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In this article, a new kind of neural network model named multi-scale convolutional echo state network (MCESN) is proposed for solar irradiance prediction, which integrates the strong feature extraction capability of convolutional neural network (CNN) and the fast yet efficient prediction ability of echo state network (ESN). Firstly, the feature information at different time scales of solar irradiance (one dimensional series) data are extracted and selected by multi-scale CNN (MCNN) in the pre-training stage. Then, the trained features extracted above are concatenated and passed to ESN module as the input signal, which can be further encoded into high-dimensional state space; Meanwhile, the target solar irradiance value is fitted and predicted by ESN in the prediction phase. Finally, the effectiveness of MCESN is evaluated by hourly solar irradiance prediction. In experiment, RMSE, MAE, MAPE and R are chosen as four metrics to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MCESN perform better than classical ESN, MCNN, backpropagation (BP) random forest (RF), long short time memory (LSTM) and deep ESN (DESN) algorithms.

BK7 glass, with its outstanding mechanical strength and optical performance, plays a crucial role in many cutting-edge technological fields and has become an indispensable and important material. These fields have extremely high requirements for the surface quality of BK7 glass, and any small defects or losses may affect its optical performance and stability. However, as a hard and brittle material, the processing of BK7 glass is extremely challenging, requiring precise control of machining parameters to avoid material fracture or excessive defects. Therefore, how to obtain the required surface quality with lower cost machining techniques has always been the focus of researchers. This article introduces the properties, application background, machining methods, material removal mechanism, and surface and subsurface damage of optical glass BK7 material. Finally, scientific predictions and prospects are made for future development trends and directions for improvement of BK7 glass machining.

Developing biocompatible material systems with accurate functional designability and powerful integration capability is the urgent demand of efficient cancer diagnosis and therapy. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) as biomacromolecules are characterized with sequence programmability, rich biological activity, and molecular recognition, and show great performance in the fabrication of biomedical materials. Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an efficient isothermal enzymatic amplification strategy for production of ultralong single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) with defined repeat sequences and structures. By virtue of rational design of the RCA templates sequences, the produced ssDNA enables to integrate and amplify the required function modules, which endows RCA‐based DNA materials with extraordinary performance in cancer therapeutics. In this review, RCA‐based strategies for integration of functional modules are systematically summarized; construction of RCA‐based functional DNA materials and their recent progress in cancer therapeutics including detection, bioimaging, and therapy are overviewed; and finally the opportunities and challenges of RCA‐based assembly strategy in terms of material construction and applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy are discussed. It is envisioned that RCA‐based DNA‐functional materials will provide typical paradigms for the application of DNA‐functional materials in the field of cancer therapeutics, and hopefully provide more possibilities for precision medicine.

To satisfy the demand for efficient heat transfer, a novel three-dimensional overall jagged internal finned tube (3D-OJIFT) was fabricated, using the rolling–ploughing/extruding method. The thermal performance of the 3D-OJIFT were studied and compared in experiments and three-dimensional numerical simulations. The RNG k-ε turbulence model is well verified with the experimental results. By analyzing the distributions of velocity, temperature, and turbulence kinetic energy, it was found that the 3D-OJIFT destroyed the development of the velocity and thermal boundary layers, increased the turbulence disturbance, and reduced the temperature gradient, thus improving the heat transfer. The influences of the jagged height and jagged spiral angle of the 3D-OJIFT are discussed. The Nu and f increased as the jagged height of the 3D-OJIFT increased. The Nusselt number of the 3D-OJIFT was 1.67–2.04 times the value for the smooth tube. In addition, the comprehensive heat transfer performance of the 3D-OJIFT improved after increasing the jagged spiral angle. Compared with conventional internal helical-finned tubes and other reinforcement structures reported in the literature, the 3D-OJIFT demonstrated better comprehensive heat transfer performance. Finally, empirical correlations of the 3D-OJIFT were obtained.

