Search

Micropillar compression is a method of choice to understand mechanics at small scale. It is mainly studied with electron microscopy or white-beam micro-Laue X-ray diffraction. The aim of the present article is to show the possibilities of the use of diffraction with a coherent X-ray beam. InSb micropillars in epitaxy with their pedestals (i.e. their support) are studied in situ during compression. Firstly, an experiment using a collimated beam matching the pillar size allows determination of when the sample enters the plastic regime, independently of small defects induced by experimental artefacts. A second experiment deals with scanning X-ray diffraction maps with a nano-focused beam; despite the coherence of the beam, the contributions from the pedestal and from the micropillar in the diffraction patterns can be separated, making possible a spatially resolved study of the plastic strain fields. A quantitative measurement of the elastic strain field is nevertheless hampered by the fact that the pillar diffracts at the same angles as the pedestal. Finally, no image reconstructions were possible in these experiments, either in situ due to a blurring of the fringes during loading or post-mortem because the defect density after yielding was too high. However, it is shown how to determine the elastic bending of the pillar in the elastic regime. Bending angles of around 0.3° are found, and a method to estimate the sample's radius of curvature is suggested.

A Charge Density Wave (CDW) submitted to an electric field displays a strong shear deformation because of pinning at the lateral surfaces of the sample. This CDW transverse pinning was recently observed but has received little attention from a theoretical point of view until now despite important consequences on electrical conductivity properties. Here, we provide a description of this phenomenon by considering a CDW submitted to an external dc electric field and constrained by boundary conditions including both longitudinal pinning due to electrical contacts and transverse surface pinning. A simple formula for the CDW phase is obtained in 3D by using the Green function and image charges method. In addition, an analytical expression of the threshold field dependence on both length and sample cross section is obtained by considering the phase slip process. We show that the experimental data are well reproduced with this model and that bulk pinning can be neglected. This study shows that the dynamical properties of CDW systems could be mainly driven by boundary effects, despite the comparatively huge sample volumes., Comment: 7 pages of main text, 7 pages of appendices 15 figures

International audience; Under-doped La-214 cuprates show a charge-and spin-modulation known as " stripes " [1]. These stripe modulations are (quasi)-static close to 1/8 hole doping where superconductivity is suppressed. The pseudo-gap phase of other cuprate compounds recently also revealed charge modulation, but interpreted rather as a charge density wave (CDW) [2, 3, 4], that possibly competes with superconductivity. In this context, to better understand the interplay between the stripe phase and the superconductivity, we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study the electronic band structure and gap in La-214 cuprates near 1/8 doping (La 2−x−y Nd y Sr x CuO 4 (x = 0.12; y = 0.0 & 0.4)) and compare with the previous results in the same system [5] and La 1.86 Ba 0.14 CuO 4 [6]. Our data shows a loss of spectral intensity towards the end of the Fermi arcs, that is possibly due to a strong renormalisation, as already pointed out elsewhere * matteo.dastuto@neel.cnrs.fr-Institut Néel CNRS-25, av des Martyrs-38042 Grenoble cedex 9; tel: (+33)(0)4 76 88 12 84 [5], with a noisy but still measurable gap. On the nodal direction no gap is observed within our statistics, but a sizeable decrease in intensity with temperature. Moreover, we do not see any shadow band, but our Fermi surface can be well modelled with a single electron band calculation in the tight binding approximation, even very close to the 1/8 doping La 2−x−y Nd y Sr x CuO 4 with and without Nd substitution.

We report on ultrafast electron diffraction on high quality single crystal silicon. The ultrafast dynamics of the Bragg peaks exhibits a giant photo-induced response which can only be explained in the framework of dynamical diffraction theory, taking into account multiple scattering of the probing electrons in the sample. In particular, we show that lattice heating following photo-excitation can cause an unexpected increase of the Bragg peak intensities, in contradiction with the well-known Debye-Waller effect. We anticipate that multiple scattering should be systematically considered in ultrafast electron diffraction on high quality crystals as it dominates the Bragg peak dynamics. In addition, taking into account multiple scattering effects opens the way to quantitative studies of non-equilibrium dynamics of defects in quasi-perfect crystals., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures (including supplementary information)

