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The benefits of testosterone therapy (TTh) in the hypogonadal male can be dramatic. Historically, TTh has been contraindicated in prostate cancer (PCa). Current evidence has redefined our understanding of the influence serum testosterone has on prostatic androgen activity. Increasing numbers of hypogonadal men with coexisting PCa emphasizes the importance of describing those who may safely receive TTh. This review aims to present literature that evaluates the efficacy and safety of TTh in men with coexisting PCa.Our study, a comprehensive review of published literature regarding TTh in men with a history of PCa, consisted of studies conducted from the 1940s to 2022. Our review discusses evidence in accordance with previous studies that TTh has a role in patients with localized PCa as it has not been reported to increase rates of recurrence or progression of PCa.The use of TTh in hypongonadal men with a localized PCa has been shown to have positive clinical outcomes without increasing the rate of disease progression or recurrence. Further research, in a randomized controlled setting, is warranted.

Purpose of review Robotic pyeloplasty is still a relatively novel procedure. Clinically, early studies have shown high success rates, decreased complication rates, decreased length of hospital stay, and better cosmetic results. This goal of this article is to argue for the use of robotic pyeloplasty as the gold standard of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) treatment. Results of studies that have compared robotic pyeloplasty with other procedures currently used are reviewed. Recent findings Our study, a comprehensive review of published outcomes of robotic pyeloplasty and alternative therapies, consisted of 666 pediatric patients and 653 adult patients. Our review coincided with the previously established studies that robotic pyeloplasty shows equivalent surgical success rates as previous standard of care treatments. Open pyeloplasty has fallen out of favor as standard of care due to the increased length of hospital stay, increased adverse events, and the undesirable aesthetics. Summary The use of robotic pyeloplasty has shown to have clinical outcomes that are consistent with other intervention for UPJO, with a potential decrease in length of stay and morbidity. More work has to be done to develop ways to decrease cost of the robot to help establish it as the gold standard for UPJO treatment.

Background For specific clinical indications, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) will induce disease prostate cancer (PC) regression, relieve symptoms and prolong survival; however, ADT has a well‐described range of side effects, which may have a detrimental effect on the patient's quality of life, necessitating additional interventions or changes in PC treatment. The risk‐benefit analysis for initiating ADT in PC patients throughout the PC disease continuum warrants review. Methods A 14‐member panel comprised of urologic and medical oncologists were chosen for an expert review panel, to provide guidance on a more judicious use of ADT in advanced PC patients. Panel members were chosen based upon their academic and community experience and expertise in the management of PC patients. Four academic members of the panel served as group leaders; the remaining eight panel members were from Large Urology Group Practice Association practices with proven experience in leading their advanced PC clinics. The panel members were assigned to four separate working groups, and were tasked with addressing the role of ADT in specific PC settings. Results This article describes the practical recommendations of an expert panel for the use of ADT throughout the PC disease continuum, as well as an algorithm summarizing the key recommendations. The target for this publication is all providers (urologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, or advanced practice providers) who evaluate and manage advanced PC patients, regardless of their practice setting. Conclusion The panel has provided recommendations for monitoring PC patients while on ADT, recognizing that PC patients will progress despite testosterone suppression and, therefore, early identification of conversion from castrate‐sensitive to castration resistance is critical. Also, the requirement to both identify and mitigate side effects of ADT as well as the importance of quality of life maintenance are essential to the optimization of patient care, especially as more combinatorial therapeutic strategies with ADT continue to emerge.

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer and obesity was conducted. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND obesity. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (obesity). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

A systematic review relating locally advanced and metastatic bladder and immunotherapy was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer, immunotherapy outcomes in locally advanced and metastatic disease. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer, ureteric strictures AND urinary diversion. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (immunotherapy) AND (locally advanced) OR (metastatic). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer and neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy was conducted. This was to identify whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy has a role in this cohort. This chapter covers outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy vs. radical cystectomy.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer and bladder preservation was conducted. This was to identify the role of bladder preservation. This chapter covers tetramodal bladder preservation therapy, radical cystectomy vs. bladder preservation in the elderly, bladder perseveration with brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy, survival outcomes in bladder preservation therapy for MIBC, patterns of bladder preservation therapy, bladder preservation rate, paclitaxel, trasuzumab with irradiation after transurethral surgery, second TURBT in bladder preservation for MIBC, trimodal chemotherapy with cisplatin in bladder preservation.

