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Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of nosocomial infection and the impact of cross-transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among inpatients at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study involving inpatients admitted to a tertiary university hospital in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, between March 2020 and February 2021. Cases were identified on the basis of a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction result for SARS-CoV-2 and the review of electronic medical records. Nosocomial transmission was defined by applying the criteria established by the Brazilian National Health Regulatory Agency. Results We identified 2146 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 185 (8.6%) of which were considered cases of nosocomial transmission. The mean age was 58.3 years. The incidence density was 1.78 cases per 1,000 patient-days on the general wards, being highest on the cardiac surgery ward, and only 0.16 per 1,000 patient-days on the COVID-19 wards. Of the 185 patients evaluated, 115 (62.2%) were men, 150 (81.1%) cases had at least one comorbidity, and 104 (56.2%) evolved to death. Conclusions Despite the preventive measures taken, nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurred throughout our hospital. Such measures should be intensified when the incidence of community transmission peaks.

Background:Data on short-term peripheral intravenous catheter–related bloodstream infections per 1,000 peripheral venous catheter days (PIVCR BSIs per 1,000 PVC days) rates from Latin America are not available, so they have not been thoroughly studied.Methods:International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) members conducted a prospective, surveillance study on PIVCR BSIs from January 2010 to March 2018 in 100 intensive care units (ICUs) among 41 hospitals, in 26 cities of 9 countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican-Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Health Safety Network (NHSN) definitions were applied, and INICC methodology and INICC Surveillance Online System software were used.Results:In total, 10,120 ICU patients were followed for 40,078 bed days and 38,262 PVC days. In addition, 79 PIVCR BSIs were identified, with a rate of 2.06 per 1,000 PVC days (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.635–2.257). The average length of stay (ALOS) of patients without a PIVCR BSI was 3.95 days, and the ALOS was 5.29 days for patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra ALOS was 1.34 days (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.0975–1.6351; P = .040).The mortality rate in patients without PIVCR BSI was 3.67%, and this rate was 6.33% in patients with a PIVCR BSI. The crude extra mortality was 1.70 times higher. The microorganism profile showed 48.5% gram-positive bacteria (coagulase-negative Staphylococci 25.7%) and 48.5% gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp (8.5% each one), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.7%), and Candida spp (2.8%). The resistances of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0% to amikacin and 50% to meropenem. The resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii to amikacin was 0%, and the resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus to oxacillin was 75%.Conclusions:Our PIVCR BSI rates were higher than rates from more economically developed countries and were similar to those of countries with limited resources.

Environmental cleaning and disinfection are fundamental health care-associated infection prevention measures. This study aimed to evaluate the disinfection compliance of high-touch surfaces in a COVID-19-only intensive care unit, using a fluorescent marker. It was divided into 3 phases, baseline assessment, educational feedback, and post feedback. Disinfection compliance improved significantly from the first to the third phase, 14.3% to 51.4% (P.001), respectively.

Objectives: to verify the relationship of cardiovascular diseases with acute kidney injury and assess the prognosis of patients in renal replacement therapy. Methods: a cohort study, carried out in a public hospital specialized in cardiology. Treatment, comorbidities, duration of treatment, laboratory tests, discharge and deaths were analyzed. Results: of the 101 patients, 75 (74.3%) received non-dialysis treatment. The most frequent cardiological diagnoses were hypertension, cardiomyopathies and coronary syndrome. Hospitalization in patients undergoing dialysis was 18 days, hemoglobin

RESUMO Objetivos: verificar a relação de patologias cardíacas com injuria renal aguda e avaliar o prognóstico do paciente em terapia de substituição renal. Métodos: estudo de coorte, realizado em hospital público especializado em cardiologia. O tratamento, comorbidades, tempo de tratamento, exames laboratoriais, alta e óbitos foram analisados. Resultados: dos 101 pacientes, 75 (74,3%) receberam tratamento não dialítico. Os diagnósticos cardiológicos mais frequentes foram hipertensão arterial, miocardiopatias e síndrome coronariana. A internação nos pacientes dialíticos foi de 18 dias, a hemoglobina

Objetivo: investigar o consumo de álcool entre universitários de enfermagem e avaliar intervenção breve para abusadores de álcool. Método: estudo longitudinal, experimental. Dados coletados por questionário autoaplicável e três instrumentos. Análise estatística descritiva e utilização de testes específicos. Resultados: participaram 36 universitários e as drogas mais utilizadas foram: álcool (vodka, cerveja), tabaco e maconha. Idade do primeiro uso de álcool: 15 anos; repercussões após uso: quedas, cefaleia, vômitos e amnésia; e os motivos para consumo: social, sensação e prazer. Intervenção breve diminuiu significativamente o consumo de risco entre os abusadores. Entre os bebedores de baixo risco, metade referiu estar preparada para diminuir o consumo. Conclusão: intervenção breve diminui significativamente o padrão de consumo de álcool, promovendo a saúde.

