTT compared to the saline group at concentrations higher than 5 μg/mL. AGP33 exhibited higher anticoagulant activity than its desulfated product (AGP33-des) and BAGP33. The results showed that polysaccharide with higher molecular weight and sulfate content demonstrated greater anticoagulant activity.

Tsatsanis and Xu have applied the constrained minimum output variance (CMOV) principle to directly blind equalize a linear channel—a technique that has proven effective with white inputs. It is generally assumed in the literature that their CMOV method can also effectively equalize a linear channel with a colored source. In this paper, we prove that colored inputs will cause the equalizer to incorrectly converge due to inadequate constraints. We also introduce a new blind channel equalizer algorithm that is based on the CMOV principle, but with a different constraint that will correctly handle colored sources. Our proposed algorithm works for channels with either white or colored inputs and performs equivalently to the trained minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalizer under high SNR. Thus, our proposed algorithm may be regarded as an extension of the CMOV algorithm proposed by Tsatsanis and Xu. We also introduce several methods to improve the performance of our introduced algorithm in the low SNR condition. Simulation results show the superior performance of our proposed methods.

In the past decade, food-derivedmetal-chelating peptides (MCPs) have attracted significant attention from researchers working towards the prevention of metal (viz., iron, zinc, and calcium) deficiency phenomenon by primarily inhibiting the precipitation of metals caused by the gastrointestinal environment and exogenous substances (including phytic and oxalic acids). However, for the improvement of limits of current knowledge foundations and future investigation directions of MCP or their derivatives, several review categories should be improved and emphasized. The species' uniqueness and differences in MCP productions highly contribute to the different values of chelating ability with particular metal ions, whereas comprehensive reviews of chelation characterization determined by various kinds of technique support different horizons for explaining the chelation and offer options for the selection of characterization methods. The reviews of chelation mechanism clearly demonstrate the involvement of potential groups and atoms in chelating metal ions. The discussions of digestive stability and absorption in various kinds of absorption model in vitro and in vivo as well as the theory of involved cellular absorption channels and pathways are systematically reviewed and highlighted compared with previous reports as well. Meanwhile, the chelation mechanism on the molecular docking level, the binding mechanism in amino acid identification level, the utilizations of everted rat gut sac model for absorption, and the involvement of cellular absorption channels and pathway are strongly recommended as novelty in this review. This review makes a novel contribution to the literature by the comprehensive prospects for the research and development of food-derived mineral supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]