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A vaccine is a formulation of biological origin that contains substances capable of inducing immune processes without the ability to cause a disease. Vaccination is considered the best mean to prevent infectious diseases and their serious complications. Vaccination of a pregnant women can provide protection against severe infectious diseases of both pregnant women and their children. The aim of the study is to present currently available types of vaccines recommended for pregnant women and indications for their use by analyzing the data available in the PubMed, and Medline electronic databases. In the United States, vaccination recommendations for pregnant women include inactivated influenza vaccine and tetanus and diphtheria toxoid vaccine (Tdap). In some countries, pregnant women also receive a vaccine against hepatitis B as well as anti hepatitis A and E. There are also studies on vaccines against the RSV virus and pneumococci. Vaccination is the most effective form of prevention of infectious diseases and their use during pregnancy does not entail any additional risk to the mother or her baby. The benefits of vaccination are huge, so pregnant women should take recommended vaccination and shouldn’t be afraid of using them.

Background and objectives. Body modifications are practices leading to transient or permanent change of various parts of human body. The most popular forms of body modifications are: tattooing and piercing. The aim of the study is to determine the frequency of the most popular body modifications (tattoos and piercing) among young adults aged 18-32 years and to collect and analyze the opinion about body modifications and to determine their knowledge about the complications possible after these procedures. Material and methods. The study was conducted in February 2017 among 251 individuals: 146 females (58.17%) and 105 males (41.83%). An original questionnaire was used. It consisted of questions about body modifications. Researchers recorded body modifications the respondents have had. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. Participants were randomly selected. Results were analyzed with STATISTICA 12.5 and ANOVA program; p

The Bone as part of organ motion is a rich source of research related to Physiology and pathology. Orthopaedics as a bone test for pathology, primarily associated with the disorder the correct structural axis, and impaired motor function. However, bones are also a rapidly acting, living element significantly influencing the metabolism of the whole body. Impact on we cannot detect virtually all elements of the environment, starting with nutrition, the composition of the air. Often the subject of research are complex chemical compounds, forgetting that their basic building blocks-atoms of chemical elements - can have a significant impact on the functioning of the body.Studies show that calcium supplementation in reducing the risk of fracture osteoporetycznych. Especially with the level of calcium interferuje phosphorus, which intake should be strictly controlled because of the risk of acidification of the body. Some elements such as zinc, selenium, can interfere with the absorption of harmful compounds, and their supplementation seems to be particularly beneficial and interesting. Element of the application calls the big emotions is also fluoride - which compounds even though applications in dentistry, may cause toxic effects on bone. Element whose derivatives due to the environmental pollution commonly surrounds us is so that cadmium, which calls the strongly negative impact not only on bone tissue, but also a variety of other tissues and organs.This work is an attempt at synthetic summary of available knowledge about the elements that build bone, and its metabolism affecting positively or negatively.