Background: Kidney transplant recipients are a group of patients at risk for healthcare-related infections. The results of this study make an important clinical contribution and contribute to findings options to decrease the infection-related morbidity and mortality that affects this patient population. Objectives: We evaluated the prevalence of colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)–producing bacteria, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in renal transplant patients; we identified the infection rate, morbidity, and mortality in this population. Methods: Prospective cohort study was conducted at the Kidney and Hypertension Hospital from 2012 to 2015. This project was approved by the Unifesp Research Ethics Committee (no. 1630/11) and an informed consent form was obtained from patients included in the study. Study protocol: Data collection was performed in 2 phases: within the first 24 hours after transplantation and 7 days after transplantation. For all included patients, the following data were collected: identification data, clinical data, and laboratory tests of the first day in the study. All included patients (colonized or not) were followed prospectively for 6 months or until treatment change or death. Results: The study included 200 renal transplant patients in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We observed that 76 (38%) patients included in our sample were colonized; 8% S. aureus, 11% Enterococcus, and 19% K. pneumoniae. We verified the presence of concomitant colonization of 1 or more of these pathogens. The most prevalent concomitance identified in our population was E. coli and K. pneumoniae. We identified the presence of diabetes and diabetes associated with hypertension as risk factor for colonization. Thus, patients with more systemic complications may be at risk for colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Another risk factor for colonization was antibiotic use in the 6 months prior to transplantation. Transplant-related outcomes were length of stay after transplantation, delayed graft function (ie, dialysis after the transplantation) and postoperative care in an intensive care unit. At the 6-month follow-up, we identified urinary infection and surgical site infection as risk factors. One death occurred due to stroke in the group of colonized patients, unrelated to infectious causes. Conclusions: These results show fundamental aspects for health professionals for bacterial characterization, transmission, and resistance mechanisms and, mainly, tools for prevention and control of multidrug-resistant bacteria from patients colonized under conservative treatment before the complexity of high-risk procedures begins, such as dialysis and transplantation to reduce morbidity and mortality.Funding: FAPESP São Paulo Research Support FoundationDisclosures: None

Objective: to identify studies about strategies for prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia deployed in health services and classify their level of evidence. Method: integrative review of the literature, in 7 databases, which included the following descriptors: Prevention and Control AND Pneumonia Ventilator-Associated AND Intensive Care Units AND Bundle AND Patient Care. Results: twenty-three scientific productions were included. Of the preventive measures identified, 9 (39.1%) correspond from three to five strategies. The most frequent were: 22 (95.6%) lying with head elevated, 19 (82.6%) oral hygiene with chlorhexidine and 14 (60.8%) reduction of sedation whenever possible. Final Consideration: the application of measures based on scientific evidence is proven to be effective when carried out in conjunction, impacting the reduction of the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar estudios sobre estrategias de prevención de neumonía asociadas a la ventilación mecánica implantadas en servicios de salud y clasificar el nivel de evidencia de los mismos. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura, en 7 bases de datos, que incluyó los siguientes descriptores: Prevention and Control AND Pneumonia Ventilator-Associated AND Intensive Care Units AND Bundle AND Patient Care. Resultados: Se incluyeron 23 producciones científicas. Entre los conjuntos de medidas de prevención identificados, 9 (39,1%) contemplan entre tres a cinco estrategias. Fueron las más frecuentes: el decúbito elevado, 22 (95,6%); la higiene oral con clorhexidina, 19 (82,6%); y la reducción de la sedación siempre que sea posible, 14 (60,8%). Consideraciones Finales: La aplicación de medidas basadas en evidencias científicas es comprobadamente eficaz cuando se aplica en conjunto, impactando en la reducción de la densidad de incidencia de neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica. RESUMO Objetivo: identificar estudos acerca de estratégias de prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica implantadas em serviços de saúde e classificar o nível de evidência destes. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura, em sete bases de dados, incluindo os seguintes descritores: “Prevention and Control AND Pneumonia Ventilator-Associated AND Intensive Care Units AND Bundle AND Patient Care”. Resultados: foram incluídas 23 produções científicas. Dentre os conjuntos de medidas de prevenção identificados, nove (39,1%) contemplam de três a cinco estratégias. As mais frequentes foram: decúbito elevado – 22 (95,6%); higiene oral com clorexidina – 19 (82,6%); e redução da sedação sempre que possível – 14 (60,8%). Considerações Finais: a aplicação de medidas baseadas em evidências científicas são comprovadamente eficazes quando aplicadas em conjunto, impactando na redução da densidade de incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão dos profissionais de saúde a um conjunto de boas práticas de prevenção de Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica, índice de conformidade às medidas individuais e associação de características clínicas dos pacientes e adesão ao conjunto de boas práticas com a pneumonia. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital universitário no período de maio de 2017 a outubro de 2017. A amostra foi composta por pacientes internados no período do estudo, que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de consulta a prontuários. Resultados: O item com maior adesão foi a avaliação diária da sedação e redução sempre que possível, 81 (91,0%), seguido da troca do circuito a cada 7 dias, 76 (82,6). A manutenção da pressão do cuff entre 20 e 30 mm H2O foi o item com menor adesão 22 (23,9%). A adesão ao conjunto completo apresentou conformidade em 20 (21,7%) das oportunidades. O estudo mostrou que quanto maior a adesão às medidas de boas práticas, menor é o risco de Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica, porém não foi um dado estatisticamente significante. Os pacientes cirúrgicos e em uso de ventilação mecânica apresentaram maior risco de desenvolver PAV (p= 0,05). Conclusão: A Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica pode trazer grave repercussão para o paciente, a aplicação de medidas com embasamento científico é fundamental, a fim de se prevenir a ocorrência deste agravo, que é uma das mais frequentes infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde dentro das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva brasileiras.