Abstract Precise assembly of biomolecules into functional aggregate structures represents a key characteristic of nature living cells, and is critical for the cellular processes. The construction of artificial aggregates in living cells by responding to intracellular specific stimuli has been applied in elucidating molecular mechanisms of naturally cellular processes and interfering with cellular processes, which is potential and significant in biomedicine. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) features sequence programmability, precise assembly and versatility, and therefore is regarded as the potential candidate for constructing versatile functional aggregates in living cells. In this review, we summarize our recent efforts of employing DNA to in situ construct versatile aggregates in living cells via responding intracellular triggers, and the subsequent bio‐interference of the DNA aggregates. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and opportunities in the field, and envision that rational design and construction of versatile DNA aggregates in living system would be a promising solution for precision and personalized therapeutics.

This study was designed to provide evidence of the neuroprotective of human adipose–derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). In vivo , hADSCs were intravitreally injected into OIR mice. Various assessments, including HE (histological evaluation), TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining, electroretinogram (ERG) analysis, and retinal flat-mount examination, were performed separately at postnatal days 15 (P15) and 17 (P17) to evaluate neurological damage and functional changes. Western blot analysis of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was conducted at P17 to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism. The P17 OIR group exhibited a significant increase in vascular endothelial cell nuclei and neovascularization that breached the ILM (inner limiting membrane) to the P17 control group. In addition, the retinal nonperfusion areas in the P17 OIR group and the number of apoptotic retinal cells in the P15 OIR group were significantly higher than in the corresponding hADSCs treatment group and control group. There was no significant thickness change in the inner nuclear layer (INL) but the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in the P17 OIR treatment group compared with the P17 OIR group. The cell density in the INL and ONL at P17 in the hADSCs treatment group was not significantly different from the OIR group. The amplitude of a-wave and b-wave in scotopic ERG analysis for the P17 OIR group was significantly lower than in the P17 hADSCs treatment group and the P17 control group. Furthermore, the latency of the a-wave and b-wave in the P17 OIR group was significantly longer than in the P17 hADSCs treatment group and the P17 control group. In addition, the expression levels of CNTF and BDNF in the P17 OIR group were statistically higher than those in the P17 control group, whereas the expression of GDNF was statistically lower in the P17 OIR group, compared with the P17 control group. The expression of CNTF and GDNF in the P17 hADSCs treatment group was statistically higher than in the P17 OIR group. However, the expression of BDNF in the P17 hADSCs treatment group was statistically lower than in the P17 OIR group. This study provides evidence for the neuroprotective effects of hADSCs in OIR.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has been exploited as an efficient gene editing tool with precise site specificity and high efficiency; the delivery of the CRISPR/Cas system is critical for the efficacy of therapeutics and remains challenging. DNA nanomaterials are widely utilized as promising delivery carriers for gene agents because of their excellent molecular recognition capabilities, sequence programmability, and biocompatibility. Herein, recent advances in DNA nanomaterials for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas systems are summarized. Based on their construction strategy, DNA nanomaterial‐based carriers are categorized as branched DNA‐based nanostructures or rolling circle amplification (RCA)‐based DNA nanostructures. Representative studies on the design of DNA nanomaterials as CRISPR/Cas system delivery carriers are highlighted. The current challenges and opportunities for the development of DNA nanomaterials for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas systems are also discussed. It is envisioned that with the development of DNA nanotechnology, DNA nanomaterials will open up new possibilities for CRISPR/Cas‐based therapeutics.

Artificial organelles can potentially be used support cellular functions, but there is a trade-off between cellular uptake and cellular retention. Here, the authors report the dynamic assembly of DNA-ceria-based artificial peroxisomes in cells, and show they can be used to reduce intracellular ROS.

Abstract Several Late Viséan-Serpukhovian coral reefs were identified in Langping, Tianlin. They provided an opportunity to investigate paleo-environments suitable for the development of reef-building communities and the construction of coral reefs in Langping. In this paper, part of the reef-building environmental and the ecological characteristics of coral reefs then were elaborated by analyzing the development settings, palaeogeography, sedimentation of reefs, the response to hydrodynamic conditions of reef-building corals, effects of disturbance and non-reef-building organism on reef communities, and the influence of coral morphology on reef development. It is considered that the sedimentary environment of Langping in Late Viséan-Serpukhovian is suitable for the development of benthic communities. The current appearance of reefs is determined by both coral populations ecological characteristics and reef-building environment.

