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PurposeThis article develops a viable means of assessment of the suitability for disposal of hundreds of national government offices in Jakarta as a facet of the relocation of Indonesia's capital from Java to Borneo.Design/methodology/approachA “disposal assessment model”, based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and a bespoke model of office adaptation, is constructed and applied to the population of to-be-vacated public office buildings in Jakarta.FindingsIn this initial demonstration mode, the disposal assessment model is tested on a live dataset and found able not only to rank buildings for disposal against stated objectives but also to incorporate more complex variables and lead into other forms of business analysis.Practical implicationsA fit-for-purpose model is shown capable of assisting decision-makers involved in major asset disposal, while also accounting for the stances of project stakeholders.Social implicationsThe model offers the possibility to evaluate and, likely, optimise net social benefit for Jakarta and Indonesia both quantitatively and qualitatively.Originality/valueThe disposal assessment model builds on prior work in operations research and property management to develop a new construct applicable to a novel asset issue of massive proportions.

Installation of essential infrastructure can challenge not only its specialized supply professionals but also property developers and homeowners. This article investigates these stakeholders’ appra...

This project probes perceptions of long-standing concern about high voltage electricity overhead transmission lines (HVOTL). Psychometric, cultural and broader risk analysis frameworks permit close examination of homeowners' worries about relevant externalities. Investigated via a telephone survey in Queensland, Australia, the most significant perceptions are hypothesized to relate to technologically-infused risks. Visual effects and noise are the key externalities but shield deeper qualms relating to electric and magnetic fields (EMFs). Safety, environmental damage and property impacts are less feared. Regression analysis indicates that prior knowledge about HVOTLs and a person's residential locale influence risk perception, along with gender and age. The research supports the underlying precepts of a ‘risk society’ while offering significant policy guidelines for infrastructure and associated agencies.

PurposeProfessionals’ market knowledge and business experience can facilitate transactions of residential property potentially impacted by stigmatised installations, such as large-scale public infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions and assessments among homeowners, valuers (appraisers) and real estate agents (realtors) regarding infrastructure in general and high voltage overhead transmission lines (HVOTLs) in particular.Design/methodology/approachInformed by a literature review, separate surveys in Queensland, Australia, analyse via non-parametric and parametric means informational and perceptual variables concerning HVOTLs among 600 homeowners, 90 valuers and 90 real estate agents.FindingsThe findings reveal statistically significant differences in risk and valuation perceptions of homeowners, valuers and real estate agents relating to the placement of major linear forms of infrastructure.Research limitations/implicationsThis study adds to a now-solid body of literature pertaining to property effects of HVOTLs. It extends the analysis among classes of real estate professionals and provides new comparisons for further analysis and commentary.Practical implicationsThe results speak to property professionals, land use planning and electricity authorities. Prior research can be triangulated with that obtained here from valuers and real estate agents who act as informants, gatekeepers and confidants in the market place. Various hypotheses address specific points of professional practice.Social implicationsThis study shows that property professionals’ disposition to HVOTLs and other large-scale infrastructure is likely to be a good deal more measured than that of homeowners, so that valuers and real estate agents might exercise a mediating influence in placement and installations decisions.Originality/valueThis research raises understanding of differences in market knowledge and perception of essential infrastructure among clients and property agents. As a point of difference, it concentrates on examining empirically what texts refer to as “information asymmetry” in residential real estate markets.

This article aims to identify and realize opportunities for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) through consideration of gender issues during the development and implementation of Papua New Guinea’s first National Forest Inventory (NFI). To improve the planning and management of forests, the agenda is to achieve sustainability of ecosystem services, uncover economic and social values, and contribute to combating climate change and biodiversity loss at the global level. In the context of the NFI, we canvass three thematic areas of forest practice which, in assimilating women’s roles, knowledge, and interests, promise a positive impact on economic efficiency and development. They are (1) women fostering the reduction of emissions from deforestation, forest degradation, and other management objectives, which include conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks or REDD+; (2) women and sustainable forest management; and (3) women in community forestry. The conclusion gauges the general role of women in forestry and summarizes future research directions, through policy recommendations, and technological and institutional interventions.

