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AbstractStatement of Problem: Security directly and indirectly affects all aspects of citizens' lives. One of the most important aspects of security is the feeling of social security, which includes financial, life, job, and economic, and moral securities, etc. Examining how the state of social security feels and the key drivers that affect it was the main issue of the present study.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the indicators of feeling of social security and identify the key drivers that affect it in urban spaces. This was a case study in Ravansar City in Kermanshah Province.Method: The present quantitative and applied research was done with a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods. To achieve the research objectives, a combination of the opinions of citizens (364 people) and experts and specialists (30 people) was used. The main tool for data collection was a combination of a researcher-made questionnaire and the Delphi technique. To analyze the collected data SPSS and MicMac software was utilized.Results: The results showed that the average values of 2.692, 2.769, 2.6, 2.66, and 2.507 obtained for the dimensions of financial, occupational, and economic securities, moral, value, and cultural securities, and family security were significantly lower than the average base, respectively. Also, the variable of life safety with the value of 3.023 was not significantly different from its mean base. The results of the study of the general state of social security showed that the obtained average value of 2.788 was significantly lower than its average base. The results showed that the key drivers of social security affecting the feeling of social security were as follows: life satisfaction, good urban governance, income, trust, police performance, quality of physical environment, social cohesion, access to essential services and welfare, and performance of responsible institutions.Innovation: Identifying urban management as the link and main element of providing citizens’ sense of social security, which depends on their conscious participation in the selection of urban managers, was the innovation of the present study. IntroductionSecurity is one of the basic human needs. Human’s peace of mind is weakened and anxiety and restlessness replace it by reducing it. Many human needs depend on security. Although security plays an important and key role in the individual and social life of human beings and its absence or disruption has worrying consequences, the effects and damages of feeling insecure are worse than insecurity itself. Therefore, security can be considered as the main axis of human needs. However, today, the expansion of urbanization and the growing population of urban areas have complicated the problems of urban spaces as a result of insecurity. Lack of security and the sense of insecurity are the main challenges of urban spaces in this century.Ravansar City with a population of 24,527 people and 7,122 households is one of the urban spaces located in Kermanshah Province. It is one of the small and sparsely populated cities of this province in terms of population. Due to the spatial location of this city (being located in the main intercity traffic route and as the communication axis of Kermanshah to Javanrood, Paveh, Tazehabad, and Kamyaran to Oramanat region, it has experienced significant poverty, unemployment, etc. triggered by high traffic and congestion of population over the past years. Moreover, it has experienced an increasing trend of numerous crimes, including car theft, theft due to public property, theft from homes, etc. Since the citizens’ sense of security could be mentioned as a symbol of sustainable development of urban spaces, examining the their sense of security and identifying the factors affecting it in the form of key drivers was necessary. The general state of the feeling of social security in the current situation and identifying the factors affecting it could provide the ground for improving its level. MethodologyAccording to the objectives of the present study, this research was done in two parts. In general, it was a quantitative research that was done by combining descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods, through which the documentary data, including articles, reports, and data of the Statistics Center of Iran, and the field data consisting of the citizens and experts’ opinions could be collected. The first part of the research was dedicated to the purpose of assessing and measuring the citizens’ sense of social security and its components and the second part was related to identifying the key drivers affecting their sense of social security. In the first part of the research, the statistical population included 7122 heads of households in Ravansar City, from among whom 364 people were selected as the statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. The main tool for collecting the field data was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was evaluated for its (formal) validity by using the urban planning experts and specialists’ opinions, as well as those of the university professors. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, a pre-test method was applied for completing 30 questionnaires. The obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficient was more than 0.7. Results and discussionThe results of the study of the general state of social security among the citizens were examined. The results of the frequency distribution table showed that the 27.5, 37.4, and 35.2% of the citizens had very weak and weak, moderate, and high and very high levels of social security, respectively. The results of examining the general state of social security among the citizens by using the mean comparison test showed that the obtained average value of 2.788 was significantly lower than the baseline average value. This was confirmed by the negative t-statistics, deviation from the mean, and upper and lower limits. The reason for this situation could be attributed to the weak status of the research-dependent variables, especially family, moral, job and economic, value and cultural, and financial securities.The findings of this study in connection with the analyses of the impact and effectiveness of the main variables affecting the feeling of social security showed that a total of 9 key variables from among 25 main factors affected the citizens’ feeling of social security in Ravansar City. These variables, in which mostly affected the northwestern half of the region had their most and least impacts on other variables, including the factors of life satisfaction, good urban governance, income, trust, police performance, quality of physical environment, Social cohesion, access to essential services and welfare, and functioning of the responsible institutions. ConclusionThe results of the present field research revealed that with the exception of the component of life security, other components of the feeling of social security in the study area were in an unfavorable situation. The results of the study of the general state of the feeling of social security also showed that the situation of this key indicator of sustainable urban development among the citizens was at an inappropriate level. The main reasons for the unsatisfactory state of social security in the study area were the rising trends of home and car thefts, numerous scams, weakening of trust among the citizens, job insecurity, income instability, increasing divorce rates, and concerns about community membership. There were also concerns about the gradual decline of religious and moral values, transportation of money and valuables, increasing drug use, and so on.In general, it could be said that due to the chain relationship of the components of the sense of social security with the citizens’ economic, social, managerial, cultural, and infrastructure conditions, etc., the residents’ sense of social security could be caused by several factors. Therefore, in continuation of the research, the key drivers affecting the citizens’ sense of social security were examined.In this regard, 9 key variables were identified from among the 25 factors affecting the citizens’ feeling of social security in Ravansar City. These variables had the most and least impacts on the other variables affecting their feeling of social security, which included life satisfaction, good urban governance, income, trust, police performance, quality of physical environment, social cohesion, access to essential services and welfare, and performance of the responsible institutions. According to the results, it could be said that several factors affected the citizens’ sense of social security. Accurate assessment of the nature of these key variables showed that the levels of the other variables affecting their sense of social security and consequently its state could be improved by coherent, integrated, and efficient urban management under the banner of good urban governance. Unfortunately, employment of committed, experienced, and specialized city managers, who were proficient in various urban affairs, was the missing link in the development of a sense of social security in the study area. Keywords: security, sense of social security, key drivers References- Brooks, D. J. (2010). What is security: Definition through knowledge categorization. J. Secur, (2010), 23, pp. 225-239.- Bubnovskaia, O. V., Leonidova, V. V., & Lysova, A. V. (2019). Security or Safety: Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of Usage in Research Works Published in 2004-2019. Behavioral Sciences, 9(12), p. 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9120146- Cambridge Dictionary (2021). Meaning of security in English. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/security?q=security+- Cho, Y., Jeong, H., Choi, A., & Sung, M. (2019). Design of a Connected Security Lighting System for Pedestrian Safety in Smart Cities. Sustainability (2019), 11(5), p. 1308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051308- Engerer, H. (2009). Security Economics: Definition and Capacity; Economics of Security Working Paper 5. Economics of Security: Berlin, Germany (2009).- González, A. M. H., Grimaldo-Santamaría, R. O., & García, M. D. P. Q. 