Objective: to analyze clinical, serological, biochemical and hematological aspects in patients infected with the hepatitis B (HBV) and Delta (HDV) viruses. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive and retrospective study, performed with patients chronically infected with HBV and superinfected with HDV. Results: among the 112 patients selected, 74% were monoinfected with HBV (Group HBV) and 26% were superinfected with HDV (Group HBV+HDV). There was no difference in gender distribution. The average age was 36 years with standard deviation of ±12 years. The symptoms and signs presented a higher proportion in Group HBV+HDV (p=0.001). In both groups, most patients had non-reactive AgHBe. The records of biochemical and hematologic changes showed highest proportion in Group VHB+VHD Group (p

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do uso de Mupirocina tópica em inserção de cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Revisão Sistemática com Metanálise. RESULTADOS: Após uma criteriosa e extensa busca, foram incluídos três ensaios clínicos que compararam o uso de Mupirocina versus outra intervenção em cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo apontou que o uso de Mupirocina tópica é eficaz para redução dos episódios de infecções entre os pacientes em hemodiálise, aumentando o tempo de utilização do cateter, além de reduzir significativamente as infecções por S aureus as mais prevalentes nessa população.OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto del uso de Mupirocina tópica en inserción de cateter venoso central para hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: Revisión Sistemática con Metaanálisis. RESULTADOS: Después de una criteriosa y extensa búsqueda, se incluyeron tres ensayos clínicos que compararon el uso de Mupirocina versus otra intervención en cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio demostró que el uso de Mupirocina tópica es eficaz para la reducción de los episodios de infecciones entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis, aumentando el tiempo de utilización del cateter, además de reducir significativamente las infecciones por S aureus, las más prevalentes en esa población.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the use of topical Mupirocin on the insertion of central venous catheter for hemodialysis. METHODS: This was a systematic review with meta-analysis. RESULTS: After a careful and extensive search, we included three clinical trials that compared the use of Mupirocin versus other intervention in central venous catheter for hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: The study found that the use of topical Mupirocin is effective in reducing episodes of infection among hemodialysis patients, increasing duration time for catheter, and significantly reducing S aureus infections, which are the most prevalent in this population.

A infecção por Streptococcus do grupo B (GBS) é considerada importante problema de saúde pública. Está associada à sepse neonatal, meningite, pneumonia, óbito neonatal, aborto séptico, coriomnionite, endometrite e outras infecções perinatais. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a melhor estratégia de rastreamento de GBS em gestantes. Como método usou-se a revisão sistemática com metanálise. A pesquisa foi realizada no Departamento de Enfermagem/Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)/Centro Cochrane do Brasil. Para a busca usaram-se as fontes Embase, LILACS, MEDLINE, lista de referências bibliográficas, comunicação pessoal e Cochrane Library. Usaram-se, como critério de seleção, os estudos que analisaram algum tipo de rastreamento para GBS em gestantes. Independente do comparador, os resultados apontam que todas as análises foram favoráveis ao programa de screening universal para a redução da incidência de sepse neonatal. Pode-se concluir que evidências obtidas no estudo são sugestivas de que a estratégia de screening universal para as gestantes, associada ao uso de antibiótico profilático, é segura e efetiva. Infection with Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is considered an important public health problem. It is associated with: Neonatal sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, neonatal death, septic abortion, chorioamnionitis, endometritis and other perinatal infections. The aim of this study was to determine the best screening strategy for GBS in pregnant women. For this a systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in the Nursing Department of the Federal University of São Paulo, Cochrane Center, Brazil. Sources used were, EMBASE, LILACS, Medline, list of references, personal communication and the Cochrane library. The criterion for the selection of the studies was; studies which analyze some type of screening for GBS in pregnant women. Independent of the comparator, all analyses were in favor of a universal screening program for reducing the incidence of neonatal sepsis. The evidence obtained in this study suggests that the strategy of universal screening of pregnant women associated with the use of prophylactic antibiotics is safe and effective. La infección por Streptococcus del grupo B (GBS) es considerada un importante problema de salud pública. Los estreptococos están asociados a: sepsis neonatal, meningitis, neumonía, muerte neonatal, aborto séptico, corioamnionitis, endometritis y otras infecciones perinatales. El objetico del estudio fue determinar la mejor estrategia de rastreo de GBS en gestantes. Se trata de una revisión Sistemática con Metanálisis. Fue realizada en el Departamento de Enfermería de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo, Centro Cochrane de Brasil. Se utilizaron las siguientes fuentes: EMBASE, LILACS, Medline, lista de referencias bibliográficas, comunicación personal y Cochrane Library. Como criterio para la selección de los estudios, se escogieron los que analizaron algún tipo de rastreo para GBS en gestantes. Independientemente del comparador, todos los análisis fueron favorables al programa de screening universal para la reducción de la incidencia de sepsis neonatal. Las evidencias obtenidas en el estudio sugieren que la estrategia de screening universal para las gestantes asociado al uso de antibióticos profilácticos es segura y efectiva. Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Enfermagem UNIFESP, Depto. de Enfermagem SciELO