Graphical Abstract Negotiations and decisions of the 2007 and 2010 Conference of the Parties (COP) sessions at Bali and Cancun enabled participants to develop pilot projects leading into a national strategy on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) ‘Readiness’. REDD+ provides incentives for countries to receive payments for restraining greenhouse gas emissions through forest conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. The overarching Warsaw Framework on REDD+ set at COP19 in 2013 provided guidelines for how countries can work towards eligibility for results-based payments for carbon savings from REDD+. It included seven points covering governance issues, approaches to reference emissions level estimation, forest inventory and reporting obligations. In this paper we examine the case of REDD+ in Nigeria by assessing how effectively that nation has implemented the Warsaw Framework requirements. We determine that the country’s over-ambitious political motivation for REDD+ affected not only the practical design of its National Strategy but also distracted management from establishing adequate safeguards for the program. Lack of capacity in advanced modeling hindered the establishment of the forest emissions reference level. That step was essential to enabling payments for reported and verified emission reduction outcomes. We reveal that national circumstances like forest governance, capacity, and political factors significantly influenced the effectiveness of pilot programs. From the Nigerian case, we maintain that effective REDD+ pilot programs should ensure that there is: full and active engagement with relevant stakeholders; a comprehensive review of forest management policies and regulations to establish a reliable forest reference level; a rigorous and robust national forest monitoring system; and safeguards to assist implementation and distribute carbon benefit-sharing rights.

Since the national reform and opening policy of 1978, textile manufacturing has played a vital role in China’s advance. Confronted with the global importance of sustainable development, the industry faces a range of environmental and economic challenges. This inquiry addresses the issues created in an old industrial area and outlines ways in which textile production can be updated. Xiangyang City is taken as the case study, with the focus on three aspects: the use of renewable energy, energy recycling, and industrial tourism initiatives. This study summarizes the current situation and main environmental challenges in China’s textile production and can assist researchers by suggesting development directions and strategies for industrial upgrading and land uses.

The human experience of being in and around buildings has been an unfortunate footnote in the history of architecture. The Architectural Science Review has been a leader among scholarly outlets in ...

Plans for land reclamation across Indonesia will involve four to fourteen times the country’s total 2015 sand consumption. The impacts of marine and estuarine dredging to supply major projects of this type have been neglected in carbon accounting to date. This article provides a preliminary estimate of the operation and emissions of various Trailing Suction Hopper Dredgers (TSHDs) in extracting material from quarries and depositing it to appropriate sites. Four phases of the dredging cycle and speed-power proportions from maximum engine capacities are simulated to obtain the total and per phase emissions. Sailing contributes most (37 to 55% of the total dredging) emissions, but also exhibits significant variability compared with other phases. Decreases in the speed-power proportions lower emissions, but increase the overall dredging duration. Sailing emissions can be reduced markedly by restricting the travel distance between quarry and reclamation site.

Traditional culture in post-colonial Solomon Islands is experiencing neoliberal impositions of market forces and individualistic social work programmes based upon global welfare rights. Previous research has emphasised culturally derived national resilience and the economic benefits of ‘Kastom’. Emergent research questions are (a) whether Indigenous social work could avoid absolute (colonial) impositions or negligent cultural relativism by using relationship-based ethical approaches that emphasise cultural strengths, and (b) whether this development might benefit Pacific social welfare models. Qualitative interviews with local child protection workers indicate that traditional values assist legislative intervention and that significant potential exists in better integration of Indigenous approaches into practice.

Global warming has negatively influenced the quality of life of many people, especially those who live in coastal areas. Sea-level-rise in northern Java, Indonesia, has impacted coastal cities prone to flooding and inundation. This study reports the extent to which spatial planning, mandated by the Indonesian Law 26/2007 to minimise the risk of people and improve their resilience, has taken into account hydro-meteorological hazard of Semarang City in northern Java. Geographic Information System (GIS) based spatial analyses were used to predict the anticipated vulnerability of the area based on the combined effect of two processes, namely, a tendency towards land subsidence and an increase in sea level. Further, by overlaying the current and projected vulnerability maps to the year 2031 with the planned land use of the city in the same timeframes, results show that most precincts with anticipated flooding and inundation are residential, industrial, and commercial areas, indicating that the current spatial land use plan has not adequately accounted for the hazard. The methodology employed in this study should prove of use for other cities on the littoral.

