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1. Genetic Knockout of the Serotonin Reuptake Transporter Results in the Reduction of Dendritic Spines in In vitro Rat Cortical Neuronal Culture

Author

Chaji, D, Venkatesh, VS, Shirao, T, Day, DJ, Ellenbroek, BA, Chaji, D, Venkatesh, VS, Shirao, T, Day, DJ, and Ellenbroek, BA

Abstract

Dysregulation of the serotonergic system has been reported to have a significant role in several neurological disorders including depression, autism and substance abuse disorders. Changes in the expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) through polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the SERT gene have been associated, but not yet been conclusively linked to, neuropsychiatric disorders. In turn, dendritic spine structure and function are critical for neuronal function and the disruption of dendritic spine formation at glutamatergic synapses is a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric disorders. To understand the effect of SERT depletion on dendritic spine formation, neuronal cultures were established from the cortex of postnatal day 0-1 SERT knockout (KO) rats. Cortical neurons were subsequently allowed to mature to 21 days in vitro, and dendritic spine density was assessed using immunocytochemical co-labelling of drebrin and microtubule associated protein 2. Genetic knockout of the SERT had a gene-dose effect on dendritic spine densities of cortical neurons. The results of this paper implicate SERT function with the formation of dendritic spines at glutamatergic synapses, thereby offering insight into the aetiology of several neuropathologies.

Published
2021

3. 'Exercise for the multitude, rather than competition for the specialist': British Sports Coaching Initiatives (1937-1947)

Author

Day, DJ

Abstract

The pervasive influence of the amateur ethos, with its emphasis on volunteerism, permeated all aspects of British sport in the mid-twentieth century, including attitudes towards professional coaches and specialized training. While British international sporting performances continued to decline, for many middle-class sports administrators, who consistently focused on encouraging participation, other issues were more important, especially the poor fitness levels witnessed among the general population. The 1937 Physical Training and Recreation Act, introduced to improve the physical state of the nation, resulted in the establishment of a National Fitness Council (NFC) to provide financial assistance for sporting organizations to educate their teachers. Paradoxically, this inadvertently stimulated employment prospects for professional coaches, although the NFC declared from the start that it was not interested in supporting the training of Olympic prospects. This paper explores how British administrators in athletics and swimming responded to the opportunities afforded them by the creation of the NFC and, in the post-War period, by the Ministry of Education, which assumed control of the pre-war NFC Grants Committee and had a remit to finance national coaching schemes. While both sports developed coaching programmes, these continued to focus on the production of honorary coaches to expand participation. In adhering to their amateur values and traditions, rather than supporting specialized elite training, both associations struggled with the tensions between their philosophical objectives and the pressures of international sport, as reflected in ongoing debates about the values of ‘voluntarism’ as opposed to the benefits of ‘professionalism’. The paper also takes the opportunity to juxtapose the life courses and class attitudes of those who organized and administered British sport with the very different experiences and perspectives of the men and women they employed as coaches.

Published
2018

4. Swimming Natationists, Mistresses and Matrons: Patriarchal Influences on Female Careers in Victorian Britain

Author

Day, DJ

Abstract

The Victorian period has been studied from several perspectives, including through the lens of 'separate spheres', a notion that suggests a compartmentalization of markers like gender and class into discrete areas exemplifying typical relationship patterns. As Poovey (1995) argued, however, the margins surrounding class and gender were full of fissures, leading scholars to argue for a more nuanced approach involving specific case studies to explore how gender and class intersected at a micro level (Vickery, 1993). Because sport was a means of reinforcing social inequalities it provides a useful vehicle for micro study and this paper uses biographical methods to try to understand the degree of self-determinism that women had in selecting swimming-related careers. Serious swimming had utilitarian value and provided feminine-appropriate activity in segregated surroundings, making it increasingly acceptable for women of all social classes, especially after facilities expanded following the Baths and Washhouses Acts of 1846 and 1878. A moral imperative, which required women to be attended to only by women, meant that gender-specific career routes emerged as the activity became more widespread. For some working-class women, swimming, packaged as entertainment, provided an attractive working environment and by the end of the century, professional female natationists were appearing in front of all classes of society on the stage, in the baths and at the seaside. Their activities stimulated interest at all levels of the social hierarchy and generated a demand for female swimming teachers, whose numbers increased significantly. Other women were employed in supervisory capacities with married couples normally being employed as superintendent and matron. They generally lived above the baths and other female family members were often employed as swimming teachers or baths employees. This paper initially adopts a prosopographical approach to the census data collected at ten-yearly intervals in England and Wales between 1841 and 1911 to explore the class origins, familial connections, and marital status of these women and to trace their career trajectories. Collective biographies are then outlined and the life courses of some key individuals are described to place them within the contemporary social context. While more work needs to be done to uncover what Bale (2011) calls the 'layers of truth' surrounding these biographies there are indications that these could tell us something interesting about females, sport and ‘separate spheres’. For example, the data highlights the ongoing patriarchal influences on the shaping of women’s lives. Female natationists were almost always introduced to the activity through fathers and brothers, swimming mistresses entered their careers through male connections, and matrons were almost exclusively engaged as an adjunct to their husband’s appointment. In these respects, even though their lives might apparently challenge any rigid notion of ‘separate spheres’ it seems that few women really exercised any significant degree of self-determinism in their career choices. The paper concludes with reflections on the usefulness of different biographical approaches. Higgs (1996) argued that census data cannot be used uncritically to study divisions in Victorian society and it is essential that prosopography is combined with more traditional approaches to biographical research to produce what Jockers (2013) calls, a 'blended approach'. Keywords: References Bale, J. (2011). 'Ernst Jokl and Layers of Truth', in Sporting Lives, ed. Dave Day Manchester: MMU IPR Publication, 1-15. Higgs, E. (1996). A Clearer Sense of the Census. London: HMSO. Jockers, M.L. (2013). Macroanalysis: Digitial Methods and Literary Theory. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Poovey, M. (1995). Making A Social Body. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Vickery, A. (1993). Golden age to separate spheres? A review of the categories and chronology of English women's history. The Historical Journal, 36(2), 383-414.

Published
2017

5. Class, Gender and Employment in England’s Victorian Public Baths

Author

Day, DJ

Subjects
human activities
Abstract

Although both sexes engaged in bathing in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century, often under the supervision of seaside 'bathers', swimming for exercise remained a primarily male activity. However, mainly because of its utilitarian value in saving life and its potential for enabling 'feminine-appropriate' activity, formal swimming gradually became more acceptable for women, especially after Municipal facilities increased significantly following the Baths and Washhouses Act of 1878. As the number of swimming baths expanded, some women took on formal teaching positions, designating themselves as 'swimming teachers' or 'mistresses', and some assumed managerial duties as 'matrons', while others were employed in a range of roles from 'bath attendant' to ‘ticket clerk’. This paper investigates the expansion in opportunities for female employment in the Baths during the ‘long-Victorian’ period by taking a prosopographical approach to analyse relevant census data collected in England between 1841 and 1911. The author concludes that a moral imperative, which increasingly required women to be attended to only by women, combined with the creation of segregated indoor swimming spaces, meant that the Public Baths provided a number of potential career routes for women from both the lower-middle and skilled working-classes. In particular, both the swimming mistress and the matron, many of whom had family connections to a facility or to the sport, became more visible as participation increased among all social classes. In that respect, swimming, and the social spaces and structures that were developed to accommodate it, stimulated a limited degree of gender equality in the work place.