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) cross-transmission between two patient groups (long-term dialysis and kidney transplant patients). Molecular typing, by automated ribotyping with the RiboPrinter Microbial Characterization System (Qualicon, USA), was used to analyze VRE isolates from 31 fecal samples of 320 dialysis patients and 38 fecal samples of 280 kidney transplant patients. Clonal spread of E. faecalis and E. casseliflavus was observed intragroup, but not between the two groups of patients. In turn, transmission of E. gallinarum and E. faecium between the groups was suggested by the finding of vancomycin-resistant isolates belonging to the same ribogroup in both dialysis and transplant patients. The fact that these patients were colonized by VRE from the same ribogroup in the same health care facility provides evidence for cross-transmission and supports the adoption of stringent infection control measures to prevent dissemination of these bacteria.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de cuidadores de idosos com doença de Alzheimer e relacioná-la ao Índice de Katz dos pacientes e ao escore do Inventário de Depressão de Beck dos cuidadores. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi desenvolvido no Núcleo de Envelhecimento Cerebral da Universidade Federal de São Paulo/ Hospital São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída, respectivamente, por 118 cuidadores e seus pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA). As informações coletadas nos prontuários dos pacientes foram sociodemográficas e mórbidas, Índice de Katz e Miniexame de estado mental (MEEM). Os dados do cuidador, obtidos por questionários, foram sociodemográficos e mórbidos , o SF - 36 e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB). RESULTADOS: Os escores mais comprometidos do SF -36 dos cuidadores foram: vitalidade (56,8) e os físicos e emocionais com 58,1, respectivamente. Houve correlação negativa entre o IDB do cuidador e o índice de Katz dos pacientes; entre o SF - 36 e o IDB e as correlações positivas entre os escores do SF -36 e Índice de Katz e entre os domínios deste índice e os escores do MEEM. CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade de vida dos cuidadores de pacientes com DA mostrou-se alterada, podendo comprometer os cuidados por eles prestados e, evidenciou piora quando a capacidade funcional do idoso esteve mais comprometida.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad de vida de cuidadores de ancianos con enfermedad de Alzheimer y relacionarla al Índice de Katz de los pacientes y al escore del Inventario de Depresión de Beck de los cuidadores. MÉTODOS: El estudio fue desarrollado en el Núcleo de Envejecimiento Cerebral de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo/ Hospital Sao Paulo. La muestra estuvo constituída, respectivamente, por 118 cuidadores y sus pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer (DA). Las informaciones recolectadas en las historias clínicas de los pacientes fueron sociodemográficas y mórbidas, Índice de Katz y Mini examen del estado mental (MEEM). Los datos del cuidador, obtenidos por cuestionarios, fueron el SF - 36 y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB). RESULTADOS: Los escores más comprometidos del SF -36 de los cuidadores fueron: vitalidad (56,8) y los físicos y emocionales con 58,1, respectivamente. Hubo correlación negativa entre el IDB del cuidador y el índice de Katz de los pacientes; entre el SF - 36 y el IDB y las correlaciones positivas entre los escores del SF -36 e Índice de Katz y entre los dominios de este índice y los escores del MEEM. CONCLUSIÓN: La calidad de vida de los cuidadores de pacientes con DA se mostró alterada, pudiendo comprometer los cuidados prestados por ellos y, evidenció desmejoramiento cuando la capacidad funcional del anciano estuvo más comprometida.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate quality of life among caregivers of elders with Alzheimer's disease and to examine the relationship between patients' quality of life score measured with the Katz Quality of Life Index and the relationship between the caregivers' quality of life measured with the SF-36 and depression score measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). METHODS: This study was conducted in a geriatric clinic (Núcleo de Envelhecimento Cerebral) of the São Paulo Hospital of the Federal University of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 118 patients with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers. Sociodemographic and cormobidity data and the Katz score of quality of life and the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) score of the patients with Alzheimer's disease were obtained through chart review. Data from caregivers comprised sociodemographic and comorbidity data and the SF-36 score of quality of life and the BDI score of depression. RESULTS: SF-36 scores that were indicative of depression among caregivers were vitality (score = 56.8) and the scores on physical and emotional components were = 58.1, respectively. There was a significantly negative correlation between the caregivers' BDI score and the patients' Katz score, and between the caregivers' SF-36 and BDI scores. There was also a significantly positive correlation between the scores of the caregivers' SF-36 and the patients' Katz scores and between the patient's Katz and MMSE scores. CONCLUSION: The quality of life of caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease was compromised, which could influence the quality of care they provided to the patients. The quality of life of the caregivers got worse when the functional capacity of the elders with Alzheimer's disease was compromised.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade de dois tipos de curativos utilizados em cateter venoso central (CVC) em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise; identificar a taxa de infecção no local de saída e de bacteremia comparando o curativo com gaze e micropore em relação ao filme transparente. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado abrangendo 66 pacientes, sendo 33 nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. No Grupo 1 o curativo utilizado foi gaze e micropore e no Grupo 2 filme transparente. Foram coletados os dados sócio demográficos, clínicos e os relacionados às infecções. Os 66 pacientes permaneceram no estudo até a indicação de retirada do cateter que ocorreu nos episódios de infecção quando foram realizadas culturas de óstio e da ponta do CVC e hemocultura quando indicado. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística significante quanto ao tipo de curativo e as variáveis estudadas. Os CVC posicionados a 90º em relação a pele apresentaram maior taxa de infecção por S. aureus. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do filme transparente não proporcionou redução de infecção, porém a análise qualitativa deste tipo de curativo teve melhor aceitação pelos pacientes e profissionais da Unidade de Diálise de um Hospital Universitário.OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la efectividad de dos tipos de curativos utilizados en cateter venoso central (CVC) en pacientes submetidos al hemodiálisis; identificar el índice de infección en el local de salida y de bacteremia comparando el curativo con gaza y micropore el con al filme transparente. MÉTODOS: Fue realizado un ensayo clínico randomizado controlado. En el Grupo 1 el curativo utilizado fue gaza y micropore y en el Grupo 2 filme transparente. Fueron colectados los datos sócio demográficos, clínicos y los relacionados a las infecciones. Los 66 pacientes permanecieron en el estudio hasta la indicación de retirada del cateter que ocurrió en los episodios de infección cuando fueron realizadas culturas de óstio y de la extremidad del CVC y hemocultura cuando indicado. RESULTADOS: Fueron incluídos 33 pacientes en cada grupo. No hubo diferencia estadística significante cuanto al tipo de curativo y las variables estudiadas. Los CVC posicionados a 90º en relación a la piel presentaron mayor índice de infección por S. aureus. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso del filme transparente no proporcionó reducción de infección, sin embargo el análisis cualitativo de este tipo de curativo tuvo mejor aceptación por los pacientes y profesionales.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of two types of dressings used on central venous catheter (CVC) in patients undergoing hemodialysis and to determine the rate of local and systemic bacterial infection when using gauze and micropore dressings or transparent film dressings. METHODS: This study was a controlled randomized clinical trial with 66 subjects who were equally assigned to two groups (33 subjects per group). Group 1 used gauze and micropore dressings and group 2 used transparent film dressings. Measures consisted of a socio demographic questionnaire, clinical data, and catheter tip and blood culture tests. Subjects remained in the study until removal of the catheter. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences regarding the types of dressings. Positioning of CVCs at 90 degrees in relation to the skin had higher rate of infections by S. Aureus. CONCLUSION: Although the use of transparent film dressings did not reduce infection, qualitative data analysis suggested that this type of dressing was preferred by the patients and by the health care providers from a university hospital.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a efetividade de dois tipos de curativos utilizados em cateter venoso central (CVC) em pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise; identificar a taxa de infecção no local de saída e de bacteremia comparando o curativo com gaze e micropore em relação ao filme transparente. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado abrangendo 66 pacientes, sendo 33 nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. No Grupo 1 o curativo utilizado foi gaze e micropore e no Grupo 2 filme transparente. Foram coletados os dados sócio demográficos, clínicos e os relacionados às infecções. Os 66 pacientes permaneceram no estudo até a indicação de retirada do cateter que ocorreu nos episódios de infecção quando foram realizadas culturas de óstio e da ponta do CVC e hemocultura quando indicado. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatística significante quanto ao tipo de curativo e as variáveis estudadas. Os CVC posicionados a 90º em relação a pele apresentaram maior taxa de infecção por S. aureus. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do filme transparente não proporcionou redução de infecção, porém a análise qualitativa deste tipo de curativo teve melhor aceitação pelos pacientes e profissionais da Unidade de Diálise de um Hospital Universitário. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of two types of dressings used on central venous catheter (CVC) in patients undergoing hemodialysis and to determine the rate of local and systemic bacterial infection when using gauze and micropore dressings or transparent film dressings. METHODS: This study was a controlled randomized clinical trial with 66 subjects who were equally assigned to two groups (33 subjects per group). Group 1 used gauze and micropore dressings and group 2 used transparent film dressings. Measures consisted of a socio demographic questionnaire, clinical data, and catheter tip and blood culture tests. Subjects remained in the study until removal of the catheter. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences regarding the types of dressings. Positioning of CVCs at 90 degrees in relation to the skin had higher rate of infections by S. Aureus. CONCLUSION: Although the use of transparent film dressings did not reduce infection, qualitative data analysis suggested that this type of dressing was preferred by the patients and by the health care providers from a university hospital. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la efectividad de dos tipos de curativos utilizados en cateter venoso central (CVC) en pacientes submetidos al hemodiálisis; identificar el índice de infección en el local de salida y de bacteremia comparando el curativo con gaza y micropore el con al filme transparente. MÉTODOS: Fue realizado un ensayo clínico randomizado controlado. En el Grupo 1 el curativo utilizado fue gaza y micropore y en el Grupo 2 filme transparente. Fueron colectados los datos sócio demográficos, clínicos y los relacionados a las infecciones. Los 66 pacientes permanecieron en el estudio hasta la indicación de retirada del cateter que ocurrió en los episodios de infección cuando fueron realizadas culturas de óstio y de la extremidad del CVC y hemocultura cuando indicado. RESULTADOS: Fueron incluídos 33 pacientes en cada grupo. No hubo diferencia estadística significante cuanto al tipo de curativo y las variables estudiadas. Los CVC posicionados a 90º en relación a la piel presentaron mayor índice de infección por S. aureus. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso del filme transparente no proporcionó reducción de infección, sin embargo el análisis cualitativo de este tipo de curativo tuvo mejor aceptación por los pacientes y profesionales.