Land reclamation activities can, directly and indirectly, impact the environment. Examples of direct effects include alterations in coastal geomorphology, variations in the chemical content of water and changes in biological composition along the littoral zone. The indirect impacts can involve geological changes and increase vulnerability to natural disasters. Reclamation processes also result in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from vehicle and machinery fuel use and through the release of carbon stored in vegetation, soils and sediment in mangroves and seagrass ecosystems. Considering the global extent of land reclamation, the scale of these emissions is likely to be of widespread interest. The case of Jakarta Bay provides useful insights that can contribute to the improved environmental management of kindred land development projects in Indonesia and other parts of Asia. More than 5,100 ha of new land mass is planned from the Jakarta Bay reclamation. Preliminary analysis suggests that 30% of the planned area will require more than 150.7 million cubic metres of sand sourced from 8,628 ha of marine quarry area. In this study, we examine the sources of GHG emissions in these activities and the potential opportunities available to reduce them. The audience for this paper includes policymakers, environmental practitioners, city developers and postgraduate scholars dealing with land reclamation or other major infrastructure developments.

Around 600 Mt carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission originates from energy production and consumption in Indonesia annually. Of this output, 40 Mt CO2e comes from cement production. This makes the cement industry a key sector to target in Indonesia’s quest to reduce its emissions by 26% by 2020. Substantial opportunities exist for the industry to reduce emissions, mainly through clinker substitution, alternative fuels, and the modernization of kiln technologies. However, most of these abatement options are capital intensive and considered as noncore business. Due to this, the private sector is unlikely to voluntarily invest in emission reduction unless it saves money, improves revenue, enhances the strategic position of the firm, or unless governments provide incentives or force adoption through regulatory and policy controls. In this study, we review the profile of the Indonesian cement industry and assess the carbon management and climate policy actions available to reduce emissions. The case highlights opportunities for improved carbon management in emission-intensive industries in developing countries.

A key challenge for heavy industry in emerging economies is how to meet international greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards since they are often based on the conditions and capacities of manufacturing in advanced countries. Firms in developing nations are typically cost-driven and reliant on older, less efficient technology: very few have achieved the relevant targets. Cement making underscores the point: no study to date has specifically quantified, in technical and financial terms, the gap between existing firm performance and global GHG emission standards. We examine Indonesia's largest cement manufacturing facility to investigate what needs to be done to overcome the discrepancy. The article starts by reviewing key contextual issues such as the facility's location, scale, organisational configuration, available materials, energy use, and technological capacities. The plant's direct emission intensity is 0.69 t CO2e/t cement, higher than the global target for 2030 (0.55 t CO2e/t). Analysis reveals six potential emissions reduction activities: (1) utilizing fly ash as a clinker substitute; (2) employing limestone as a clinker substitute; (3) using biomass from rice husks as an alternative fuel; (4) adding pre-heating stages in kilns; (5) waste heat recovery for power generation; and (6) using refused-derived fuel from municipal solid waste as an alternative fuel. These measures, if adopted in full, could reduce GHGs at the facility by up to 33%, or a total of 34,145,190 t CO2e over a 10-year timeframe (2020–2030). This abatement action would leave the facility's direct emissions intensity to 0.48 t CO2e/t cement. In present values, assuming a 10% discount rate, they would result in savings of US$415 million for a US$94 million outlay. Despite the apparent technical and financial advantages, all measures together are unlikely to be adopted, since the plant studied is well advanced in its lifecycle and the parent company is experiencing financial constraints common to those in developing nations.

The food system is a significant source of rising greenhouse gas emissions in Bangladesh due to increasing food demand, and ongoing economic growth. The country needs to develop low carbon pathways for the food system that strengthen food security, reduce vulnerability to climate change, and help to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In this paper we analyse the historical trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions of the food system in Bangladesh, and identify various strategies for reducing those emissions. Our analysis reveals that greenhouse gas emissions from Bangladesh's food system doubled from 1990 to 2017, and from the processes included in this study are projected to rise up to 250% by 2050 under a business as usual scenario. Compared with that scenario, a ‘National Policy-Based Circular Economy’ scenario could achieve a 75% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the same period for same level of food supply and production. Major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions could be achieved through activities such as alternative wetting and drying in rice cultivation, and the valorisation of organic waste generated by the food system.

