Search

Aboriginal Australians experience trauma that is linked to continuing colonising practices in the present, and which are also reproduced throughout the more than 230 years of colonisation. Intergeneration trauma intersects with the over-representation of Aboriginal people in the welfare and justice systems. This paper examines evidence of the relations between trauma and colonialising practices imposed on Indigenous peoples, as past and present conditions leading to intergenerational trauma. Historical and present-day conditions affecting Aboriginal children and families are shown to set in place the conditions producing trauma over time.

The Orphan Basin on the eastern edge of the Newfoundland continental margin formed as a Mesozoic rift basin prior to continental breakup associated with the opening of the North Atlantic. Few exploration wells exist in the basin, and until recently regional interpretations have been based on sparse seismic data coverage - because of this the structural evolution of the Orphan Basin has historically not been well understood. Key uncertainties include the timing and amount of rift-related extension, dominant extension directions, and the structural styles that accommodated progressive rift development in the basin. Interpretation of newly acquired modern broadband seismic data and structural restoration of three regional, WNW-ESE oriented cross-sections across the Orphan Basin and Flemish Cap provide new insights into rift evolution and structural style in the area. Our results show that major extension in the basin occurred between 167 Ma and 135 Ma, with most extension occurring prior to 151 Ma. We show that extension after 135 Ma largely occurred east of Flemish Cap due to a shift in the locus of rifting from the Orphan Basin to east of Flemish Cap. We find no evidence for discrete rifting events in the Orphan Basin, as has been suggested by other authors. Kinematic restoration and associated heave measurements for the Orphan Basin show that extension was both widespread and relatively evenly distributed across the basin from Middle-Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous.We provide evidence for more widespread deposition of Jurassic strata throughout the Orphan Basin than previously interpreted, and show that Jurassic deposition was controlled by the occurrence and displacement of crustal-scale extensional detachment faults. Structure in the three regional cross sections is dominated by large-scale, shallowly dipping extensional detachment faults. These faults mainly dip to the northwest and control the geometry and position of extensional basins – grabens and half-grabens – which occur at a range of scales. Stacked detachment surfaces, hyperextension, and attenuation of the crust are observed in central and eastern parts of the Orphan Basin. Zones of extreme crustal attenuation (to ca. 3.7 km) are interpreted to be coincident with large-displacement (up to 60 km) low-angle detachments. Results from crustal area balancing suggest that up to 41% of extension is not recognized through structural seismic interpretation, which we attribute to subseismic-scale ductile and brittle deformation, and uncertainties in the identification of detachment surfaces or complex structural configurations (e.g., overprinting of early extensional deformation).Rifting style in the central, northern, and eastern parts of the Orphan Basin is dominated by low-angle detachment faulting with maximum extension perpendicular to the incipient rift axis. In contrast, structural geometries in the southwestern part of the basin are suggestive of transtensional deformation, and interplay of normal and strike-slip faulting. Results from map-based interpretation show that strike-slip faults within this transtensional zone are associated with displacement transfer between half-grabens of opposing polarity, rather than regional strike-slip displacement. These structures are interpreted as contemporaneous and kinematically linked to displacement along low-angle detachment surfaces elsewhere, and are not attributed to distinct episodes of oblique extension.

This article explores continuities of despotism within liberal governance. It introduces recent government investments in the need to protect children from institutional and organisational abuse in the context of which loss of innocence is conceptualised as a moment in a biography, following exposure to violence. The article contrasts those investments with contemporaneous claims by the state that as other-than-innocent, certain children in its care are legitimately exempted from moral-ethical norms embedded elsewhere in the logic of governing childhood proper. The article turns to historical understandings of the welfare of children in the state of Victoria, Australia, to explore the conditions and the means by which children in state care came to be figured as other-than-innocent exceptions, rightly exposed to forms of authoritarian violence. Loss of innocence is explored as an enduring achievement of government in the context of aspirations to do with population, territory and national security.