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre medidas padronizadas para prevenção de infecções relacionadas a cateter em pacientes em hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sobre a prevenção de infecções em hemodiálise nas bases de dados Medline, Embase, SciElo, Lilacs e Cochrane Library de estudos publicados entre os anos de 1990 e 2008. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 293 artigos e destes 12 foram incluídos no estudo. CONCLUSÃO: Foi evidenciada a importância da aplicação de um conjunto de medidas de controle de infecções pelos profissionais da saúde para prevenir a infecção nesta população de pacientes.OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión sistemática sobre las medidas patronizadas para la prevención de infecciones relacionadas al catéter de pacientes en hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: Fue realizada una revisión sobre la prevención de infecciones en hemodiálisis en las bases de datos Medline, Embase, SciElo, Lilacs y Cochrane Library de estudios publicados entre los años de 1990 al 2008. RESULTADOS: Fueron encontrados 293 artículos y de éstos 12 fueron incluidos en el estudio. CONCLUSIÓN: Se evidenció la importancia de la aplicación de un conjunto de medidas de control de infecciones por los profesionales de la salud para prevenir la infección en esta población de pacientes.OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: A literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane databases for articles published from 1990 to 2008. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety- three articles were retrieved. However, only 12 studies were included in this review. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that health care providers use several infection control measures to prevent bloodstream infections in this patient population.