Advanced agriculture, mining and construction are trimming their workforces, manufacturing has been ‘hollowed out’, and the service sector is increasingly capital-intensive. Rapid economic and technological transformation influences company investment and can affect labor demand and wage relativities. From a deductive introduction oriented to the societal scope of innovations, this inquiry proceeds empirically, for the first time analyzing seven interacting drivers of capital / labor substitution or labor displacement. Three time-phased response scenarios are related to levels of technological impact. Thereafter, inductive theorising probes workforce futures for both developed and developing countries, arguing that not only are immediate relations of capital and labor in flux but, more widely, so are industrial and market organisation, the global geo-economic order, and the human trajectory itself.

Large-scale infrastructure siting comes with few manuals about breaking bad news and offering recourse to affected communities. As an example, the installation of high voltage overhead electricity transmission lines (HVOTLs) is invariably contested and divisive. This article analyzes notification to affected parties and their pathways to advice. The medical, clinical, and organizational management literature enables creation of a multi-stage model to discover relevant preferences. From a survey of 600 homeowners in Queensland, Australia, binomial and multinomial logistic regressions indicate that: (a) personal visitation by authorities is preferred by older residents, those employed, and those concerned about visual, noise, and safety effects of HVOTLs; and (b) middle-aged respondents are likely to approach electricity corporation representatives or local council or planning officers, while those employed or holding hierarchical worldviews will often have little idea about avenues of assistance. T...

This chapter recounts the constituents of grace by way of spiritual, ascetic, aesthetic and material definitions. It draws heavily on sources in theology, philosophy and economics to reveal numerous angles to the research. Grace thus presents many and complex definitions which need to be carefully unpacked. Another listing of meanings and directions is compiled to complete the chapter.

This chapter advances the conclusions to the research project, reinforcing the urban ‘manifesto’ in the book’s title. Important outcomes are highlighted to corroborate or challenge conventional wisdoms. The sense is that something better than contemporary urbanization might be possible, were humanity to stand back and reflect on its situation and trajectory over the present century. The script rejects labels of optimism or pessimism, opting instead for one of realism, which validates the roles of contingency planning and applied futurology. While its parameters have been set out, The City of Grace remains just a model, not intended to be prescriptive or totalizing. Gainsayers have a world of outside options from which to choose. Yet they, like the inhabitants of The City, have only one planet at their disposal. Treating it more kindly seems like a reasonable idea.

This chapter undertakes a reprise and project evaluation of the theoretical structure just assembled as essential to The City of Grace. It recognizes that The City will find itself in a graceless world impacted by population growth, exigencies in its economics and ongoing environmental degradation. Certain possibilities of future capitalist development are surmised, underscoring the importance of one of The City’s founding precept, rationality. It is posited as critical to personal and urban survival in an age of potential chaos. Simultaneously, it emerges that the modeling is not seeking utopian perfection but, rather, the lesser aim of overcoming surroundings which could be deteriorating in quality of life terms. It is thus modest and anti-dystopian in character.

This chapter audits the situation in which contemporary humanity finds itself. Backed when appropriate by current statistics, it considers world population dynamics, the processes and impacts of globalization, characteristics of the neoliberal economy and the state of the supporting natural environment. It ends by introducing the important IPAT identity, which indicates the factors creating environmental impact.

This chapter adds a requirement for gracefulness of form to accompany the graciousness of function just imagined. Though form is regarded as secondary to function, it comes with many problems of interpretation. They apply from the micro-level of the architecture of individual buildings, to the meso-level constitution of the precinct, and on to the macro-level dynamics of the City at large. Once these scales have been interrogated, the discussion turns to how elements of built form can support the vision and mission by way of the precepts and strategies outlined earlier.