Published
2017

6. ‘No fee’ was to be charged for their services: Amateur athletics advisors in 1935: Part 2. Henry Rottenburg, Athletics Innovator

Author

Day, DJ

Abstract

In December 1935, the Manchester Guardian produced a list of men willing to give talks, lectures and demonstrations to clubs and schools. No fee was to be charged for their services, although it was expected that out-of-pocket expenses would be met. Whilst never professing to be a coach, one of the most interesting men on the Guardian list was Henry (Harry) Rottenburg, M.A., M.I.E.E., who was prepared to give talks of the ‘Correlation of science and athletics’. This article touches briefly on his activities.

Published
2017

7. ‘No fee’ was to be charged for their services: Amateur athletics advisors in 1935: Part 1. Coaches and Administrators

Author

Day, DJ

Abstract

Resistance to the use of professional coaches in British athletics during the first half of the twentieth century has been well documented and an ongoing preference for amateur coaching from one’s peers was clearly evident in the year before the Berlin Olympics. A list of amateur coaches appeared in an article in the Manchester Guardian, 13 December 1935, 3, and this article explores some of these individuals.

Published
2017

8. The British Athlete 'is born not made': Transatlantic Tensions over Sports Coaching

Author

Day, DJ

Abstract

During the latter stages of the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, the trajectory of organized sports followed significantly different paths in North America and Great Britain. Nowhere was this more evident that in the field of professional coaching where the American model of full-time coaches in the universities and athletics clubs contrasted with the ever-increasing preference for amateur coaches in many British sports. While the American model was adopted enthusiastically in many European countries, there was considerable resistance to this approach in Britain. This paper utilizes contemporary media commentary to contrast the characteristics of coaching practice and philosophy that typified American and British approaches during the Victorian period and explores some of the arguments offered in Britain against the adoption of specialized American coaching methods.