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Enhancing feelings of security: How institutional trust promotes interpersonal trust. PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0237934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237934- Suutari, A. M., Areskoug‐Josefsson, K., Kjellström, S., Nordin, A. M. M., & Thor, J. (2019). Promoting a sense of security in everyday life—A case study of patients and professionals moving towards co‐production in a trial fibrillation “learning café”. Health Expectations, 22, pp. 1240-1250. Figures and Tables- Fig. 1: Conceptual model of the research (components of social security and its determinants)- Fig. 2: Location of the study area in Kermanshah Province, Iran- Table 1: The main dimensions of the feeling of social security, number of variables, and calculation of their reliability coefficients- Table 2: The main factors affecting the feeling of social security among the citizens of Ravansar City from the experts and specialists’ perspectives- Table 3: Assessment of the status of the indicators of social security among the citizens by using the mean comparison test- Table 4: Prioritization of the indicators of the feeling of social security among the citizens- Table 5: Assessment of the general state of social security among the citizens by using the frequency distribution table- Table 6: Evaluation of the general state of the feeling of social security among the citizens by using the mean comparison test- Table 7: MDI matrix of the key drivers affecting the feeling of social security among the citizens in Ravansar City- Figure 3: Status of the key drivers of social security among the citizens in Ravansar City- Fig. 4: Ravansar citizens’ direct effects on each other based on the variables of social security (very strong effects)- Fig. 5: Ravansar citizens’ direct effects on each other based on the variables of social security (very weak effects)- Fig. 6: Ravansar citizens’ indirect effects on each other based on the variables of social security (very strong effects)- Figure 7: Ravansar citizens’ direct effects on each other based on social the variables of security (very weak effects)

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the role of social capital on the performance of rural cooperatives in Fars province. Methodology: The statistical population of the present study consists of members of 173 active rural cooperatives in Fars province (295,367 people). Considering the geographical size of the province and the large size of the statistical population, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaires among the samples. The main tool for collecting field data was the researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity and reliability have been confirmed by observing the principles of field research methods. Findings and conclusions: The results of the research showed that the general state of social capital among the members of rural cooperatives in Fars province (including the dimensions of trust, cohesion, awareness and social participation) is at an acceptable level (above average); However, the members' satisfaction with the performance of rural cooperatives in terms of managerial, social, economic, general performance and laws and regulations is at an average level. Based on the results, social capital indicators had a significant effect on the performance of rural cooperatives. Originality: The discussion of the performance of managers in the five sections in question was one of the main cases studied in this research, therefore, the innovation that took place in it was that the performance was examined through the survey of the members of the cooperatives.

Purpose- During recent decades, rural settlements in developing countries have undergone significant changes in global development and in pursuit of development, in accordance with the geographic conditions governing them. The intensity and direction of these changes have been different. The study of functional changes of rural settlements located in the central district of Ravansar County is the main objective of this study. Design/methodology/approach- This applied research is a qualitative research that has been carried out using Grounded Theory Method. The methodological approach of the dominant theory in this research is the Glaser’s (1978) approach. Finding- The findings of the research indicate that during a systematic process, rural subsistences have progressed towards gradual economic development through the two concepts of agrarian reforms and mechanization of the agricultural sector. This positive trend, with institutional interferences and inefficient rural development policies, the economic downturns of villages have finally provided the ground for the functional development of villages through the implementation of inheritance law, poor management of environmental resources, cross-sectoral supportive policies, and targeted subsidies. This functional development of villages has many symbols, including a strong tendency towards service activities, the prevalence of consumerism, the formation of affiliated villages, a strong market dependence, and so on. It should be noted that in the present research, "inefficient rural development policies" have been identified as a central issue. Research limitations/implications- Low familiarity of the rural population with Persian language (due to the fact that the inhabitants of the study area are Kurds), the high cost of commuting to the villages, the difficulty of establishing trust with villagers, and the lack of welcoming support from institutions related to rural affairs for the researchers in the various stages of the research were the most important limitations of this research. Practical implications- A fundamental revision of rural development policies in view of the changes that have taken place in rural settlements, in accordance with the geographic conditions governing them, is the most important scientific solution of the present research. Originality/value- In the current research, for the first time in Iran, functional changes in villages have been deeply studied through Grounded Theory Method.