Objectives: to analyze the quality of life of "patients" with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and relate it to their socioeconomic profile, knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality. Method: crosssectional and analytical study with 201 individuals who are 50 years old or older. The Targeted Quality of Life and Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scales were applied during interviews. Multiple Linear Regression was used in data analysis. Results: dimensions of quality of life more strongly compromised were disclosure worries (39.0), sexual function (45.9), and financial worries (55.6). Scores concerning knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality were 31.7 and 14.8, respectively. There was significant correlation between attitudes and the domains of overall function, health worries, medication worries, and HIV mastery. Conclusion: guidance concerning how the disease is transmitted, treated and how it progresses, in addition to providing social and psychological support, could minimize the negative effects of the disease on the quality of life of patients living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Objetivos : analisar a qualidade de vida dos "pacientes" com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana e relacioná-la ao perfil socioeconômico, conhecimento e atitudes sobre sexualidade. Método: estudo transversal e analítico, com 201 pessoas com 50 anos ou mais. Aplicados os instrumentos Targeted Quality of Life e Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale por meio de entrevistas. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se a Regressão Linear Múltipla. Resultados: as dimensões da qualidade de vida mais comprometidas foram preocupação com sigilo (39,0), atividade sexual (45,9) e preocupação financeira (55,6). Escores de conhecimentos e atitudes sobre sexualidade foram: 31,7 e 14,8, respectivamente. Houve correlação significante entre as atitudes e os domínios função geral, preocupação com saúde, preocupação com medicação e aceitação do HIV. Conclusão: orientações sobre formas de contágio, tratamento e evolução da patologia, além de suporte social e psicológico poderiam minimizar os efeitos negativos da doença sobre a qualidade de vida dos pacientes que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Objetivos: analizar la calidad de vida de "pacientes" con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y relacionarla al perfil socioeconómico, al conocimiento y a las actitudes sobre sexualidad. Método: estudio transversal y analítico, en 201 personas con 50 años o más. Se aplicaron los instrumentos Targeted Quality of Life y Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale a través de entrevistas. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la Regresión Linear Múltiple. Resultados: las dimensiones de la calidad de vida más comprometidas fueron preocupación con sigilo (39,0), actividad sexual (45,9) y preocupación financiera (55,6). Los puntajes de conocimientos y actitudes sobre sexualidad fueron: 31,7 y 14,8, respectivamente. Hubo correlación significativa entre actitud y los dominios función general, preocupación con salud, preocupación con medicación y el aceptar el HIV. Conclusión: orientaciones sobre formas de contagio, obre el tratamiento y evolución de la patología, además del soporte social y psicológico podrían minimizar los efectos negativos de la enfermedad sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana.

Background Infection is the leading cause of morbidity and the second leading cause of mortality in patients on renal replacement therapy. The rates of bloodstream infection in hemodialysis patients vary according to the type of venous access used. Gram-positive bacteria are most frequently isolated in blood cultures of hemodialysis patients. This study evaluated risk factors for the development of bloodstream infections in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods Risk factors associated with bloodstream infections in patients on hemodialysis were investigated using a case–control study conducted between January 2010 and June 2013. Chronic renal disease patients on hemodialysis who presented with positive blood cultures during the study were considered as cases. Controls were hemodialysis patients from the same institution who did not present with positive blood cultures during the study period. Data were collected from medical records. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Results There were 162 patients included in the study (81 cases and 81 controls). Gram-positive bacteria were isolated with the highest frequency (72%). In initial logistic regression analysis, variables were hypertension, peritoneal dialysis with previous treatment, type and time of current venous access, type of previous venous access, previous use of antimicrobials, and previous hospitalization related to bloodstream infections. Multiple regression analysis showed that the patients who had a central venous catheter had an 11.2-fold (CI 95%: 5.17–24.29) increased chance of developing bloodstream infections compared with patients who had an arteriovenous fistula for vascular access. Previous hospitalization increased the chance of developing bloodstream infections 6.6-fold (CI 95%: 1.9–23.09). Conclusions Infection prevention measures for bloodstream infections related to central venous catheter use should be intensified, as well as judicious use of this route for vascular access for hemodialysis. Reducing exposure to the hospital environment through admission could contribute to a reduction in bloodstream infections in this population.

Background Infection is the leading cause of morbidity and the second most frequent cause of mortality among patients on renal replacement therapy. A major morbid event in this population is hospitalization because of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to bloodstream infection (BSI) among patients on hemodialysis. Results Risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to BSI in patients on hemodialysis were investigated retrospectively by nested case–control, from January 2010 to June 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: those who progressed to hospitalization or death due to BSI (Group 1) and those who developed BSI, but did not progress to the same outcome (Group 2). Data were collected through consultation of patient records. For statistical analysis, logistic regression was used. There were 32 patients in Group 1 and 61 in Group 2. Logistic regression verified that, for each year of age, the chance of death or hospitalization for BSI increased 1.05 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.09]. Patients with BSI caused by Staphylococcus aureus had an 8.67 times higher chance of progressing to death or hospitalization (95% CI: 2.5–30.06). The isolation of multiresistant microorganisms in blood cultures of hemodialysis patients increased morbidity and mortality by 2.75 times (95% CI: 1.01–7.48). Conclusion Independent risk factors for morbidity and mortality among patients after developing BSI during hemodialysis were: age, blood culture positive for S. aureus, and antibiotic resistance. Control measures to prevent microbial dissemination, primarily the multiresistant ones, should be intensified in this population. More studies are needed to standardize specific measures not yet classically standardized, such as collection of surveillance culture samples, contact precautions, and decolonization.

OBJECTIVE To verify if the type of donor is a risk factor for infection in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS Systematic Review of Literature with Meta-analysis with searches conducted in the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, SciELO and CINAHL. RESULTS We selected 198 studies and included four observational studies describing infections among patients distinguishing the type of donor. Through meta-analysis, it was shown that in patients undergoing deceased donor transplant, the outcome infection was 2.65 higher, than those who received an organ from a living donor. CONCLUSION The study showed that deceased kidney donor recipients are at an increased risk for developing infections and so the need for establishing and enforcing protocols from proper management of ischemic time to the prevention and control of infection in this population emerges.