Published
2017

11. Status update and interim results from the asymptomatic carotid surgery trial-2 (ACST-2)

Author

Bulbulia, R, Gray, W, Naughten, A, den Hartog, A, Delmestri, A, Wallis, C, le Conte, S, Macdonald, S, Radak, D, Nessi, F, Torsello, G, Hendriks, J, Bjorses, K, Davidovic, L, Tusini, N, Gillgren, P, Casana, R, Tolva, V, Bausback, Y, Mehrzad, A, Gottsäter, A, Esisi, B, Cras, P, Hendriks, Jm, Lauwers, P, Hertoghs, M, Van Schil, P, De Jaegher, L, Peeters, P, Verbist, J, Dendooven, D, De Letter, J, Vanhooren, G, Astarci, P, Capron, I, Choghari, C, Hammer, F, Lacroix, V, Peeters, A, Verhelst, R, Bosiers, M, De Meester, K, Deloose, K, Van Buggenhout, E, Vinck, E, Geenens, M, Hemelsoet, D, Van Herzeele, I, Vermassen, F, De Koster, G, Desiron, Q, Maertens de Noordhout, A, Malmendier, D, Massoz, M, Saad, G, Cirelli, S, Dormal, P, Lerut, P, Thues, E, Coutts, S, Demchuk, A, Hill, M, Hudon, M, Klein, G, Mcclelland, M, Morrish, W, Samis, G, Sutherland, G, Watson, T, Wong, J, Liu, B, Liu, Cw, Barankova, L, Chlouba, V, Fiedler, J, Priban, V, Sterba, L, Kalabova, L, Kriz, Z, Krupa, P, Privara, M, Reif, M, Souckova, L, Staffa, R, Vlachovsky, R, Vojtisek, B, Hrbac, T, Kuliha, M, Prochazka, V, Roubec, M, Skoloudik, D, Abd Allah, F, Eldessoki, Mh, Kassem, Hh, Gharieb, Hs, Cardon, Jm, Le Gallou Wittenberg, A, Allaire, E, Becquemin, Jp, Cochennec, F, Desgranges, P, Hosseini, H, Kobeiter, H, Marzelle, J, Bergeron, P, Padovani, R, Trastour, Jc, Biermaier, B, Gissler, Hm, Klotzsch, C, Pfeiffer, T, Schneider, R, Soehl, L, Wennrih, M, Botsios, S, Branzan, D, Braunlich, S, Holzer, H, Lenzer, J, Reichenbecher, C, Piorkowski, C, Schuster, J, Scheinert, D, Schmidt, A, Ulrich, M, Werner, M, Coster, A, Engelhardt, A, Ratusinski, Cm, Berekoven, B, Frerker, K, Gordon, V, Bellenis, I, Polydorou, A, Polydorou, V, Tavernarakis, A, Ioannou, N, Terzoudi, M, Chatzinikou, E, Giannoukas, A, Hadjigeorgiou, G, Koutsias, S, Ralli, S, Rousas, N, Nemes, B, Jàrànyi, Z, Szabo, A, Varga, D, Barzo, P, Bodosi, M, Fako, E, Fulop, B, Kuncz, A, Nagy, E, Nemeth, T, Pazdernyik, S, Skoba, K, Voros, E, Haider, Sn, Harbison, J, Madhavan, P, Moore, D, Beyar, R, Hoffman, A, Karram, T, Kerner, A, Nikolsky, E, Nitecki, S, Amatucci, G, Vittorio, P, Frederico, Marinazzo, D, Regina, G, Giaquinta, A, Patti, F, Veroux, M, Veroux, P, Adobbati, L, Bertoni, G, Bianchi, P, Cireni, L, Martello, L, Arcuri, L, Casoni, F, Coppi, G, Moratto, R, Veronesi, J, Bajardi, G, Savettieri, G, Corbetta, R, Odero, A, Quaretti, P, Thyrion, Z, Cao, P, Caso, V, Derango, P, Farchioni, L, Parlani, G, Malferrari, G, Strozzi, F, Vecchiati, E, Biello, Antonella, Capoccia, Laura, Menna, Danilo, Rizzo, ANNA RITA, Sbarigia, Enrico, Speziale, Francesco, Toni, D, Giovanni, M, Meola, G, Nano, G, Occiuto, Mt, Stegher, S, Tealdi, D, Accrocca, F, Ambrogi, C, Barbazza, R, Marcucci, G, Cappelli, A, de Donato, G, Palasciano, G, Pieragalli, D, Setacci, C, Settaci, F, Labate, C, Ferrero, E, Ferri, M, Viazzo, A, Castelli, P, Delodovici, Ml, Ferrario, M, Piffaretti, G, Tomei, G, Furui, E, Inoue, T, Kondo, R, Matsumoto, Y, Shimizu, H, Aidashova, B, Kospanov, N, Lyssenko, R, Mussagaliev, D, De Borst GJ, Den Hartog AG, Lo, R, Moll, F, Toorop, R, Van Der Worp HB, Vonken, Ej, Bakke, S, Krohg Sorensen, K, Skjelland, M, Andziak, P, Drelichowski, S, Dratwicki, M, Gil, R, Iwanowski, W, Koncewicz, K, Nowicki, M, Pniewski, J, Rzezak, J, Seweryniak, P, Bialek, P, Biejat, Z, Czepel, W, Czlonkowska, A, Dowzenko, A, Jedzrejewska, J, Kobayashi, A, Leszezyuski, J, Malek, A, Polanski, J, Proczka, R, Skorski, M, Szostek, M, Aleksic, N, Babic, S, Kolar, J, Sagic, D, Tanaskovic, S, Colic, M, Jovanovic, D, Koncar, I, Bartko, D, Beno, P, Rusnak, F, Zelenak, K, Gasparini, M, Grad, A, Kompara, I, Milosevic, Z, Flis, V, Matela, J, Miksic, K, Milotic, F, Mrdja, B, Stirn, B, Tetickovic, E, Chamorro, A, Obach, V, Riambau, V, Roman, S, Blanco, E, Izquierdo, Ay, Guerra, M, Campbell, E, Lindgren, H, Nyberg, J, Plate, G, Parsson, H, Qvarfordt, P, Acosta, S, Brandt, K, Dias, N, Gottsater, A, Holst, J, Kristmundsson, T, Kuhme, T, Kolbel, T, Lindblad, B, Lindh, M, Malina, M, Ohrlander, T, Resch, T, Rönnle, V, Sonesson, B, Warvsten, M, Zdanowski, Z, Bengt, B, Delle, M, Formgren, J, Jarl, L, Kall, Tb, Konrad, P, Nyman, N, Skioldebrand, C, Steuer, J, Takolander, R, Ahlhelm, Fj, Bonati, L, Engelter, Ss, Eugster, T, Gensicke, H, Lyrer, P, Mariani, L, Stierli, P, Stippich, C, Wolff, T, Brown, E, Butler, N, Day, Dj, Hayes, P, Higgins, N, Jumilla, E, Martin, P, Mitchell, J, Varty, K, Birt, A, Davies, P, George, J, Graham, A, Jonker, L, Joseph, T, Kelsall, N, Potts, C, Wilson, T, Davey, P, Hayman, R, Tervitt, G, Abdul Hamiq, A, Bryce, J, Chetter, I, Ettles, D, Lakshminarayan, R, Mitchelsonm, K, Rhymes, C, Robinson, G, Scott, P, Vickers, A, Baht, H, Balogun, I, Burger, I, Cowie, L, Gunathilagan, G, Hargroves, D, Insall, R, Jones, S, Rudenko, H, Senaratne, J, Thomas, G, Thomson, A, Enevoldson, P, Nahser, H, O'Brian, I, Torella, F, Watling, D, White, R, Clifton, A, Eley, C, Khanom, N, O'Reilly, J, Pereira, A, Bicknell, C, Cheshire, N, Gibbs, R, Hamady, M, James, A, Jenkins, M, Lacey, A, Mireskandari, M, Sachs, T, Wolfe, J, Hardy, D, Justin, F, Phiri, L, Sekaran, L, Sethuraman, S, Tate, L, Akyea Mensah, J, Chrisopoulou, A, Smyth, Jv, Nichol, I, Parry, A, Young, G, Clarke, M, Davis, M, Dixit, A, Dyker, A, Ford, G, Jackson, R, Kappadath, S, Lambert, D, Lees, T, Louw, S, Parr, N, Stansby, G, Wales, L, Wealleans, V, Wilson, L, Wyatt, M, Dorman, P, Hughes, A, Jones, D, Mendelow, Ad, Rodgers, H, Macsweeney, S, Mcconachie, N, Southam, A, Sunman, W, Briley, D, Darby, C, Handa, A, Hands, L, Kuker, W, Michael, K, Perkins, J, Schulz, U, Smith, D, Teal, R, Donnelly, M, D'Souza, S, Asehosem Egun, A, Gregory, B, Kelly, C, Punekar, S, Raj, S, Seriki, D, Thomson, G, Beard, J, Cleveland, T, Humphreys, J, Jenkins, A, King, C, Lonsdale, R, Nair, R, Nawaz, S, Okhuoya, F, Turner, D, Venables, G, Brown, J, Durairajan, R, Guyler, P, Harman, P, Jakeways, M, Khuoge, C, Kundu, A, Loganathan, T, Sinha, D, Thompson, V, Tysoe, S, Barer, Brown, A, Crawford, S, Dunlop, P, Majmudar, Mitchell, D, O'Brien, O'Connell, Scott, Vetrivel, S, Ashleigh, R, Butterfield, S, Gamble, G, Ghosh, J, Mccollum, C, Welch, M, Welsh, S, Kazan, V, Nazzal, M, Ramsey Williams, V, Halliday, A, Davies, C, Peto, R, Gray, A, Mihaylova, B, Potter, J, Flather, M, Mansfield, A, Farrell, B, Rahimi, K, Simpson, D, Thomas, D, Gough, M, Rothwell, P, Giles, M, Leopold, P, Belli, A, Sandercock, P, Gray, R, Shearman, C, Molyneux, A, Hayter, E, Lay, M, Munday, A, Young, A, Delmestri, A., Halliday, A, Bulbulia, R, Gray, W, Naughten, A, den Hartog, A, Delmestri, A, Wallis, C, le Conte, S, Macdonald, S, Tolva, V, Cras, Patrick, Hendriks, Jeroen, Lauwers, Patrick, van Schil, Paul, ACST-2 Collaborative Group, UCL - SSS/IONS/NEUR - Clinical Neuroscience, UCL - SSS/IREC/CARD - Pôle de recherche cardiovasculaire, UCL - SSS/IREC/IMAG - Pôle d'imagerie médicale, UCL - (SLuc) Service de chirurgie cardiovasculaire et thoracique, UCL - (SLuc) Service de radiologie, and UCL - (SLuc) Service de neurologie

Subjects
Male, Time Factors, Carotid artery stenosis, Carotid artery stenting, Carotid endarterectomy, Randomized controlled trial, Stroke, medicine.medical_treatment, Myocardial Infarction, Severity of Illness Index, law.invention, law, Risk Factors, MED/22 - CHIRURGIA VASCOLARE, Carotid Stenosis, Endarterectomy, Endarterectomy, Carotid, Middle Aged, Treatment Outcome, Female, Stents, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Aged, Angioplasty, Asymptomatic Diseases, Cardiovascular Agents, Humans, Patient Selection, Risk Assessment, Asymptomatic, medicine, Carotid, business.industry, Vascular surgery, medicine.disease, Surgery, Cardiovascular agent, Human medicine, business
Abstract