Summary: Self-assembly processes exist widely in life systems and play essential roles in maintaining life activities. It is promising to explore the molecular fundamentals and mechanisms of life systems through artificially constructing self-assembly systems in living cells. As an excellent self-assembly construction material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been widely used to achieve the precise construction of self-assembly systems in living cells. This review focuses on the recent progress of DNA-guided intracellular self-assembly. First, the methods of intracellular DNA self-assembly based on the conformational transition of DNA are summarized, including complementary base pairing, the formation of G-quadruplex/i-motif, and the specific recognition of DNA aptamer. Next, The applications of DNA-guided intracellular self-assembly on the detection of intracellular biomolecules and the regulation of cell behaviors are introduced, and the molecular design of DNA in the self-assembly systems is discussed in detail. Ultimately, the challenges and opportunities of DNA-guided intracellular self-assembly are commented.

Abstract The extreme instability of mRNA makes the practical application of mRNA‐based vaccines heavily rely on efficient delivery system and cold chain transportation. Herein, a DNA‐based nanomachine, which achieves programmed capture, long‐term storage without cryopreservation, and efficient delivery of mRNA in cells, is developed. The polythymidine acid (Poly‐T) functionalized poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (DNA‐PNIPAM) is synthesized and assembled as the central compartment of the nanomachine. The DNA‐PNIPAM nano‐assembly exhibits reversible thermal‐responsive dynamic property: when lower than the low critical solution temperature (LCST, ≈32 °C) of PNIPAM, the DNA‐PNIPAM transforms into extension state to expose the poly‐T, facilitating the hybridization with polyadenylic acid (Poly‐A) tail of mRNA; when higher than LCST, DNA‐PNIPAM re‐assembles and achieves an efficient encapsulation of mRNA. It is remarkable that the DNA‐PNIPAM nano‐assembly realizes long‐term storage of mRNA (≈7 days) at 37 °C. Biodegradable 2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan is assembled on the outside of DNA‐PNIPAM to facilitate the endocytosis of mRNA, RNase‐H mediating mRNA release occurs in cytoplasm, and efficient mRNA translation is achieved. This work provides a new disign principle of nanosystem for mRNA delivery.

Abstract The secrecy rate of two‐way untrusted relay networks with imperfect channel state information based on SWIPT is investigated when multiple relays harvest energy from two sources. Despite assisting in information forwarding, the relays are considered untrusted in that they might attempt to eavesdrop on confidential information. To interfere with eavesdropping by untrusted relays, sources‐based friendly cooperative jamming is introduced. A joint power allocation and time switching strategy has been studied to maximize the sum secrecy rate of the system under total block transmission duration and power constraints. The genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced to optimize the proposed joint power allocation and time switching (JPTs) scheme. In addition, two suboptimal schemes are proposed: the power allocation and time switching scheme for individual power constraints and the power allocation scheme for equal time allocation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed joint power allocation and time switching strategy performs better in contributing to the total secrecy rate of the system.

IntroductionOxygen-induced retinopathy is a type of retinal pathological neovascularization (NV) disease that leads to vision loss and translates to a significant societal cost. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-inflammatory treatments have been widely used in the clinic, but the results have not been entirely satisfactory. It is necessary to explore other treatments for Ischemic retinal diseases.MethodsThe oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model was induced from P7 to P12 as described. Histology evaluation (HE) and retina flat mounts were checked at P17 to confirm the establishment of the OIR model. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration was checked by transmission electron microscopy at P17 to confirm the neurological damage caused by OIR. Western blot analysis was performed at P12, P15, and P17 to study the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) in normal and OIR mice. Comparative analysis of the expressions of BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 in normal and OIR mice was performed.ResultsThere were many retinal NV and non-perfusion areas in OIR P17. RGCs were degenerated at OIR P17. The expressions of BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 gradually increased from P12 to P17 in normal mice and were much higher in OIR mice. The expression curves of BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 in the OIR model were inconsistent and did not correlate with each other.DiscussionThis study provides evidence for changes in BDNF, CNTF, and FGF-2 in Oxygen-induced retinopathy.