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of obesity has been linked to increased risk of cancers such as prostate, breast and endometrium, but its role in thyroid cancer is not clearly established. Since prevalence of obesity-related metabolic disturbances (dyslipidemia, dysglycemia) varies among individuals, it has been suggested that poor metabolic health, rather than obesity (defined by BMI), plays a role in thyroid cancer. We performed a retrospective review of our thyroid cancer cohort to evaluate the association between metabolic health and severity of thyroid cancer. Objectives: 1. Association between dyslipidemia and stages of thyroid cancer 2. Association between dysglycemia and stages of thyroid cancer. Methodology: The Scripps Clinic Thyroid Cancer Cohort includes 656 patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer from 2017-2020 in the Scripps Health System. IRB approval for our study was obtained in January 2020. Inclusion criteria: 1. Confirmed thyroid cancer on surgical pathology 2. First available lipid profile at least 6 months prior to diagnosis 3. First available HbA1c at least 6 months prior to diagnosis. A total of 214 patients with an available lipid profile were included in the analysis. Of those, 148 had an available HbA1c. Definitions used: 1. Dyslipidemia - total cholesterol >=200 mg/dl or HDL =150 mg/dl. 2. Dysglycemia - HbA1c >=5.7%. Thyroid cancer stages were compared in patients with and without dyslipidemia and dysglycemia. Subgroup analysis was performed for patients above age of 55 years (n=103) due to difference in AJCC staging. Results: A larger proportion of dyslipidemic patients (28.4% vs 18.1%) had stage 2-4 thyroid cancer, but the difference was not statistically significant (p 0.07). A larger proportion of dysglycemic patients (36.3% vs 15.6%) had stage 2-4 thyroid cancer, a statistically significant difference (p 0.003). Similar findings were noted on subgroup analysis: a larger proportion of dyslipidemic (15.2% vs 8.2%) patients had Stage 3-4 thyroid cancer without statistical significance (p 0.1), while a statistically significant higher percentage of dysglycemic patients (20% vs 2.7%, p 0.01), had stage 3-4 thyroid cancer. A larger proportion of advanced thyroid cancer cases was noted in patients with both dyslipidemia and dysglycemia as compared to patients with only one abnormality or none. Conclusions: 1. Poor metabolic health, particularly dysglycemia, is associated with advanced stages of thyroid cancer, especially in the >=55 years age group. Dysglycemia with dyslipidemia confers highest probability of advanced thyroid cancer. 2. Mechanisms by which dysglycemia affects thyroid cancer severity requires further rigorous study. 3. Based on our study, we recommend a thorough discussion regarding risk of advanced thyroid cancer in patients with poor metabolic health and thyroid nodules.

Interpretation of newly acquired modern broadband seismic reflection data and structural restoration of three regional, WNW-ESE oriented cross-sections across the Orphan Basin, Flemish Pass and Flemish Cap provide new insights into rift evolution and structural style in the area. Our results show that regional extension in the Orphan Basin and Flemish Pass area largely occurred between 170 Ma and 135 Ma, and later extension (135 Ma onwards) in the study area was accommodated east of Flemish Cap. Seismic stratigraphic mapping provides evidence for significant thicknesses of Jurassic strata throughout the Orphan Basin and Flemish Pass area, and structural interpretations highlight the importance of crustal-scale extensional detachment faults in controlling the geometry and position of Jurassic sub-basins at a range of scales. Stacked detachment surfaces and coincident extreme crustal attenuation (to ca. 3.1 km) are observed in eastern parts of the Orphan Basin in an area defined in this study as the Orphan Trough. Rifting style in the central, northern, and eastern parts of the Orphan Basin is dominated by low-angle detachment faulting with maximum extension perpendicular to the incipient rift axis. In contrast, structural geometries in the southwestern part of the basin are suggestive of transtensional deformation, and interplay of normal and strike-slip faulting. Results from map-based interpretation show that strike-slip faults within this transtensional zone are associated with displacement transfer between half-grabens of opposing polarity, rather than regional strike-slip displacement. These structures are interpreted as contemporaneous and kinematically linked to displacement along low-angle detachment surfaces elsewhere and are not attributed to distinct episodes of oblique extension.