This chapter covers Surgical Strategy for Proximal Ureteric Stones, including guidelines, role of ESWL.

This chapter covers PCNL strategy for a staghorn stone. Also included are guidelines, stone retrieval, case discussion, multiple puncture access and multiple puncture access.

The micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is a rare but well-recognized tumour (Chatterjee et al., Indian J Pathol Microbiol 58:2–6, 2015). This chapter covers histopathology, clinical presentation, risk stratification, survival outcomes, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, trimodal therapy, surgical outcomes, adjuvant therapy.

Urothelial tumours represent a spectrum of diseases with a range of prognoses (Scher et al., Oncology (Williston Park) 12:225–271, 1998). Within each category of disease, more refined methods to determine prognosis and guide management, based on molecular staging, are under development (Scher et al., Oncology (Williston Park) 12:225–271, 1998). This chapter covers risk stratification in bladder cancer.

This chapter covers surgical strategy for VUJ stones. This includes relevant guidelines, outcomes from medical expulsive therapy, case discussion, patient information and consent.

Early detection greatly improves the chances of survival from bladder cancer. More recently ICG use has been reported in robotic surgery, which review in the context of bladder cancer. This chapter is an introduction to sentinel node mapping in bladder cancer.

This chapter covers surgical strategies in PUJO including preoperative intervention, surgical management, exclusion criteria, antegrade endopyelotomy, puncture and method of incision.

Filipas et al. (Eur Urol 32:23–29, 1997) compared the quality of life and health in incontinent and continent urinary diversions (Filipas et al., Eur Urol 32:23–29, 1997). Patients with non-tumour disease, a continent reservoir and employment tended to have the highest level of quality of life (Filipas et al., Eur Urol 32:23–29, 1997). This chapter covers quality of life with urinary diversion.

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors and occupational hazards was conducted. This chapter covers urinary metabolites in bladder cancer, CellDetect, NMP 22, 5 Aminolevulinic Acid, BTA stat test, Bladder EpiCheck, Microsatellite analysis, urinary cytology and urotel.

A systematic review relating to trials in locally advanced and metastatic bladder cancer was conducted. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (Trials) AND (Locally Advanced) OR (Metastatic). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

The current ‘gold standard’ for radical cystectomy remains open radical cystectomy (Collins and Wiklund BJU Int 2014;114(3):326–333, 2014). RARC has lagged behind robot-assisted prostatectomy in terms of adoption and perceived patient benefit, but there are indications that this is now changing (Collins and Wiklund BJU Int 2014;114(3):326–333, 2014). This chapter covers radical cystectomy outcomes.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer, robotic cystectomy and Urinary Diversion was conducted. This chapter covers T-Pouch neobladder vs. studer pouch, studer pouch vs. I pouch, the Studer neobladder, ileal conduit vs. neobladder.

A systematic review relating to staging, imaging and bladder cancer was conducted. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to the Staging conundrum and Bladder Cancer. This chapter covers variation in imaging, MRI in detection of MIBC, MRI in low grade vs. high grade MIBC, role of high resolution US in bladder cancer, MRI vs. CT Urogram, FDG PET in bladder cancer staging.

A systematic review relating locally advanced and metastatic bladder and immunotherapy was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer, immunotherapy outcomes in locally advanced and metastatic disease. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer, ureteric strictures AND urinary diversion. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (Chemotherapy) AND (locally advanced) OR (metastatic). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

TURBT is a common operation within urology. There are a wide range of side effects experienced. Very often, there is no standardised pathway as part of follow-up. Patient reported outcome measures are reviewed.

There have been a number of articles recently examining pain within enhanced recovery. This clearly highlighted patients on an enhanced recovery pathway after open surgery have a number of factors contributing to their recovery. This chapter covers the role of enhanced recovery in robotic cystectomy.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer, robotic cystectomy and Enhanced Recovery was conducted. This was to identify whether ERAS has a role in this cohort. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND muscle invasive disease AND Robotic Surgery AND enhanced recovery. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (muscle invasive disease) AND (Robotic Surgery) AND (Enhanced recovery). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer and psychological impact was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer epidemiology and risk factors in muscle invasive disease. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND screening. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (psychological impact). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

This chapter covers the Role of PCNL in stone surgery is covered, including indication, contraindications, special considerations and complications.