OBJECTIVES: to assess renal function in elderly patients undergoing contrast-enhanced computed tomography and identify the preventive measures of acute kidney injury in the period before and after the examination.METHOD: longitudinal cohort study conducted at the Federal University of São Paulo Hospital, from March 2011 to March 2013. All hospitalized elderly, of both sexes, aged 60 years and above, who performed the examination, were included (n=93). We collected sociodemographic data, data related to the examination and to the care provided, and creatinine values prior and post exam.RESULTS: an alteration in renal function was observed in 51 patients (54%) with a statistically significant increase of creatinine values (p

OBJETIVO: Identificar os microrganismos isolados da pele pericateter, ponta do cateter e corrente sanguínea de pacientes em hemodiálise por cateter venoso central, verificar o perfil de sensibilidade destes microrganismos aos antimicrobianos e avaliar a evolução clínica e a mortalidade relacionada a estes microrganismos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. As cepas isoladas de pacientes em hemodiálise por cateter venoso central que em estudo prévio apresentaram infecção na pele pericateter, ponta do cateter e corrente sanguínea foram analisadas quanto ao perfil microbiológico e letalidade relacionada. RESULTADOS: Foram isolados 128 microrganismos em corrente sanguínea nos 94 pacientes estudados. Ocorreram 35 casos de septicemia e 27 de endocardite. A letalidade nos casos de endocardite por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina foi 100%. CONCLUSÃO: Infecção em corrente sanguínea e endocardite por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina são preditivas de alta mortalidade e letalidade. OBJECTIVE: To identify the microorganisms isolated on the pericatheter skin, catheter tip and blood stream of patients on hemodialysis by central venous catheter, to verify the profile of sensitivity of these microorganisms to antimicrobials and to assess the clinical evolution and mortality related to these microorganisms. METHODS: A cross sectional study. The strains were isolated from the patients on hemodialysis by central venous catheter that, in a previous study, presented pericatheter skin, catheter tip and blood stream infection and were analyzed for microbiological profile and lethality related. RESULTS: 128 microorganisms were isolated in the bloodstream in the 94 patients studied. There were 35 cases of septicemia and 27 of endocarditis. The mortality in cases of endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 100%. CONCLUSION: Infection in the bloodstream and endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was predictive of mortality and lethality.

OBJECTIVES: Assess the knowledge and attitudes about sexuality in the elderly with HIV/AIDS served in a specialized ambulatory clinic; and identify the epidemiological profile of these patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study with a sample of 148 people aged 50 years and over. The Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale was used to assess the knowledge and the attitudes about sexuality of the elderly. RESULTS: The study included 148 elderly, male gender (63.5%), single (30.5%), retired and pensioners (53%), low socioeconomic class (60%), only 21% have completed the Secondary Education, monthly family income 3.3 minimum wages, time since diagnosis 156 months and predominant form of infection via sexual (66.2%). ASKAS knowledge score was 32.2 and attitudes score was 15.5. There was significant association between the knowledge ASKAS with the female gender, being a widow and more than one comorbidity; and between the attitudes ASKAS with complete Secondary Education and physical activity. CONCLUSION: Patients with HIV/AIDS showed favorable knowledge and attitudes about sexuality in the elderly, and women that were housewives showed significant knowledge. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o conhecimento e atitudes sobre sexualidade em idosos com HIV/AIDS atendidos em ambulatório especializado; e Identificar o perfil epidemiológico desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, descritivo e analítico com amostra de 148 pessoas com 50 anos ou mais. Utilizou-se a Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale para avaliar o conhecimento e atitudes sobre a sexualidade dos idosos. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 148 idosos, sexo masculino (63,5%), solteiro (30,5%), aposentados e pensionistas (53%), classe econômica baixa (60%), somente 21% possuíam até ensino médio completo, renda familiar mensal 3,3 salários, tempo de diagnóstico 156 meses e forma de contágio predominante via sexual (66,2%). Escore da ASKAS de conhecimento foi 32,2 e de atitudes 15,5. Houve associação significante entre ASKAS conhecimento e gênero feminino, ser viúvo e mais de uma comorbidade e ASKAS atitudes com ensino médio completo e atividade física. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com HIV/AIDS demonstraram conhecimento e atitudes favoráveis sobre a sexualidade no idoso, e mulheres donas de casa apresentaram conhecimento significante. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el conocimiento y actitudes sobre sexualidad en ancianos con VIH/SIDA atendidos en Consultorio Externo especializado; e Identificar el perfil epidemiológico de esos pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo y analítico realizad con una muestra de 148 personas con 50 años o más. Se utilizó la Aging Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes Scale para evaluar el conocimiento y actitudes sobre la sexualidad de los ancianos. RESULTADOS: Participaron en el estudio 148 ancianos, sexo masculino (63,5%), solteros (30,5%), jubilados y cesantes (53%), clase económica baja (60%), solamente 21% poseían hasta primaria completa, ingreso familiar mensual 3,3 salarios, tiempo de diagnóstico 156 meses y forma de contagio predominante vía sexual (66,2%). Score de la ASKAS de conocimiento fue de 32,2 y de actitudes 15,5. Hubo asociación significativa entre ASKAS conocimiento y género femenino, ser viudo y más de una comorbilidad y ASKAS actitudes con primaria completa y actividad física. CONCLUSIÓN: Pacientes con VIH/SIDA demostraron conocimiento y actitudes favorables sobre la sexualidad en el anciano, y mujeres amas de casa presentaron conocimiento significativo.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do uso de Mupirocina tópica em inserção de cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Revisão Sistemática com Metanálise. RESULTADOS: Após uma criteriosa e extensa busca, foram incluídos três ensaios clínicos que compararam o uso de Mupirocina versus outra intervenção em cateter venoso central para hemodiálise. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo apontou que o uso de Mupirocina tópica é eficaz para redução dos episódios de infecções entre os pacientes em hemodiálise, aumentando o tempo de utilização do cateter, além de reduzir significativamente as infecções por S aureus as mais prevalentes nessa população.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de cuidadores de idosos com doença de Alzheimer e relacioná-la ao Índice de Katz dos pacientes e ao escore do Inventário de Depressão de Beck dos cuidadores. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi desenvolvido no Núcleo de Envelhecimento Cerebral da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)/ Hospital São Paulo. A amostra foi constituída, respectivamente, por 118 cuidadores e seus pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA). As informações coletadas nos prontuários dos pacientes foram sociodemográficas e mórbidas, Índice de Katz e Miniexame de estado mental (MEEM). Os dados do cuidador, obtidos por questionários, foram sociodemográficos e mórbidos , o SF - 36 e o Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB). RESULTADOS: Os escores mais comprometidos do SF -36 dos cuidadores foram: vitalidade (56,8) e os físicos e emocionais com 58,1, respectivamente. Houve correlação negativa entre o IDB do cuidador e o índice de Katz dos pacientes; entre o SF - 36 e o IDB e as correlações positivas entre os escores do SF -36 e Índice de Katz e entre os domínios deste índice e os escores do MEEM. CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade de vida dos cuidadores de pacientes com DA mostrou-se alterada, podendo comprometer os cuidados por eles prestados e, evidenciou piora quando a capacidade funcional do idoso esteve mais comprometida. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate quality of life among caregivers of elders with Alzheimer's disease and to examine the relationship between patients' quality of life score measured with the Katz Quality of Life Index and the relationship between the caregivers' quality of life measured with the SF-36 and depression score measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). METHODS: This study was conducted in a geriatric clinic (Núcleo de Envelhecimento Cerebral) of the São Paulo Hospital of the Federal University of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 118 patients with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers. Sociodemographic and cormobidity data and the Katz score of quality of life and the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) score of the patients with Alzheimer's disease were obtained through chart review. Data from caregivers comprised sociodemographic and comorbidity data and the SF-36 score of quality of life and the BDI score of depression. RESULTS: SF-36 scores that were indicative of depression among caregivers were vitality (score = 56.8) and the scores on physical and emotional components were = 58.1, respectively. There was a significantly negative correlation between the caregivers' BDI score and the patients' Katz score, and between the caregivers' SF-36 and BDI scores. There was also a significantly positive correlation between the scores of the caregivers' SF-36 and the patients' Katz scores and between the patient's Katz and MMSE scores. CONCLUSION: The quality of life of caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease was compromised, which could influence the quality of care they provided to the patients. The quality of life of the caregivers got worse when the functional capacity of the elders with Alzheimer's disease was compromised. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad de vida de cuidadores de ancianos con enfermedad de Alzheimer y relacionarla al Índice de Katz de los pacientes y al escore del Inventario de Depresión de Beck de los cuidadores. MÉTODOS: El estudio fue desarrollado en el Núcleo de Envejecimiento Cerebral de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo/ Hospital São Paulo. La muestra estuvo constituída, respectivamente, por 118 cuidadores y sus pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer (DA). Las informaciones recolectadas en las historias clínicas de los pacientes fueron sociodemográficas y mórbidas, Índice de Katz y Mini examen del estado mental (MEEM). Los datos del cuidador, obtenidos por cuestionarios, fueron el SF - 36 y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (IDB). RESULTADOS: Los escores más comprometidos del SF -36 de los cuidadores fueron: vitalidad (56,8) y los físicos y emocionales con 58,1, respectivamente. Hubo correlación negativa entre el IDB del cuidador y el índice de Katz de los pacientes; entre el SF - 36 y el IDB y las correlaciones positivas entre los escores del SF -36 e Índice de Katz y entre los dominios de este índice y los escores del MEEM. CONCLUSIÓN: La calidad de vida de los cuidadores de pacientes con DA se mostró alterada, pudiendo comprometer los cuidados prestados por ellos y, evidenció desmejoramiento cuando la capacidad funcional del anciano estuvo más comprometida. Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Enfermagem UNIFESP, Depto. de Enfermagem SciELO