Objectives: ACST-2 is currently the largest trial ever conducted to compare carotid artery stenting (CAS) with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis requiring revascularization. Methods: Patients are entered into ACST-2 when revascularization is felt to be clearly indicated, when CEA and CAS are both possible, but where there is substantial uncertainty as to which is most appropriate. Trial surgeons and interventionalists are expected to use their usual techniques and CE-approved devices. We report baseline characteristics and blinded combined interim results for 30-day mortality and major morbidity for 986 patients in the ongoing trial up to September 2012. Results: A total of 986 patients (687 men, 299 women), mean age 68.7 years (SD ± 8.1) were randomized equally to CEA or CAS. Most (96%) had ipsilateral stenosis of 70-99% (median 80%) with contralateral stenoses of 50-99% in 30% and contralateral occlusion in 8%. Patients were on appropriate medical treatment. For 691 patients undergoing intervention with at least 1-month follow-up and Rankin scoring at 6 months for any stroke, the overall serious cardiovascular event rate of periprocedural (within 30 days) disabling stroke, fatal myocardial infarction, and death at 30 days was 1.0%. Conclusions: Early ACST-2 results suggest contemporary carotid intervention for asymptomatic stenosis has a low risk of serious morbidity and mortality, on par with other recent trials. The trial continues to recruit, to monitor periprocedural events and all types of stroke, aiming to randomize up to 5,000 patients to determine any differential outcomes between interventions. Clinical trial: ISRCTN21144362. © 2013 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2016

13. ‘We have every reason for failure but not a single excuse’: British Field Athletics in the early Twentieth Century

Author

Day, DJ

Abstract

The aristocratic and educated middle-class men involved in the formation of the British Olympic Association (BOA) in 1905 typified the class of man administering British sport in this period. They were wedded to the concept of amateurism and their class attitudes were reflected in the way in which the athletic body was presented. The amateur's emphasis on elegance and style, and a suspicion of training methods that produced muscular, specialized sporting bodies, rather than all-rounders, were important principles of an ethos that drew some of its rationale from the classical world. Amateurism normalized and standardized a bodily performance as the middle-class amateur athlete selectively used classical precedents, science and clothing to reinforce the distinctions between their own bodies and those of the professionals. Although historians have discussed the English amateur body, there has been little consideration of the impact of this aesthetic on athletic preferences and this paper links amateur views of the athletic body to ongoing weaknesses in British field events. As Table 1 shows, this has been a feature of British Olympic performances since 1896 despite occasional efforts to resolve the problem. Using press reports, family records and organisational archives, the paper uncovers some of these initiatives immediately prior to and following the First World War.

Published
2016

14. Harry Koskie and Geoff Dyson: Sports Coaching in Britain after WWII

Author

Day, DJ

Abstract

Britain’s athletes and swimmers prepared for the 1948 and 1952 Olympic Games in a landscape of ongoing defeats across all sports by foreign competitors from America, Europe and the Empire. This was not a new phenomenon and merely represented a continuation of the sporting disasters of the pre-War period, the result of a combination of factors including lack of government support, the arrogance of amateur sporting officials, and, in particular, half a century of resistance to the employment of professional coaches. During those fifty years there had been a number of intermittent attempts to establish a British coaching culture and, although these had failed to embed the position of coach into the elite sporting environment, there were signs in the late 1930s that National Governing Bodies (NGBs) of sport were becoming more receptive. This openness extended into the post-WWII period and had led to the appointment of national level coaches by 1948. The Amateur Swimming Association (ASA) appointed amateur Harry Koskie to lead them into the London and Helsinki Olympics while the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA) appointed professional coach Geoff Dyson. This paper explores the coaching lives of these men through archival material, newspapers, family records and census data and utilises minutes from NGBs and other organisations to put their coaching practices into the cultural context of the period. The author compares and contrasts the experiences of these two coaches as they tried to make Britain’s representatives more competitive with their European and American rivals, and concludes that the structural constraints imposed on them made their tasks almost impossible.

Published
2016

18. Bricoleurs Extraordinaire: Sports Coaches in Inter War Britain

Author

Day, DJ and Day, DJ

Abstract

In Inter War Britain, individuals exploited their athletic skills by pursuing professional careers, or adopting amateur roles, as instructors, trainers and coaches, invariably drawing from, and elaborating on, existing practices. The coach was the master of a body of specialist craft knowledge, the tacit nature of which was transmitted through ‘stealing with the eyes’ as the apprentice watched the master in action (Gamble, 2001). Professional coaches saw themselves as practical men whose experiential knowledge concerning diet, physiological and psychological preparation, stimulants, massaging, medical treatments, talent identification, and so on provided critical components in their coaching ‘toolbox’ (Nelson, 1924, 25-26). Craft knowledge was never static. Coaching expertise is a fluid, cyclical process with practitioners continuously redeveloping their competencies (Turner, Nelson and Potrac, 2012, 323), and part of traditional craft expertise was the ability to react positively to shifting circumstances. Coaches were constantly stimulated to experiment by competitors, commercialisation, and emerging technologies (Clegg, 1977, 244), and they exemplified the notion of the ‘Bricoleur’ in constantly trialling emerging knowledge, intuitively accepting or rejecting appropriate material. This paper explores the ways in which practitioners developed their coaching ‘toolbox’ in Inter War Britain by drawing on examples from newspaper reports, personal and public archives, and instructional texts (eg. Tilden, 1920; Gent, 1922; Nelson, 1924; Mussabini, 1926; Lowe and Porritt, 1929; Abrahams and Abrahams, 1936). The author highlights the range of knowledge that coaches had at their command, well before the emergence of sports science and coaching certification programmes, and questions assumptions that coaches can no longer rely solely on ‘learning the trade’ through experience (Evans and Light, 2007). As Winchester et al. (2013) have emphasised, knowledge, skills, attitudes

Published
2017

22. A ‘Symmetrical Body’: Amateurism, the ‘University Athlete’ and Attitudes to Professional Coaching in Late-Victorian Britain.