Survivors of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) experience physical and psychosocial side effects of cancer diagnosis and treatment [1]. These negative side effects have a crucial impact on their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). To date, there is evidence that rehabilitation interventions such as physical activity and psychosocial support have a positive effect on the HRQoL of cancer survivors [1].

Plasmacytoid bladder cancer is a rare disease. This chapter covers presentation, diagnostics, survival outcomes, patterns of metastases, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, recurrence in plasmacytoid bladder cancer.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer, robotic cystectomy and lymphadenectomy was conducted. This chapter covers robotic RARC and LND, post-operative complications from LND, extended pelvic lymphadenopathy in RARC, standard lymphadenectomy in RARC, robotic lymphadenectomy with the Da Vinci S, robotic vs. open lymphadenectomy, robotic vs. laparoscopic lymphadenectomy for radical cystectomy.

A systematic review relating to bladder cancer epidemiology, risk factors and occupational hazards was conducted. This was to identify the bladder cancer epidemiology and risk factors in muscle invasive disease. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND screening. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (Immune checkpoint inhibitors). The following databases were screened from 1989 to June 2020

Within this chapter the types of lithotripsy and outcomes for PCNL are covered- this includes ultrasonic, pneumatic and combination lithotripsy. Key outcome papers are also covered.

This chapter includes surgical strategy for distal ureteric stones. This includes guidelines, case discussions, medical expulsive therapy, and patient consent.

This chapter covers surgical strategy for change of ureteric stents. This covers biofilm formation, management of extrinsic malignant compression, patient consent and case discussion.

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer and palliative cystectomy was conducted. This was to identify whether radical cystectomy has a role in this cohort. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND muscle invasive disease AND Palliative Cystectomy. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (muscle invasive disease) AND (Palliative Cystectomy). The following databases were screened from 1979 to June 2020

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the western world with associated significant mortality. This chapter covers the rationale for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy: clinical effectiveness, meta-analyses for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, disadvantages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, targeted therapies and bladder preservation, benefits vs. risks of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, controversies in clinical effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

This chapter covers surgical strategy for lower pole stones, guidance, key papers, the debate between mini PCNL or ureteroscopy, case discussion, impact of laser fibre diameter on scope deflection, points of consent and theory behind asymptomatic small renal stones.

This chapter covers the treatment of renal and ureteric stones, including the range of management options from ESWL, PCNL, and Ureteroscopy, in accordance with current guidelines.

This chapter covers stones within a calyceal diverticular. Management, case discussion, role of ESWL, outcomes, placement of safety wire, steps in management.

Bladder cancer is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the most expensive adult cancer in average healthcare costs incurred per patient in the USA (Mohamed 2012). However, little is known about factors influencing patients’ treatment decisions, quality of life, and responses to treatment impairments. MIBC may be treated with curative intent by either external beam radiation therapy (with or without chemotherapy) or radical cystectomy, with or without perioperative chemotherapy. Radical cystectomy necessitates urinary diversion using one of three major methods: incontinent cutaneous (e.g., the ileal conduit), continent cutaneous, or orthotopic (e.g., the neobladder) diversion.

Assessing the unmet needs of cancer patients can help providers tailor health care services to patients’ specific needs [1]. This study examines whether the unmet informational and supportive care needs of the patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer vary by the patients’ age, sex, or individual treatment choices [1].

Robotic radical cystectomy remains the hardest operation within urology. As surgeons, we consistently look to improve our outcomes. The use of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging during robotic assisted laparoscopy has been shown to be helpful in identifying critical structures during cholecystectomies [1]. Additionally, Injection of intavenous ICG highlights pelvic vasculature. This can aid in identifying blood supply to myomas during robotic assisted laparoscopic myomectomy and decrease surgical blood loss [2]. The question then becomes, how can this be used to improve surgical outcomes for robotic radical cystectomy?

A systematic review relating to muscle invasive bladder cancer and palliative cystectomy was conducted. This was to identify whether radical cystectomy has a role in this cohort. The search strategy aimed to identify all references related to bladder cancer AND muscle invasive disease AND Palliative Care. Search terms used were as follows: (Bladder cancer) AND (muscle invasive disease) AND (Palliative). The following databases were screened from 1979 to June 2020

This chapter covers difficult access to the ureter. Also included are case discussions, patient consent.