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre medidas padronizadas para prevenção de infecções relacionadas a cateter em pacientes em hemodiálise. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sobre a prevenção de infecções em hemodiálise nas bases de dados Medline, Embase, SciElo, Lilacs e Cochrane Library de estudos publicados entre os anos de 1990 e 2008. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 293 artigos e destes 12 foram incluídos no estudo. CONCLUSÃO: Foi evidenciada a importância da aplicação de um conjunto de medidas de controle de infecções pelos profissionais da saúde para prevenir a infecção nesta população de pacientes. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: A literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, Scielo, Lilacs, and Cochrane databases for articles published from 1990 to 2008. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety- three articles were retrieved. However, only 12 studies were included in this review. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that health care providers use several infection control measures to prevent bloodstream infections in this patient population. OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión sistemática sobre las medidas patronizadas para la prevención de infecciones relacionadas al catéter de pacientes en hemodiálisis. MÉTODOS: Fue realizada una revisión sobre la prevención de infecciones en hemodiálisis en las bases de datos Medline, Embase, SciElo, Lilacs y Cochrane Library de estudios publicados entre los años de 1990 al 2008. RESULTADOS: Fueron encontrados 293 artículos y de éstos 12 fueron incluidos en el estudio. CONCLUSIÓN: Se evidenció la importancia de la aplicación de un conjunto de medidas de control de infecciones por los profesionales de la salud para prevenir la infección en esta población de pacientes.

Objective: To identify in the literature studies that evaluate the quality of life in pediatric patients with kidney transplant through use of specific, validated instruments in Pediatrics. Method: Systematic review of the literature with searches conducted in the following databases: Medline, PubMed, LILACS, CINAHL, SciELO and Cochrane Library. Main keywords: Quality of life, Kidney transplantation and Pediatrics. Results: A total of 366 studies were selected and eight observational studies were included that evaluated the quality of life of children with kidney transplant by means of evaluation instruments of quality of life. Conclusion: The quality of life of children with kidney transplant is inferior compared to healthy children. The post-transplant period presents better results compared to pre-transplant children. The identification of mental, physical and social conditions related to the quality of life of this population allows for better planning the assistance provided to them.