Controlled delivery of siRNA is important for potential clinical applications. Here, the authors report on the use of cascade hybridization of DNA hairpins with ATP aptamers in DNA crosslinked polymer nanoparticles for triggered release of siRNA and demonstrate anticancer applications.

Accurate solar irradiance prediction plays an important role in ensuring the security and stability of renewable energy systems. Solar irradiance modeling is usually a time-dependent dynamic model. As a new kind of recurrent neural network, echo state network (ESN) shows excellent performance in the field of time series prediction. However, the memory length of classical ESN is fixed and finite, which makes it hard to map sufficient features of solar irradiance with long-range dependency. Therefore, a novel deep echo state network with variable memory pattern (VMP-DESN) is proposed in this brief. VMP-DESN consists of multiple connected reservoirs in series, and there exist different types of memory modes in VMP-DESN. To remember more input history information in the states, the time delay links are added in each reservoir and between every two reservoirs. The VMP-DESN is more flexible to deal with different input signals due to its variable memory modes in the reservoir states. Additionally, the effect of different memory patterns on the VMP-DESN performance is discussed in detail, including the antidisturbance ability, memory capacity, and prediction accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of VMP-DESN is evaluated by predicting the real solar irradiance task.

Summary: Single-base changes lead to important biological and biomedical implications; however, the discrimination of single-base changes from normal DNA always remains a grand challenge. Herein we developed a DNA recognition and amplification system based on artificial branched DNA, namely, target-triggered polymerization (TTP), to realize enzyme-free and fast discrimination of single-base changes. Branched DNA as monomers rapidly polymerized into DNA nanospheres only with the trigger of specific DNA. Our TTP system worked reliably over a wide range of conditions. Remarkably, our TTP system was capable of discriminating base-changing DNA from normal DNA, including distinguishing 1–4 nucleotide changes and positions of single base, which was attributed to the significant amplification of small differences in hybridization thermodynamics and kinetics. We further proposed a theoretical method for calculating the hybridization probability of nucleic acids, which performed highly consistent with experimental results. : Thermodynamics; Nanotechnology; Nanostructure Subject Areas: Thermodynamics, Nanotechnology, Nanostructure

Abstract Engineering dynamic systems or materials to respond to biological process is one of the major tasks in synthetic biology and will enable wide promising applications, such as robotics and smart medicine. Herein, a super‐soft and dynamic DNA/dopamine‐grafted‐dextran hydrogel, which shows super‐fast volume‐responsiveness with high sensitivity upon solvents with different polarities and enables creation of electric circuits in response to microbial metabolism is reported. Synergic permanent and dynamic double networks are integrated in this hydrogel. A serials of dynamic hydrogel‐based electric circuits are fabricated: 1) triggered by using water as switch, 2) triggered by using water and petroleum ether as switch pair, 3) a self‐healing electric circuit; 4) remarkably, a microbial metabolism process which produces ethanol triggering electric circuit is achieved successfully. It is envisioned that the work provides a new strategy for the construction of dynamic materials, particularly DNA‐based biomaterials; and the electric circuits will be highly promising in applications, such as soft robotics and intelligent systems.

Due to its energy-saving and cost-reducing characteristics, a novel green machining technique for powder metallurgy (PM) parts is attracting increasing concern. Unlike in the traditional PM machining technique, in the PM green-machining method arranges, the processing operation is performed before sintering. Since the pristine PM compacts are relatively soft because it just bonds the particles together, direct cutting on pristine PM compacts is a tool-saving and cost-effective manufacturing technique and its cutting mechanism is different from that of both solid plastic metals and conventional brittle materials because of the special characteristics of a discontinuous material. The influences of cutting parameters on machined surface roughness are investigated by orthogonal cutting experiments. The results show that the machined surface roughness decreases with increasing cutting thickness and rounded cutting edge radius and slightly increases with increasing rake angle. It is suggested that these results are contrary to the long-held notions of machined surface roughness. Moreover, a geometric model illustrating the PM green-machining process was established to reveal the mechanism of material removal and machined surface formation. This model shows that the material removal of PM is composed of particle shearing deformation, peeling, and ploughing/extruding. Finally, this machining model was validated through observations of machined surface morphology and chip morphology.