This article documents the first decades of the work of the Aboriginal Protection Board in Victoria, Australia in the mid-nineteenth century, as it oversees the establishment of mission stations to gather up Aboriginal peoples and provide protection from settler violence. It augments existing accounts of white settler governance of Aboriginal peoples by examining the social and historical conditions for the emergence of separations and distinctions between Aboriginal peoples through shifting governmental versions of the ‘Aboriginal problem’. The production of race-based categories of persons is highlighted in the State's management of the Aboriginal children through the mission systems and their effects on Aboriginal ties to community and identity.

In the context of stubbornly high childhood obesity rates, health promotion activities in schools provide a potential avenue to improve children's nutritional behaviours. Theatre production has a rich history as a health behaviour promotion strategy but lacks sound, outcome-based evaluation. This study evaluated the effect of an integrated, two-part, place-based theatre performance program with 212 students in five schools in a regional urban and semi-rural area. The program included a theatre performance and a healthy eating competition. A brief survey assessed student healthy eating knowledge and attitudes at three time points. Nutrition behaviour was measured by scoring the contents of children's lunch boxes before, during and up to six weeks after the intervention. Statistical analysis tested change over time on five variables (Knowledge, Attitude, Sometimes foods, Everyday foods, Overall lunch box score). Results showed that both components of the integrated program improved nutrition knowledge and that the theatre performance improved children's healthy eating attitudes. All three lunch box scores peaked after the integrated program and remained significantly higher than baseline at 4-6 weeks follow-up. Interaction effects were identified for school catchment area on four of the five dependent variables. Evaluation of this integrated theatre production program indicates the potential benefit of taking a "super-setting" approach. It demonstrates an effect from students taking home information they had learned and incorporating it into lunch box preparation. It also showed consistent effects for school geographical catchment. This study suggests that, with careful, theory-based design, theatre productions in schools can improve student nutritional activities.

SynopsisThis article provides historical evidence of attempts in late nineteenth-century Victoria to establish two sets of institutions for children designated as ‘neglected’ and ‘criminal’, seeking to mark out lines of separation between the neglected, orphans and children in need of protection on the one hand, and children who have been convicted of an offence on the other. The evidence shows that the actual workings of these institutions and the systems of knowledge underpinning them are much less clearly differentiated than their formal designation suggests. It shows also that administrative knowledge and know-how, rather than formal legal process, lay at the centre of decision-making affecting these children, and that expertise shifted over time its engagement with an emerging human science of children. The article suggests that despite claims that child welfare is progressively improving their life-chances, vulnerable children in this period were criminalised by practices of a welfare system that wa...

There were times in Australian history when the singular, awesome power of ‘the Crown’ was wielded over colonial subjects of the British Empire, including citizen settlers occupying new lands and subject populations whose territories were claimed on behalf of the sovereign. This article presupposes that many consequences of invasion under eighteenth century conventions of conquest and rule are still evident in present-day Australian liberal forms of governing, including powers to restrict and control the basic life conditions of Aboriginal peoples, their occupation of lands and life sustenance, and their close interactions with State authorities. The paper considers one aspect of the sociology and politics of liberal modes of governing: the function of specialist knowledges that inform modes of governing Aboriginal peoples, in this case the exercise of powers concerned to know and manage the Aboriginal ‘neglected’ child and their effects on the criminalising of Aboriginal children into the present.

This article discusses the theory and practices associated with a methodology for leadership capacity development that utilizes Collaborative Developmental Action Inquiry to support adults in understanding the connections between transformative learning and adaptive leadership. Discussion is focused on transformative learning, ways of knowing, or action logics and single-, double-, and triple-loop learning.

This article provides an account of the rise of a bio-politics of governing families and children in Australia and its relations with liberal political reason. Drawing on Foucault’s lectures on Security, Territory, Population it maps out the ways in which forms of liberal governing seek to define the nature and scope of norms and freedoms in a population through the practices of the human sciences. Bio-politics is shown to introduce new ways of calculating and intervening upon certain parts of the population and to create normalizing tensions with sovereign or judicial forms of governing.