This chapter concerns the foundations of urban modeling. It begins by examining world urbanization before addressing the scientific method required to construct valid and reliable models. General systems and chaos and complexity theories are nominated as suitable means to investigate phenomena which feature a high level of systemic resolution. In assembling a working ontology, the chapter begins with the claims of utopian writing, from which, despite useful insights, only partial assistance is forthcoming. Moving on to consider historical and contemporary urbanism, the focus falls upon potential contributions available through landmark texts. The account concludes by setting out themes deemed relevant to the construction of The City of Grace.

This chapter assembles remaining evidence bearing on the modeling of The City of Grace. It commences by asking whether such a city exists in real life. An unsuccessful search is conducted for eponymous and, then, non-eponymous locales around the world, including a lesser quest for settings offering ‘bliss.’ Likewise unfruitful, this initiative gives way to a round-up of further texts on practical urban theology which discuss civility, conviviality and social capital on the streets and in suburbs. The interest gravitates to place attachment and the makings of a cohesive community. These inquiries complete the gathering of background material, thus enabling the commencement of actual urban modeling. Three conceptual schema are adopted to offer guiding principles for a vision and mission for The City of Grace. On these bases, three precepts and six operative strategies are developed to support gracious function and graceful form using the conventional epistemology of urban planning. A process model of function is outlined in the conclusion of the chapter.

As foreshadowed, The City of Grace has ended as no more than a beginning. Rather than pinpointing exactly where to visit, it finished with the proposal of a real-world search based on a set of deductive criteria—investigations to be assisted by pragmatic travel writers and journalists.

Many could argue that there is nothing new in the theme of this special issue. As Bonnie Johnson and Nils Gore show in their contribution, the interdisciplinary interface has existed since planning...

Within architecture and planning, the elements and outcomes of design can be difficult to conceptualize and manage. The problem lies not simply in the range of stakeholders differentially interpreting the functionality and aesthetics of a building, but also in the effect of structures’ scaling up from the site, through precinct to the metropolitan level. Incremental assembly of the built environment can promote dislocation of form and dissociation of function without any necessary legibility, integration, or harmony. This article explores the concept of visual appropriateness within frameworks of design intervention constructed by public planning authorities. Having scoped the problem, it searches over 2000 architecture, urban design, and planning references for ‘theoretical’ intervention measures, extended to include ‘empirical’ ones derived from selected planning schemes. Sorted into 3 thematic groups and 47 individual themes, they are then arranged into two evaluation dimensions within a multi-...

What are people’s reactions to news that high voltage overhead transmission lines (HVOTLs) are to be built near their homes? Will they pursue actions which might impact the project or, instead, do ...

Social work developed from Christian caring and a eudaimonic desire for a worthwhile life. Although ethics continue to underpin the discipline, contemporary complexities of post-modernism, globalism and managerialism are destabilising the universalist moral intentions of practice and subsequently demotivating eudaimonic drives. Cultural and context-specific relativist influences are promoting an ethics of ‘fitting in’ which, without critical analysis, betrays client best interests by favouring formulaic absolutes. Alternative, relationist theory can support a critically reflective and care-ethics-driven practice that is motivating, clearer and focused on ontological consideration of dynamic client, practitioner and environmental needs. It can thus help social workers to situate themselves and achieve personal and professional transformation.

Land reclamation involves extracting fill from some areas (which in the tropics are commonly mangrove and seagrass ecosystems) and transporting and depositing it into zones being reclaimed as land for housing or industrial development. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are produced at various stages of the process (including for instance, from fuel used in dredging equipment). One substantial and site-dependent source of GHG emissions is associated with carbon stock losses resulting from the disturbance and extraction of fill from vegetated marine ecosystems. In this article we focus on these sources of GHG emissions and assess, for the first time, the potential carbon loss from mangrove ecosystems caused by land reclamation activities. To this end, we take a case study of a regionally significant, large-scale reclamation project in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. The extent of mangroves likely to be impacted by the project was estimated by analysing land satellite (LANDSAT) imagery in the period before and after the start of reclamation activities. The carbon stored in the affected areas was then estimated using field measurements to determine total stocks (biomass and soil organic carbon). Mangroves in the study area at Serang (where sand mining is designated) and Angke (adjacent to deposition site) were estimated to store on average 203.64 Mg C ha−1, and 531.53 Mg C ha−1 respectively. The lower carbon stocks at Serang are a consequence of sand mining that occurred there in 2003. The regrown mangroves at Serang are smaller than that at Angke. The near-surface soil organic carbon (SOC) content at Serang was less than at Angke, 17% and 43% of the total respectively. Results also reveal that around 75% of total carbon stocks in both sites are in the form of SOC. We suggest that collating this sort of information about carbon stocks in sites impacted by land reclamation activities can help development planners identify opportunities to reduce GHG emissions. To illustrate, long-term carbon losses due to land reclamation in the case study area could be reduced if dredging is limited to 1 m depth and mangrove areas are actively rehabilitated.