Author

Day, DJ and Day, DJ

Abstract

Coaching and training was an integral part of sports preparation for the British professional athlete from the beginning of the eighteenth century. This traditional approach generated a specialised sporting body crafted into a shape and form suitable for working-class rowers, pugilists and athletes but it was a system rejected by the middle-class men who organised sport through their clubs and associations in the late-Victorian period. Their adoption of the amateur principles of moderation and non-specialisation resulted in a preference for ‘all-rounders’ and in the development of the notion of the ‘University Athlete’, a sportsman who displayed a symmetrical body and who played sport with elegance and style. Using a selective reading of the Classical literature the university-educated athlete elected for a body shape that provided an outward demonstration of their moral superiority and their social status and power. This gentleman athlete, at least outwardly, avoided the constraints on his performance that might be imposed by coaches, especially those of working-class origins, and eschewed the notion of serious training, since this might shape his body into an unacceptable and non-aesthetic form. As a result, professional coaches and trainers were consigned to the margins of amateur sport, leaving a legacy that lasted for over a century, although the rhetoric of amateurism was not always matched by the realities of elite sport in Britain, even in the Universities, and some professional coaches continued to make a living. This paper explores all these various processes and brings them together through the presentation of archival research from the late-nineteenth century sources including biographies, newspapers and organisational records. Particular reference is made to the published comments of medical men who used statistics and anthropometry to justify their claims that upper-class bodies were different from working-class bodies and that working-class trainers c

Published
2016

24. Natational Dress: Functionality, Fashion and the Fracturing of Separate Spheres in Victorian Britain

Author

Day, DJ and Day, DJ

Abstract

In 1873, The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine extolled the values of swimming for women and gave advice on the best form of bathing dress, one which preserved modesty and met the demands of contemporary fashion. This essentially impractical type of bathing outfit has been the subject of much of the historiography surrounding female swimming costumes but it was not the only swimming dress on show during the “long” Victorian period. The women of all classes who participated in more serious swimming required something functional rather than fashionable while working-class professional natationists, who appeared regularly in water shows throughout the country, wore attire that combined functionality, tight to the body while allowing freedom of movement, with public appeal, a critical consideration for female exhibitors. Their activities and costumes challenged prevailing notions of “separate spheres” and this paper explores Victorian aquatic dress in the context of class, gender and social space.

Published
2016

28. The relationship between motor deficit and primary motor cortex hemispheric activation balance after stroke: longitudinal fMRI study.

Author

Calautti C, Jones PS, Naccarato M, Sharma N, Day DJ, Bullmore ET, Warburton EA, Baron JC, Calautti, C, Jones, P S, Naccarato, M, Sharma, N, Day, D J, Bullmore, E T, Warburton, E A, and Baron, J-C

Abstract

Background: In the chronic stage of stroke, previous work has shown that the worse the hand motor deficit, the greater the shift of primary motor cortex (M(1)) activation towards the contralesional hemisphere (ie, unphysiological) balance. Whether the same relationship applies at earlier stages of recovery in serially studied patients is not known.Methods: fMRI of fixed-rate auditory-cued affected index-thumb tapping was obtained at two time points (mean 36 and 147 days poststroke) in a cohort of nine patients with ischaemic stroke (age: 56+/-9 years; three women/six men; seven subcortical, one medullary and one cortical). On each fMRI day, the unaffected/affected ratio of maximal index tapping rate (IT-R) was obtained. To assess the M(1) hemispheric activation balance, the authors computed the classic Laterality Index (LI). The correlation between LI and IT-R was computed for each time point separately.Results: The expected correlation between LI-M(1) and IT-R, that is, motor performance worse with more unphysiological LI, prevailed at both time points (Kendall p=0.008 and 0.058, respectively), with no statistically significant difference between the two regressions. The same analysis for the dorsal premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area showed no significant correlation at either time-point.Conclusion: These results from a small cohort of longitudinally assessed patients suggest that the relationship between M(1) laterality index and hand motor performance appears independent of time since onset of stroke. This in turn may suggest that attempting to restore the hemispheric balance by enhancing ipsilesional M(1) and/or constraining contralesional M(1) activity may have consistent efficacy throughout recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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31. Perfusion CT helps decision making for thrombolysis when there is no clear time of onset.

Author

Hellier KD, Hampton JL, Guadagno JV, Higgins NP, Antoun NM, Day DJ, Gillard JH, Warburton EA, Baron J, Hellier, K D, Hampton, J L, Guadagno, J V, Higgins, N P, Antoun, N M, Day, D J, Gillard, J H, Warburton, E A, and Baron, J-C

Abstract

Current guidelines on thrombolysis post stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) exclude its use where time of onset is unknown, thus denying some patients potentially beneficial treatment. Contrast enhanced perfusion computed tomography (pCT) imaging can be used together with plain CT and information on clinical deficits to decide whether or not thrombolysis should be initiated even though the exact time of stroke onset is unknown. Based on the results of pCT and CT, rt-PA was administered to two patients with unknown time of stroke onset; one of the patients also underwent suction thrombectomy. Results in both cases were excellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006

36. Reduced expression of the serotonin transporter impacts mitochondria in a sexually dimorphic manner.

Author

Thorne BN, Ellenbroek BA, and Day DJ

Abstract

Neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders are complex conditions that arise from a variety of interacting genetic and environmental factors. Among these factors, altered serotonergic signalling and mitochondrial dysfunction are strongly implicated, with a growing body of evidence to suggesting that serotonergic signalling is an important regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. The serotonin transporter (SERT) functions to regulate synaptic 5-HT, and human allelic variants of the serotonin reuptake transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) are associated with reduced SERT expression and increased susceptibility for developing neuropsychiatric disorders. Using the heterozygous (HET) variant of the SERT knockout rat to model reduced SERT expression, Western blotting was used to measure the abundance of TOMM20 and the complex I protein MT-CO1 as metrics for mitochondrial mass and abundance of respiratory complex IV. Mitochondrial activity was determined by dye reduction. We found sex-based and region-specific differences in mitochondrial mass and activity and that male and females show differing responses to reduced SERT expression. Our findings suggest that the sexually dimorphic differences in serotonergic signalling impact mitochondrial function and that these differences may be important for understanding sex differences in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests to report., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Published
2024
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37. Biogeochemistry of upland to wetland soils, sediments, and surface waters across Mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes coastal interfaces.

Author

Myers-Pigg AN, Pennington SC, Homolka KK, Lewis AM, Otenburg O, Patel KF, Regier P, Bowe M, Boyanov MI, Conroy NA, Day DJ, Norris CG, O'Loughlin EJ, Roebuck JA Jr, Stetten L, Bailey VL, Kemner KM, and Ward ND

Abstract

Transferable and mechanistic understanding of cross-scale interactions is necessary to predict how coastal systems respond to global change. Cohesive datasets across geographically distributed sites can be used to examine how transferable a mechanistic understanding of coastal ecosystem control points is. To address the above research objectives, data were collected by the EXploration of Coastal Hydrobiogeochemistry Across a Network of Gradients and Experiments (EXCHANGE) Consortium - a regionally distributed network of researchers that collaborated on experimental design, methodology, collection, analysis, and publication. The EXCHANGE Consortium collected samples from 52 coastal terrestrial-aquatic interfaces (TAIs) during Fall of 2021. At each TAI, samples collected include soils from across a transverse elevation gradient (i.e., coastal upland forest, transitional forest, and wetland soils), surface waters, and nearshore sediments across research sites in the Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic regions (Chesapeake and Delaware Bays) of the continental USA. The first campaign measures surface water quality parameters, bulk geochemical parameters on water, soil, and sediment samples, and physicochemical parameters of sediment and soil., (© 2023. Battelle Memorial Institute.)