Australia is the largest exporter of iron ore in the world. The high Al content in Australian hematite/goethite ores is detrimental to blast furnace and sinter plant operations. Of the Al containing minerals in iron ore, kaolinite is a common gangue mineral frequently found in iron ore deposits. In iron ore flotation pulp, various ions exist and may inter- fere with the flotation performance when their concentration is high enough. In this work, the role of a water struc- ture-making ion, i.e. Na + , and a water structure-breaking ion, i.e. K + , in the flotation of kaolinite under reverse cationic flo- tation conditions, the most widely used flotation route of iron ore in the world, was studied in a series of laboratory batch flotation tests. It was found that K + , a water structure breaker, can better reduce the zeta potential of kaolinite and thus causes higher flotation recovery of the clay mineral, in comparison to Na + , a water structure maker. The different effects of the alkali metal cations on kaolinite flotation are attributed to the different aggregation degree of kaolinite particles in the presence of these cations.

This article considers three different historical events from the point of view of their connections to aspects of the history of liberal political reason: the actions of the British in New South Wales in the early 19th century in their claim to sovereignty over Indigenous lands; the establishment of Aboriginal missions and subsequent removal of Aboriginal children in the early 20th century; and the Northern Territory Emergency Response and suspension of the Australian Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act (1975) early in the 21st century. The aim is to point to gaps between present claims about liberalism and ‘actual existing liberalism’, review the basis for examining accounts of governance deploying ‘authoritarian liberalism’ and ‘race war’ as central concepts, and call into question the Northern Territory campaign as an ‘exceptional’ event.

Child protection is reported to be in a state of crisis. Regular media commentary on escalating rates of child abuse, continual reports of deaths of clients in child protection services, and the use of the army and police in Northern Territory Indigenous communities all seem to point to an upsurge in the harming of children in Australia. This article reviews some Australian and international research that has been important in shaping the problem of regulating children and families, and considers this work against recent policy directions. The article suggests that the crisis may refer to tensions produced by failed attempts to govern through risk management techniques, to the strains within liberal political reason over problems of intervention in the private sphere of the family, and to the constitution of parents and children as equal legal subjects while simultaneously as subjects as pastoral power .

POROS evaluates a 3-step fracture risk screening program in women 50-64 not previously diagnosed with osteoporosis. This report details the research design and baseline characteristics.Recruiting from 6 primary care sites, baseline characteristics, including fracture risk factors, were assessed via self-administered questionnaires (SAQs). Subjects withor=1 risk factor were randomized to Intervention or Non-Intervention. Those without any risk factors were placed in the No Risk Factors group. Bone turnover was measured in the Intervention group via urine N-telopeptide (NTx) testing. Subjects with NTx50 had central hip and spine Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (dxa). All groups were followed for 24 months, completing SAQs on osteoporosis management and fractures. At baseline, comparisons were made on demographics, health status, and prevalence of fracture risk factors.2839 women were enrolled and included in baseline analyses (1464 Intervention, 372 Non-Intervention, and 1003 No Risk Factors). The mean age was 56.1 and 81.1% were postmenopausal. As expected by randomization, the Intervention and Non-Intervention groups had similar baseline characteristics. The most commonly reported fracture risk factors were body mass index24 kg/m(2) and needing to use arms to stand from a chair. Subjects in the No Risk Factors group were more likely to be younger, heavier, Hispanic, in good health, a non-smoker, and to drink less alcohol.A stepwise screening program, utilizing data on fracture risk factors and high bone turnover prior to obtaining central bone density, can contribute significantly to fracture risk assessment in perimenopausal and younger postmenopausal women.