Homeostasis widely exists in living systems, and plays essential roles for maintaining normal physiological activities, enabling to preserve their functionalities against variations. Gene expression is a crucial process that allows cells to produce the necessary protein, giving cells the flexibility to adapt to variations. Herein we study homeostasis of gene expression in cell-free system. Heat-inactivated cell lysates and egg white are utilized to create homeostatic microenvironment. Results show that both in cell lysates and egg white, gene expression is maintained at relatively stable levels upon variations including gene amount, magnesium ions and temperature. Our work presents a nascent concept and experimental evidence for the homeostasis in cell-free systems, and provides implication for living systems. Keywords: Cell-free system, Gene expression, Cell lysates, Egg white, Homeostasis, Microenvironment

Abstract Fluorochromic materials that are dynamic in response to external stimuli are of great interest for the development of advanced sensors and luminescent materials. Herein, a design based on a lanthanide‐containing polymeric hydrogel possessing characteristic emission of lanthanides (Eu and Tb) and showing response to stimuli of metal ions is reported. The fluorochromic hydrogel is prepared using a lanthanide–mannose complex in gelation matrix. The lanthanide–mannose complex shows tunable fluorescent emission in response to Fe2+, due to the inhibition of the “antenna effect” between metal ions and ligands upon stimulation. The fluorescent hydrogel shows reversible “On/Off” fluorochromic response to Fe2+/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Remarkably, the fluorescent hydrogel is proven nontoxic and biocompatible; and a proof‐of‐application as in situ 3D cell culture extracellular matrix with reversible fluorochromic “On/Off” switch upon Fe2+/EDTA is demonstrated. This reversibly responsive fluorochromic hydrogel demonstrates a way to fabricate smart optical materials, particularly for biological‐related applications where reversible response is required.

As an inherent characteristic of materials, the fracture toughness is an important parameter to study the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete mixtures. Although material compositions and environmental conditions have a significant effect on the fracture toughness, for a certain material and testing environment, the test condition including the specimen configuration and loading type may also affect the obtained fracture toughness. In this paper, the effect of specimen configuration and applied loading type on the measured pure mode-I fracture toughness (KIc) is investigated. In order to achieve this purpose, using a typical asphalt mixture, four different test specimens including Semi-Circular Bend (SCB), Edge Notch Disc Bend (ENDB), Single Edge Notch Beam (SENB) and Edge Notch Diametral Compression (ENDC) disc are tested under pure mode I. The mentioned specimens have different shapes (i.e., full disc, semi-disc and rectangular beam) and are loaded either with symmetric three-point bending or diametral compressive force. The tests were performed at two low temperatures (−5 °C and −25 °C) and it was observed that the critical mode-I fracture toughness (KIc) was changed slightly (up to 10%) by changing the shape of the test specimen (i.e., disc and beam). This reveals that the fracture toughness is not significantly dependent on the shape of the test specimen. However, the type of applied loading has a significant influence on the determined mode I fracture toughness such that the fracture toughness determined by the disc shape specimen loaded by diametral compression (i.e., ENDC) is about 25% less than the KIc value with the same geometry but loaded with the three-point bending (i.e., ENDB) specimen. In addition, the fracture toughness values of all tested samples were increased linearly by decreasing the test temperature such that the fracture toughness ratio (KIc (@−25 °C)/KIc (@−5 °C)) was nearly constant for the ENDB, ENDC, SCB and SENB samples.

Graphite and its composites have been widely used in various industrial fields. It has been generally accepted that, for positive rake angles, there is a significant increase in tension stress at the cutting zone during the machining of brittle materials, and cracks occur and spread easily, degrading the quality of the machined surface quality. However, it is found in this study that positive rake angles can improve the machined surface finish during the orthogonal cutting of graphite/polymer composites. Better machined surface finish is obtained for a larger rake angle. A finite element model is developed to reveal the mechanism of influence of the positive rake angle on the machined surface. Based on the effective stress field obtained from finite element analysis, it can be predicted that the crack initiates at the tool tip, subsequently propagates downward and forward, and later spreads gradually toward the free surface of the workpiece. A larger rake angle can promote crack propagation far from the machined surface. The crack initiation and propagation laws are validated by the edge-indentation experiments. In addition, the cutting force at various rake angles is investigated.