Published
2023
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38. Genetics and epigenetics: paternal adolescent ethanol consumption in serotonin transporter knock-out rats and offspring sensitivity to ethanol.

Author

Hussain S, Lesscher HMD, Day DJ, and Ellenbroek BA

Subjects
Alcohol Drinking adverse effects, Alcohol Drinking genetics, Animals, Female, Male, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Serotonin, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Alcoholism genetics, Ethanol pharmacology
Abstract

Rationale: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is shown to have an overall heritability of around 50%. One of the genes associated with AUD is SLC6A4 (solute carrier family 6 member A4) which codes for the serotonin transporter (SERT). The study looked at serotonin dysfunction on ethanol consumption in adolescents and the subsequent intergenerational effects of drinking by using a rat model: SERT +/+ (regular functioning), SERT +/- (50% transporter reduction) and SERT -/- (complete reduction)., Objectives: We investigated sex and genotype differences in ethanol consumption in SERT knock-out Wistar rats (F0) followed by studying behaviour in the offspring (F1) of the male drinkers to assess effects of paternal alcohol consumption., Methods: An intermittent access two-bottle choice paradigm (IA2BC) was used to yield ethanol drinking behaviour in F0 adolescent Wistar rats. The highest drinking males were mated to alcohol-naive females and their offspring were compared with controls. Drinking behaviour (IA2BC) and ethanol-induced motor coordination effects (via rotarod) were measured in the F1s., Results: F0 drinking saw no SERT genotype differences in males. However, females consumed higher volumes of ethanol compared to males, with SERT -/- females showing the highest intake. A clearer genotype effect was seen in the F1 animals, with reduction in SERT activity leading to enhanced ethanol intake in both sexes. Importantly, paternal exposure to ethanol significantly reduced the ethanol induced motor side effects in offspring, independent of sex and genotype., Conclusions: These indicate a difference in the way genetic factors may act across sexes and suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the intergenerational effects of alcohol., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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39. Sex bias in the serotonin transporter knockout model: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorder research.

Author

Thorne BN, Ellenbroek BA, and Day DJ

Subjects
Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Serotonin, Sex Characteristics, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Sexism
Abstract

Serotonergic signalling is implicated in the aetiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. The serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) is an important regulator of synaptic serotonin, being an important pharmacological target with genetic variants implicated with risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders. Animal models have played an important role in understanding the genetic risk and role of SERT function in brain development having highlighted sex differences in incidence, presentation, and treatment efficacy, however, sex bias due to unequal representation of sexes in research remains a significant issue. While more studies are addressing sex as a biological variable this is not reflected in studies using SERT knockout models as the proportion including sex comparisons has declined since 2000. This bias needs to be addressed if research findings from animal studies are to have translation relevance to human conditions., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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40. The serotonin reuptake transporter modulates mitochondrial copy number and mitochondrial respiratory complex gene expression in the frontal cortex and cerebellum in a sexually dimorphic manner.

Author

Thorne BN, Ellenbroek BA, and Day DJ

Subjects
Animals, Cerebellum metabolism, DNA Copy Number Variations, Female, Frontal Lobe, Gene Expression, Male, Mitochondria metabolism, RNA-Binding Proteins, Rats, Serotonin metabolism, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins metabolism, Autism Spectrum Disorder metabolism, Depressive Disorder, Major metabolism
Abstract

Neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are complex conditions attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. There is a growing body of evidence showing that serotonergic signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of these disorders and are linked as signaling through specific serotonin (5-HT) receptors drives mitochondrial biogenesis. The serotonin transporter (SERT) is important in these disorders as it regulates synaptic serotonin and therapeutically is the target of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors which are a major class of anti-depressant drug. Human allelic variants of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) such as the S/S variant, are associated with reduced SERT expression and increased susceptibility for developing neuropsychiatric disorders. Using a rat model that is haploinsufficient for SERT and displays reduced SERT expression similar to the human S/S variant, we demonstrate that reduced SERT expression modulates mitochondrial copy number and expression of respiratory chain electron transfer components in the brain. In the frontal cortex, genotype-related trends were opposing for males and females, such that reduced SERT expression led to increased expression of the Complex I subunit mt-Nd1 in males but reduced expression in females. Our findings suggest that SERT expression and serotonergic signaling have a role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in the brain. We speculate that the sexual dimorphism in mitochondrial abundance and gene expression contributes to the sex bias found in the incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders such as MDD and ASD., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Published
2022
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41. Hyperacute stroke thrombolysis via telemedicine: a multicentre study of performance, safety and clinical efficacy.

Author

Evans NR, Sibson L, Day DJ, Agarwal S, Shekhar R, and Warburton EA

Subjects
Fibrinolytic Agents therapeutic use, Humans, Thrombolytic Therapy methods, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, Treatment Outcome, Brain Ischemia drug therapy, Stroke drug therapy, Stroke epidemiology, Telemedicine methods
Abstract

Objectives: Timely thrombolysis of ischaemic stroke improves functional recovery, yet its delivery nationally is challenging due to shortages in the stroke specialist workforce and large geographical areas. One solution is remote stroke specialist input to regional centres via telemedicine. This study evaluates the usage and key metrics of performance of the East of England Stroke Telemedicine Partnership-the largest telestroke service in the UK-in providing hyperacute stroke care., Design: Prospective observational study., Setting: The East of England Stroke Telemedicine Partnership provides a horizontal 'hubless' model of out-of-hours hyperacute stroke care to a population of 6.2 million across a 7500 square mile semirural region., Participants: All (2709) telestroke consultations between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2019., Main Outcome Measures: Thrombolysis decision, pre-thrombolysis and post-thrombolysis stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS), haemorrhagic complications, and hyperacute pathway timings., Results: Over the period, 1149 (42.4%) individuals were thrombolysed. Thrombolysis rates increased from 147/379 (38.8%) in 2014 to 225/490 (45.9%) in 2019. Median (IQR) pre-thrombolysis NIHSS was 10 (6-17), reducing to 6 (2-14) 24-hour post-thrombolysis (p<0.001). Post-thrombolysis haemorrhage occurred in 27 cases (2.3%). Over the period, median (IQR) door-to-needle time reduced from 85 (65-108) min to 68 (55-97.5) min (p<0.01), driven by improved imaging-to-needle times from 52.5 (38-72.25) min to 42 (30.5-62.5) min (p<0.01). However, the same period saw an increase in median onset-to-hospital arrival time from 77.5 (60-109.25) min to 95 (70-135) min (p<0.001)., Conclusions: The results from this large hyperacute telestroke cohort indicate two important points for clinical practice. First, telemedicine via a hubless horizontal model provides a clinically effective and safe method for delivering hyperacute stroke thrombolysis. Second, improved door-to-needle times were offset by a concerning rise in prehospital timings. These findings indicate that although telemedicine may benefit in-hospital hyperacute stroke care, improvements across the whole stroke pathway are essential., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2022
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42. Genetic Knockout of the Serotonin Reuptake Transporter Results in the Reduction of Dendritic Spines in In vitro Rat Cortical Neuronal Culture.