Official statistics on child protection in Australia suggest that child abuse is at crisis levels, providing a context for the most recent legislative and regulatory changes in child protection in Victoria; these promote community-managed services, voluntary care agreements, informal legal processes and fast-tracking of child intervention. This article sets out the rudiments of a genealogical account of the category of child abuse, placing the present events in the context of historical shifts in how the problem of child abuse is conceived and acted upon. It draws attention to new forms of power in relation to the policing of children and families, and their corresponding modes of subjectification that seek to fabricate individual responsibility for the underlying social arrangements surrounding children and families.

This article examines the application of the psy-sciences to the conduct of juvenile justice in Victoria in the period 1940—80, in order to reassess assumptions in contemporary sociology of law concerning psy-knowledge and judicial administration, welfare and justice, and their relations to liberal or conservative political mandates. It seeks to understand the implications of shifts in the production of knowledge of the child in the justice system, by reporting on analysis of both clinical and administrative files of the Children's Court Clinic in this period. The article documents how particular kinds of offenders became known in order to be properly managed, and questions the extent of separation between science and juvenile justice administration.

In the present context of ‘get tough on crime’ and ‘back to criminal justice’ campaigns that continue to dominate political agendas throughout Australia, critics point to the inadequacy of ‘welfarist’ or reformist criminological and sociological theories that have informed interventions in the past, and reinforce the need for ‘retributive justice’ models of penal policy. This paper examines historical evidence on the role of the human sciences in juvenile justice administration during the 1940s, a formative time when psychiatric, psychological and social work expertise came together in the form of the Children’s Court Clinic in Victoria. It suggests that contemporary critiques about the failure of the welfare model of juvenile justice inadequately captures the historical functioning of expertise in justice administration and the real extent to which the welfare model as ‘actual rehabilitative intervention’ was ever implemented.

Current high levels of morbidity and mortality, and high rates of incarceration among Australian Aboriginal populations are related historically to the attempted separation of Aboriginal people from family and community. The paper discusses these events through an analysis of legal and extra-legal forms of power in the late 19th century in Victoria, and through an analysis of the workings of the informal powers of administrators and mission superintendents, within a broader framework of liberal political reason.

Much contemporary social and historical research on problem children and families focuses on the different kinds of power deployed in a complex of legal and non-legal settings. This paper reviews socio-legal studies in Europe, Australia and the UK, and additional archival evidence in Victoria, Australia, in relation to a shift towards positivist and welfarist approaches to the problem of child criminality and family regulation from the turn of the 20th century. The aim is to assess the applicability for Australia of trends in European social theory that emphasize non-coercive, non-legal correction of families, a productive rather than repressive form of power which incites families to seek to align their conduct to social norms. The paper argues that coercive normalization - systems of knowing and acting upon children and families arising from the penal system and Coercive normalization and family policing Final Draft to Social and Legal Studies May 2006 p. 1 images of threat is a significant presence in the complex of power relations that make up a genealogy of family and child regulation in Australia.

This paper sets out some of the parameters of social intervention in the family in Australia around the turn of the 20th century in ways which permit interventions in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations to be broadly compared and contrasted. It focuses on forms of intervention underpinned by the kind of liberal political reasoning that allowed administrators to intervene on the basis of assessments of the capacity of families to govern themselves (Hindess 2000, 2001). The paper draws on archival material in Victoria, and the evidence of interventions in Aboriginal populations focuses on the removal of Aboriginal children from their communities in various parts of the state during this period. 'Race' comes to be constructed in terms that allow legislators and administrators to make discriminations within Aboriginal populations in order to manage them. (author abstract)

This paper examines Aboriginal governance in Australia in the 1890s, at a time when the mission station was the main instrument used to manage certain categories of Aboriginal person. The paper compares these arrangements with aspects of current practices of the Howard conservative government that deploys techniques such as ‘Shared Responsibility Agreements’ in order to govern Aboriginal communities. These forms of governance are compared and contrasted in terms of their attachment to liberalism, understood as a distinct form of political reason that is concerned with the practical implications of the belief that members of the population are endowed with, or capable of acquiring, a capacity for autonomous, self-directing activity. Finally, the paper draws connections between liberal and neo-liberal political reason on the one hand, and Aboriginal peoples’ historical relations with the criminal justice system.