Based on the studies, the villagers assessment about the function of the authorities of rural affairs, was limited to the evaluation of the performance of village administrators and councils. While, some institutions such as agriculture Jihad , housing foundation, natural resources, etc. are deeply involved in rural issues and the impact on rural communities with different methods. The purpose of this study, Which is made by descriptive- analytical method, is the assessment of rural communities regarding the performance of authorized institutions (Council, village administrator, governor, Agriculture Jihad, governorate, Housing foundation, natural resources, etc) and study the effects of such institutions on various indicators of rural development in the villages of the Javanrood Township.The statistical society of the study are 4811 rural households residing in 89 Villages of Javanrood Township, which by using statistical formulas, 356 households were estimated as the sample.The main research tool was researcher's made questionnaire, which confirmed its validity and reliability respectively with opinions of academics and Experts and also, Pre-test and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. SPSS and Amos software were used for the analysis of the collected data .Results of the study indicated that 12.4 percent of villagers had a great satisfaction about the performance of rural authorities , 39 percent had average satisfaction and 48.6 percent had poor satisfaction. Despite the Poor satisfaction of Javanrood villagers about the rural authorities, the results of the final accessed model of structural equations showed that the said institutions with the total impact of 0421 and 0.324 respectively have had maximum effects on the two indicators of physical - infrastructure development and Quality of Life and their impact on the environmental protection index with total effect of -0.234 was Negative.

The aim of the present study, Is the nature and procedure respectively of the applied research and descriptive, Provide solutions to expand employment in the village of Badr District. The main research instrument was researcher made questionnaire and to achieve this goal, researchers have used opinions 23 expert relating to rural affairs Ravansar Township. Is used to analyze the data from the Excel software and the SWOT Model. The results showed there are in the study area 23 strength of (with a final score of 1.800) and 25 opportunities (with a final score of 1.933) for employment development. While face village of Bedar District with 35 point of weakness (with a final score of 11.946) and 16 threat (with a final score of 1.993) to develop employment. In total the results showed, According to the Preponderance weaknesses and threats on the strengths and opportunities in the study area, there is Defensive strategy (WT), priority employment development strategies in village of Badr District. Therefore, is necessary for provide solutions development employment In rural areas in the study area, Weaken the Internal weaknesses (such as lack of initial capital available to villagers With The final weight 0.136, There Fixer and intermediaries With The final weight 0.105) and External threats (such as limited capital in the hands of villagers With final weight 0.272 and Rising production costs with the final weight 0.262), Which have the greatest weight. Finally, According to research findings, was developed to promote employment in the village of Badr district, Practical and effective solutions, which have been the main focus on the Limiting the identified weaknesses and threats.

The decision to apply soil and water conservation practices by farmers is a multi-stage decision making process that has been linked to conditions and factors variety. The aim of this descriptive –analytical study is to investigate and assess farmers’ behavioral factors affecting the use of tillage conservation practices in the Shabab County. All farmers living in Shabab county who have attempted to cultivated wheat in year 2012-2011 were the population of this study, from that 187 people selected using Cochran formula and random sampling. Data collected using questionnaire that its validity and reliability was obtained through performing a pre-test using 30 questionnaires. The results show that wheat farmers can be classified into four groups based on the behavioral scores. These four groups are traditional farmers (18.39 percent), moderately traditional (26.98 percent), the mutable farmers (20.54 percent) and competent farmers (13.3 percent). The diagnostic analysis results indicate that variables such as farmer’s age, the rate of ownership of land, the percentage of household income from agriculture and a new taking morale, predict the behavioral class of farmers better than other alternatives.

The present study is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is to identify and analyze the positive and negative effects of industrial town construction before and after construction on the surrounding villages by using the survey method. The statistical population of this study is 14,647 residents in the surrounding villages around Ilam industrial town. 250 members of this population were chosen as sample members by random sampling method based on Cochran’s sampling formula. Comparison of the studied regions by Wilcoxon test (before and after industrial town construction) indicates that this industrial town could not positively influence this area. All in all, the result is that the studied industrial town has no considerable positive effect on the development and stability of its surrounding villages.