Author

Chaji D, Venkatesh VS, Shirao T, Day DJ, and Ellenbroek BA

Subjects
Animals, Cells, Cultured, Cerebral Cortex cytology, Cerebral Cortex metabolism, Dendritic Spines physiology, Gene Deletion, Neuronal Outgrowth, RNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Rats, Dendritic Spines metabolism, RNA-Binding Proteins genetics
Abstract

Dysregulation of the serotonergic system has been reported to have a significant role in several neurological disorders including depression, autism and substance abuse disorders. Changes in the expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) through polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the SERT gene have been associated, but not yet been conclusively linked to, neuropsychiatric disorders. In turn, dendritic spine structure and function are critical for neuronal function and the disruption of dendritic spine formation at glutamatergic synapses is a hallmark of several neuropsychiatric disorders. To understand the effect of SERT depletion on dendritic spine formation, neuronal cultures were established from the cortex of postnatal day 0-1 SERT knockout (KO) rats. Cortical neurons were subsequently allowed to mature to 21 days in vitro, and dendritic spine density was assessed using immunocytochemical co-labelling of drebrin and microtubule associated protein 2. Genetic knockout of the SERT had a gene-dose effect on dendritic spine densities of cortical neurons. The results of this paper implicate SERT function with the formation of dendritic spines at glutamatergic synapses, thereby offering insight into the aetiology of several neuropathologies., (© 2021. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2021
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43. Establishment of soil strength in a nourished wetland using thin layer placement of dredged sediment.

Author

Harris BD, Day DJ, Cadigan JA, Jafari NH, Bailey SE, and Tyler ZJ

Subjects
Biomass, Ecosystem, Geology instrumentation, Geology methods, Human Activities, New Jersey, Plant Roots physiology, Shear Strength, Geologic Sediments, Sea Level Rise, Soil, Wetlands
Abstract

Coastal wetlands are experiencing accelerated rates of fragmentation and degradation due to sea-level rise, sediment deficits, subsidence, and salt-water intrusion. This reduces their ability to provide ecosystem benefits, such as wave attenuation, habitat for migratory birds, and a sink for carbon and nitrogen cycles. A deteriorated back barrier wetland in New Jersey, USA was nourished through thin layer placement (TLP) of dredged sediment in 2016. A field investigation was conducted in 2019 using a cone penetrometer (CPT) to quantify the establishment of soil strength post sediment nourishment compared to adjacent reference sites in conjunction with traditional wetland performance measures. Results show that the nourished area exhibited weaker strengths than the reference sites, suggesting the root system of the vegetation is still establishing. The belowground biomass measurements correlated to the CPT strength measurements, demonstrating that shear strength measured from the cone penetrometer could serve as a surrogate to monitor wetland vegetation trajectories. In addition, heavily trafficked areas underwent compaction from heavy equipment loads, inhibiting the development of vegetation and highlighting how sensitive wetlands are to anthropogenic disturbances. As the need for more expansive wetland restoration projects grow, the CPT can provide rapid high-resolution measurements across large areas supplying government and management agencies with vital establishment trajectories., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2021
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44. Modified early warning score and risk of mortality after acute stroke.

Author

Knoery C, Barlas RS, Vart P, Clark AB, Musgrave SD, Metcalf AK, Day DJ, Bachmann MO, Warburton EA, Potter JF, and Myint PK

Subjects
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Stroke physiopathology, Early Warning Score, Hemorrhagic Stroke physiopathology, Hospital Mortality, Ischemic Stroke physiopathology
Abstract

Objective: An accurate prediction tool may facilitate optimal management of patients with acute stroke from an early stage. We evaluated the association between admission modified early warning score (MEWS) and mortality in patients with acute stroke., Method: Data from the Anglia Stroke Clinical Network Evaluation Study (ASCNES) were analysed. We evaluated the association between admission MEWS and four outcomes; in-patient, 7-day, 30-day and 1-year mortality. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds of all mortality timeframes, whereas Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate mortality at 1 year. Five univariate and multivariate models were constructed, adjusting for confounders. Patients with a moderate (2-3) or high (≥4) scores were compared to patients with a low score (0-1)., Results: The study population consisted of 2006 patients. A total of 1196 patients had low MEWS, 666 had moderate MEWS and 144 had a high MEWS. A high MEWS was associated with increased mortality as an in-patient (OR 4.93, 95 % CI: 2.88-8.42), at 7 days (OR 7.53, 95 % CI: 4.24-13.38), at 30 days (OR 5.74, 95 % CI: 3.38-9.76) and 1-year (HR 2.52, 95 % CI 1.88-3.39). At 1 year, model 5 had a 1.02 OR (95 % CI 0.83-1.24) with moderate MEWS and 2.52 (95 % CI 1.88-3.39) with high MEWS., Conclusion: Elevated MEWS on admission is a potential marker for acute-stroke mortality and may therefore be a useful risk prediction tool, able to guide clinicians attempting to prognosticate outcomes for patients with acute-stroke., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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45. Evaluation of i-Motif Formation in the Serotonin Transporter-Linked Polymorphic Region.

Author

Thorne BN, Ellenbroek BA, and Day DJ

Subjects
G-Quadruplexes, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Oligonucleotides chemistry, Oligonucleotides metabolism, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins metabolism, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins chemistry
Abstract

Neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD) arise from a complex set of genetic and environmental factors. The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a key regulator of synaptic serotonin (5-HT), and its inhibition is an important pharmacological target for treating MDD. The SERT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) contains two major variants (short and long) that have been implicated in modulating susceptibility to MDD by altering the level of expression of SERT. Both variants contain C-rich repeats that conform to consensus i-motif folding sequences. i-Motifs are quadruplex DNA structures that have been proposed to have a role in transcription regulation. With spectroscopic techniques, we demonstrate that both alleles are able to form i-motifs at acidic pH, and at neutral pH under conditions of molecular crowding. This highlights the potential for i-motif formation to contribute to transcriptional regulation of the serotonin transporter, with a potential role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Published
2021
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46. Variations in Rates of Discharges to Nursing Homes after Acute Hospitalization for Stroke and the Influence of Service Heterogeneity: An Anglia Stroke Clinical Network Evaluation Study.