Objective: To investigate the correlations between aqueous concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Materials and Methods: VEGF, MCP-1 and sICAM-1 concentrations in aqueous humor samples of 22 patients with DME and 23 patients with cataract of a control group were measured with solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: Aqueous VEGF (89.2 ± 58.5 pg/ml versus 48.5 ± 27.8 pg/ml, P = 0.006), MCP-1 (684.2 ± 423.4 pg/ml versus 432.4 ± 230.4 pg/ml, P = 0.019) and sICAM-1 (3213.8 ± 2581.6 pg/ml versus 260.2 ± 212.2 pg/ml, P < 0.001) all vary significantly between DME group and control group. Maximum height of submacular fluid measured by Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was significantly associated with aqueous sICAM-1 (r = -0.45, P = 0.034). The maximum height of macular thickness measured by OCT was not significantly associated with either VEGF (P = 0.300), MCP-1 (P = 0.320) or sICAM-1 (P = 0.285). Conclusions: Our results suggest that sICAM-1 may majorly contribute to the formation of subretinal fluid in DME patients and imply that MCP-1 and sICAM-1 may be the potential therapy targets, besides VEGF.

To determine the difference between cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refractive error and its associated factors in Chinese children and adolescents with a high prevalence of myopia.A school-based study including 1565 students aged 6 to 21 years was conducted in 2013 in Ejina, Inner Mongolia, China. Comprehensive eye examinations were performed. Pre-and postcycloplegic refractive error were measured using an auto-refractor. For cycloplegic refraction, one drop of topical 1.0% cyclopentolate was administered to each eye twice with a 5-minute interval and a third drop was administered 15 minutes after the second drop if the pupil size was less than 6 mm or if the pupillary light reflex was still present.Two drops of cyclopentolate were found to be sufficient in 59% of the study participants while the other 41% need an additional drop. The prevalence of myopia was 89.5% in participants aged over 12 years and 68.6% in those aged 12 years or younger (P

The aging condition of asphalt pavement is an invaluable basis for traffic infrastructure evaluation. Due to the amount of time and high cost of monitoring and identifying asphalt pavement aging, many current studies focus on satellite remote sensing methods. In this paper, some methods and technologies for monitoring asphalt pavement degradation by optical satellite remote sensing are introduced as a literature review. Many researchers have developed spectrum libraries based on the actual aging of asphalt pavements, and it is possible to construct pavement health indices based on spectrum changes. Some indexes can extract different aging degrees of asphalt pavement from optical satellite images. Of course, current research can only preliminarily reflect the aging phenomenon of asphalt pavement and cannot accurately describe the distress characteristics of asphalt pavement. Future research needs to further strengthen mechanism research, develop higher resolution images, improve image processing technology, and adopt multi-means fusion analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing artificial material systems to rationally interfere with organelles is emerging as a promising route to regulate the behaviors and fate of cells, thus providing new therapeutic strategies. Herein, a DNA nanoparticles (DNPs)-based material system is reported, which achieves controlled sequential assembly inside cells, and realizes specific interference toward mitochondria. Two types of DNPs are synthesized via radical polymerization, followed with cascade hybridization chain reaction of hairpin DNA with Cyanine5 (Cy5) for mitochondrial targeting, and with complementary sequences for base pairing, respectively. DNPs with Cy5 (Cy5-DNPs) first entered cells to target mitochondria, and the other DNPs with complementary sequences entered cells after an interval to sequentially assemble with Cy5-DNPs into aggregates via base pairing. Mitochondrial interference is achieved, including increased reactive oxygen species, decreased membrane potential, abnormal elevation of Ca2+ level, decreased adenosine triphosphate, and attenuated cellular migration rate. In particular, by regulating the intervals of two types of DNPs entering cells, the mitochondrial interference degree is controllably modulated. This work achieves regulated organelles interference via the precise controlled self-assembly of DNA nanostructures inside cells, which is envisioned to have great potential in precision biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]