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Since the introduction of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), genome editing has been broadly applied in basic research and applied biotechnology, whereas translation into clinical testing has raised safety concerns. Indeed, although frequencies and locations of off-target events have been widely addressed, little is known about their potential biological consequences in large-scale long-term settings. We have developed a long-term adverse treatment effect (LATE) in vitro assay that addresses potential toxicity of designer nucleases by assessing cell transformation events. In small-scale proof-of-principle experiments we reproducibly detected low-frequency (

Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are transmembrane proteins characterized by the presence of two domains of unknown function 26 (DUF26) in their ectodomain. The CRKs form one of the largest groups of receptor-like protein kinases in plants, but their biological functions have so far remained largely uncharacterized. We conducted a large-scale phenotyping approach of a nearly complete crk T-DNA insertion line collection showing that CRKs control important aspects of plant development and stress adaptation in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli in a non-redundant fashion. In particular, the analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related stress responses, such as regulation of the stomatal aperture, suggests that CRKs participate in ROS/redox signalling and sensing. CRKs play general and fine-tuning roles in the regulation of stomatal closure induced by microbial and abiotic cues. Despite their great number and high similarity, large-scale phenotyping identified specific functions in diverse processes for many CRKs and indicated that CRK2 and CRK5 play predominant roles in growth regulation and stress adaptation, respectively. As a whole, the CRKs contribute to specificity in ROS signalling. Individual CRKs control distinct responses in an antagonistic fashion suggesting future potential for using CRKs in genetic approaches to improve plant performance and stress tolerance.

Summary: The complex morphology of neurons poses a challenge for proteostasis because the majority of lysosomal degradation machinery is present in the cell soma. In recent years, however, mature lysosomes were identified in dendrites, and a fraction of those appear to fuse with the plasma membrane and release their content to the extracellular space. Here, we report that dendritic lysosomes are heterogeneous in their composition and that only those containing lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) 2A and 2B fuse with the membrane and exhibit activity-dependent motility. Exocytotic lysosomes dock in close proximity to GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptors (NMDAR) via an association of LAMP2B to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family member SAP102/Dlg3. NMDAR-activation decreases lysosome motility and promotes membrane fusion. We find that chaperone-mediated autophagy is a supplier of content that is released to the extracellular space via lysosome exocytosis. This mechanism enables local disposal of aggregation-prone proteins like TDP-43 and huntingtin.

Artykuł jest szkicem historii kina Chemik, działającego w latach 1982-1991 przy Zakładach Chemicznych „Alwernia”, oraz kultury filmowej w Alwerni w okresie funkcjonowania tego kina i czasach go poprzedzających. Historia ta została odtworzona na podstawie archiwalnych numerów miesięcznika zakładowego „Al-Chemik” oraz rozmów z osobami związanymi z tym kinem i pismem lub kulturą filmową w regionie, a także uczestniczącymi w seansach filmowych w Alwerni. W artykule zostały omówione pokazy organizowane w tym mieście (jeszcze przed powstaniem stałego kina przy zakładach) przez kino objazdowe z sąsiednich Regulic. Archiwalne numery czasopism pozwoliły na odtworzenie niemal kompletnego repertuaru kina Chemik, a w efekcie na stwierdzenie, że większość wyświetlanych w nim filmów stanowiły produkcje rozrywkowe, głównie amerykańskie i polskie. W artykule przedstawiono także mechanizmy promocji oferty kina, wskazane przez redakcję „Al-Chemika” problemy w jego funkcjonowaniu oraz wyzwania związane z rozwojem konkurencyjnego rynku wideo.

The main goal of the article is to discuss the socio-political aspects of kaijū eiga (literally “monster movie”) genre, especially in the relation to war time and the atomic trauma of Japanese society reflected in the first instalment of the Godzilla series. In the first section of the article I present a brief history of the Western reception of kaijū eiga, from the disregard by the mainstream film criticism to its recognition as an important cultural phenomenon by the academic community. The second section serves as a brief review of the canonical and the unorthodox interpretations of the original Godzilla, which appeared in the literature on the subject during the course of the last three decades. In the next part of the article I discuss Honda Ishirō’s influence on the Godzilla form and significance within the context of his world-view and the traumatic events of his past. The last section of the article is devoted to the changes introduced to the film by its American distributors, which led to the distortion of its original meaning.

The tension between Soviet Union and United States thatdefined the global political landscape of the second half of the twentiethcentury, had its clear impact on perceptions and creation of Soviet heroes in the context of American culture. The first and primary goal of our article is to investigate and describe the functioning of a particular theme – Russian characters, especially Russian meta-humans in the area of American popular culture, especially mainstream comics. This inquiry is intended to demonstrate the basic historical dimension, i.e. the periods of growth and decline in popularity, and even the complete disappearance of that theme. The purpose of the second goal is an attempt to analyze the structures of comics characters associated with the Soviet Union and place them in a broader historical and cultural context. These treatments allow to signal changes in time-sensitive structure, which consists of values, stereotypes and pop culture clichés appropriate for the American culture. Thus, we hope that this article will be an important contribution to the further study of these issues.