Author

Tørnes M, McLernon D, Bachmann MO, Musgrave SD, Day DJ, Warburton EA, Potter JF, and Myint PK

Abstract

Nursing home placement after stroke indicates a poor outcome but numbers placed vary between hospitals. The aim of this study is to determine whether between-hospital variations in new nursing home placements post-stroke are reliant solely on case-mix differences or whether service heterogeneity plays a role. A prospective, multi-center cohort study of acute stroke patients admitted to eight National Health Service acute hospitals within the Anglia Stroke and Heart Clinical Network between 2009 and 2011 was conducted. We modeled the association between hospitals (as a fixed-effect) and rates of new discharges to nursing homes using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for important patient risk factors. Descriptive and graphical data analyses were undertaken to explore the role of hospital characteristics. Of 1335 stroke admissions, 135 (10%) were discharged to a nursing home but rates varied considerably from 6% to 19% between hospitals. The hospital with the highest adjusted odds ratio of nursing home discharges (OR 4.26; 95% CI 1.69 to 10.73), was the only hospital that did not provide rehabilitation beds in the stroke unit. Increasing hospital size appeared to be related to an increased odds of nursing home placement, although attenuated by the number of hospital stroke admissions. Our results highlight the potential influence of hospital characteristics on this important outcome, independently of patient-level factors.

Published
2020
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48. A novel chemotactic factor derived from the extracellular matrix protein decorin recruits mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro and in vivo.

Author

Dempsey SG, Miller CH, Schueler J, Veale RWF, Day DJ, and May BCH

Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Chemotactic Factors chemistry, Chemotaxis drug effects, Decorin chemistry, Mesenchymal Stem Cells cytology, Mice, Peptide Fragments chemistry, RAW 264.7 Cells, Recombinant Proteins chemistry, Recombinant Proteins pharmacology, Sheep, Chemotactic Factors pharmacology, Decorin pharmacology, Mesenchymal Stem Cells drug effects, Peptide Fragments pharmacology
Abstract

Soft tissue is composed of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix that is made up of a diverse array of intricately organized proteins. These distinct components work in concert to maintain homeostasis and respond to tissue damage. During tissue repair, extracellular matrix proteins and their degradation products are known to influence physiological processes such as angiogenesis and inflammation. In this study we developed a discovery platform using a decellularized extracellular matrix biomaterial to identify new chemotrophic factors derived from the extracellular matrix. An in vitro culture of RAW.264 macrophage cells with the biomaterial ovine forestomach matrix led to the identification of a novel ~12 kDa chemotactic factor, termed 'MayDay', derived from the N-terminal 31-188 sequence of decorin. The recombinant MayDay protein was shown to be a chemotactic agent for mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesize that the macrophage-induced cleavage of decorin, via MMP-12, leads to the release of the chemotactic molecule MayDay, that in turn recruits cells to the site of damaged tissue., Competing Interests: BCHM, RWFV and SGD are paid employees of Aroa Biosurgery Limited (Auckland, New Zealand). JS is a paid employee of Charles River (Freiburg, Germany). DGD and CHM are paid employees of Victoria University (Wellington, New Zealand). BCHM, SGD and CHM are shareholders of Aroa Biosurgery Limited. BCHM, SGD and DJD are listed as inventors on provisional patent U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/857,900, owned by Aroa Biosurgery Limited. BCHM is listed as inventor on patent US8415159B2, owned by Aroa Biosurgery Limited. Ovine forestomach matrix is manufactured by Aroa Biosurgery Limited and is available as commercial medical devices under the tradenames Endoform® Natural, Endoform® Antimicrobial, Myriad™, and Ovitex® distributed international by Aroa Biosurgery Limited This does not alter the authors adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Published
2020
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49. Pre-Stroke Modified Rankin Scale: Evaluation of Validity, Prognostic Accuracy, and Association with Treatment.

Author

Quinn TJ, Taylor-Rowan M, Coyte A, Clark AB, Musgrave SD, Metcalf AK, Day DJ, Bachmann MO, Warburton EA, Potter JF, and Myint PK

Abstract

Background and Purpose: The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was designed to measure poststroke recovery but is often used to describe pre-stroke disability. We sought to evaluate three aspects of pre-stroke mRS: validity as a measure of pre-stroke disability; prognostic accuracy and association of pre-stroke mRS scores, and process of care., Methods: We used data from a large, UK clinical registry. For analysis of validity, we compared pre-stroke mRS against other markers of pre-stroke function (age, comorbidity index, care needs). For analysis of prognostic accuracy, we described univariable and multivariable models comparing pre-stroke mRS and other prognostic variables against a variety of outcomes (early and late mortality, length of stay, institutionalization, incident complications). Finally, we described association of pre-stroke mRS and components of evidence-based stroke care (early neuroimaging, admission to stroke unit, assessment of swallow)., Results: We analyzed data of 2,491 stroke patients. Concurrent validity analyses suggested statistically significant, but modest correlations between pre-stroke mRS and chosen variables (rho >0.40; p  < 0.0001 for all). Every point increase of pre-stroke mRS was associated with poorer outcomes for our prognostic variables (unadjusted p  < 0.001). This association held when corrected for other covariates. For example, pre-stroke mRS 4-5 odds ratio (OR): 6.84 (95% CI: 4.24-11.03) for 1 year mortality compared to mRS 0 in adjusted model. There was a difference between pre-stroke mRS and treatment, with higher pre-stroke mRS more likely to receive evidence-based care., Conclusion: Results suggest that pre-stroke mRS has some concurrent validity and is a robust predictor of prognosis. This association is not explained by the influence of pre-stroke mRS on care pathways.

Published
2017
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50. Important factors in predicting mortality outcome from stroke: findings from the Anglia Stroke Clinical Network Evaluation Study.

Author

Myint PK, O Bachmann M, Loke YK, D Musgrave S, Price GM, Hale R, Metcalf AK, Turner DA, Day DJ, A Warburton E, and Potter JF

Subjects
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, England epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nursing Service, Hospital, Nursing Staff, Hospital, Personnel Staffing and Scheduling, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Stroke diagnosis, Stroke nursing, Time Factors, Workload, Delivery of Health Care, Stroke mortality, Stroke therapy
Abstract

Background: Although variation in stroke service provision and outcomes have been previously investigated, it is less well known what service characteristics are associated with reduced short- and medium-term mortality., Methods: Data from a prospective multicentre study (2009–12) in eight acute regional NHS trusts with a catchment population of about 2.6 million were used to examine the prognostic value of patient-related factors and service characteristics on stroke mortality outcome at 7, 30 and 365 days post stroke, and time to death within 1 year., Results: A total of 2,388 acute stroke patients (mean (standard deviation) 76.9 (12.7) years; 47.3% men, 87% ischaemic stroke) were included in the study. Among patients characteristics examined increasing age, haemorrhagic stroke, total anterior circulation stroke type, higher prestroke frailty, history of hypertension and ischaemic heart disease and admission hyperglycaemia predicted 1-year mortality. Additional inclusion of stroke service characteristics controlling for patient and service level characteristics showed varying prognostic impact of service characteristics on stroke mortality over the disease course during first year after stroke at different time points. The most consistent finding was the benefit of higher nursing levels; an increase in one trained nurses per 10 beds was associated with reductions in 30-day mortality of 11–28% (P < 0.0001) and in 1-year mortality of 8–12% (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: There appears to be consistent and robust evidence of direct clinical benefit on mortality up to 1 year after acute stroke of higher numbers of trained nursing staff over and above that of other recognised mortality risk factors.

Published
2017
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