Despite a burgeoning literature, the role of bohemians in the urban milieu and in initiatives toward regeneration remains contested. As a first step toward later modeling and application, we present a thoroughgoing literature review, a short commentary on bohemian phenomena, and suggested readings. Since qualitative sources dominate the field, the review is structured rather than fully systematic in the scientific sense. After discarding innumerable irrelevant and incidental papers, three strands remained for subsequent analysis: “bohemian,” “bohemian + creative-city,” and “smart regeneration.” The first is static or historically contextualized, situated best in the humanities. The last two strands are dynamic and dissect, descriptively or analytically, elements of bohemianism relevant to the urban scene. Wherever and whenever they emerge, radical bohemian artists test existing limits or incite transformative action.

This article deals comprehensively with factors which influence attitudes to the placement of high-voltage overhead transmission lines (HVOTLs). It employs an analytical schema which links the initial stimulus of the power lines' proposal in an area to Background and Socio-economic independent variables and a set of mediating variables. From a survey of 600 residents in three different domiciliary settings in Queensland, Australia, results indicate an absence of positive attitudes and, at best, neutral ones to HVOTL placement. By multinomial logistic regression, the study probes the grounds behind negativity and extreme negativity, uncovering direct links between these attitudes and certain of the variables included in the analytical schema.

Spatial dynamics of metropolitan development are becoming important issues in sustainable development. In developing countries like Indonesia, the growth of metropolitan regions is often followed by problems of unsustainability. Therefore, a framework of assessment for metropolitan development can be useful as an early means of identifying any untoward aspects. This study aims to develop an assessment system that is easily applicable (user-friendly) in assessing metropolitan development in Indonesia. It is a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial model formulated as a simple Decision Support System (DSS), within which information can be queried down to district (kecamatan) level. As a test case, the model was applied in the Semarang Metropolitan Region of Central Java. The results show that it is capable of documenting and assessing the level of sustainability of the region. However, the lack of data at the kecamatan level is the main barrier to the application and development of the technique. Consequently, an in-depth study involving intensive dissemination of the concept, initiative and promulgation of initial results is subsequently proposed so that awareness of the local decision makers of the Indonesian government can be improved.

The relationship of dwelling size, dwelling occupancy and resultant demographic outcomes has important implications for urban planning. This article aims to clarify the links in a study of Australian metropolises. Descriptive analysis and simulation are applied to the occupancy of (occupied) private dwellings by bedroom count using data from the Australian Census of Population and Housing. Results indicate significant variability in dwelling occupancy by dwelling size across and within metropolises. Given the range of housing types in Australia, planning analysis based on average dwelling occupancy derived from large statistical databases could misjudge population outcomes, subsequently complicating infrastructure provision and social policy.

Though independent, these two titles are ideally reviewed together. They stand shoulder to shoulder with major contributions such as Lester Brown's World on the Edge (Earthscan, 2011), Richard Hein...

In Australian academic, statistical and planning sources, the portrayal of dwelling density is often unclear. This article questions its relation with dwelling structure as per the Australian Bureau of Statistics' (ABS') STRD classification. The enquiry uncovers homogenous concentrations of individual classes of dwellings in Australian metropolises from which density measures based on current market acceptance and physical build out are estimated. Speculation attends the highest dwelling density which cities could support, as well as a concept of climax density based on a contraction of dwelling size. The study concludes that the ABS classification relates in some measure to achieved dwelling density but, adjusted, could offer further guidance. Several broader policy angles emerge from the project, concerning first-mover advantage, planning gain, the national lifestyle and the congruence of visions in strategic planning.