International audience; Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are promising absorber materials for low-cost photovoltaic solar cells or optoelectronic devices [1-4]. Among these perovskites, methylammonium triiodideplumbate (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , MAPbI 3 or MAPI) exhibits currently the highest efficiency. Here we have analyzed the structural transition in MAPI by X-ray diffraction at the β phase and we have correlated it to its electronic properties. Despite all the extensive work on hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites, their experimental band structure measured with k-resolution has remained elusive. Such an experimental determination is a necessary requirement for an accurate theoretical description and understanding of the system. The impact of the structural phase transitions on the band structure in the operation temperature range of solar cells needed also to be elucidated. Herein, we present the experimental determination of the band structure of MAPI with k resolution by angle-resolved photoemission at 170 K [5]. Our results show that the spectral weight is strongly affected by the cubic symmetry although traces of the tetragonal band structure are appreciated. Some deviations with respect to theoretical calculations are observed, which may help to reach a more precise description of this paradigmatic system of the hybrid perovskite family. On a second step, we have studied the relaxation dynamics after photoexcitation, particularly important in a photovoltaic material. Time-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy allows to directly visualize the electronic cooling at early delay times. It follows that photoexcited carriers thermalize on a subpicosecond timescale, presumably because of the coupling to the vibrations of organic cations [6]. The project leading to this application has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 687008 (GOTSolar). [1] S.D. Stranks and H.J. Snaith, Nature Nanotech 10, 391 (2015).[2] M. Grätzel, Nature Materials 13, 838 (2014).[3] Y. Wei et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46, 135105 (2013).[4] H. Diab, G. Trippé-Allard, F. Ledee, K. Jemli, C. Vilar, G. Bouchez, V. L. R. Jacques, A. Tejeda, J. Even, J.S. Lauret, E. Deleporte, and D. Garrot, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 5093 (2016). [5] M.-I. Lee, A. Barragán, M. N. Nair, V. L. R. Jacques, D. Le Bolloc’h, P. Fertey, K. Jemli, F. Ledee, G. Trippé-Allard, E. Deleporte, A. Taleb-Ibrahimi, and A. Tejeda, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50, 26LT02 (2017). [6] Z. Chen, M.-I. Lee, Z. Zhang, H. Diab, D. Garrot, F. Ledee, P. Fertey, E. Papalazarou, M. Marsi, C. Ponseca, E. Deleporte, A. Tejeda, and L. Perfetti, Phys. Rev. Mat. 1, 045402 (2017).

The family of hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites is in the limelight because of their recently discovered high photovoltaic efficiency. These materials combine photovoltaic energy conversion efficiencies exceeding 22% and low-temperature and low-cost processing in solution; a breakthrough in the panorama of renewable energy. Solar cell operation relies on the excitation of the valence band electrons to the conduction band by solar photons. One factor strongly impacting the absorption efficiency is the band dispersion. The band dispersion has been extensively studied theoretically, but no experimental information was available. Herein, we present the first experimental determination of the valence band dispersion of methylammonium lead halide in the tetragonal phase. Our results pave the way for contrasting the electronic hopping or the electron effective masses in different theories by comparing to our experimental bands. We also show a significant broadening of the electronic states, promoting relaxed conditions for photon absorption, and demonstrate that the tetragonal structure associated to the octahedra network distortion below 50 °C induces only a minor modification of the electronic bands, with respect to the cubic phase at high temperature, thus minimizing the impact of the cubic-tetragonal transition on solar cell efficiencies.

The short-range order (SRO) in Pt-V and Ni-V systems has been studied by diffuse scattering of neutrons over a large concentration range. In both systems, a c-dependent SRO has been observed. We show that this concentration sensitivity has a different origin in the two cases. In Ni-V, the change of the SRO pattern is mainly due to c-dependent effective pair interactions (EPI), while in Pt-V, the EPI are c independent. We find explicit discrepancies between our results, deduced from measurements in the disordered state, and the electronic structure calculations, if they are performed in the ordered state. These discrepancies are due to the sensitivity of the electronic structure to the state of order.

the short-range-order parameters in the disordered phase. We found a drastic effect of the concentration on the short-range order: in Pt3V, the diffuse intensity is spread along the (1 k0) directions with maxima at the ~100! positions, despite the stability at low temperature of a DO22 phase. In contrast, the diffuse intensity in Pt 8V displays a splitting around the ~100! positions with incommensurate maxima. Through inverse Monte Carlo simulations the two experiments yield, within the Ising model, two sets of effective-pair interactions. Despite quite different short-range-order patterns, the interactions seem nearly concentration independent with a dominant first-neighbors interaction V1 . This concentration independence allows us to predict the ordered states and the ordering temperatures. In particular, at low temperatures, these interactions stabilize a new phase of composition A5B, which to our knowledge has not been observed until now. Finally, we analyze the origin and behavior of the incommensurate split peaks in Pt8V within a high-temperature expansion and show analytically that the splitting is due to a large decrease of the influence of V1 on the short-range order as the concentration and/or the temperature decreases. This analysis shows also that the splitting distance should decrease with increasing temperature, in agreement with our Monte Carlo simulations, and in contrast with all the other alloys which have already been investigated, either experimentally or theoretically. More generally, we discuss the origin of the temperature behavior of a splitting distance in relation with the location in q space of the incommensurate maxima. Using very simple arguments, we show, provided the restriction that the firstneighbor interactions are dominant, that the splitting distance increases or decreases with increasing temperature depending on whether these maxima lie along the (1k0) axis or not. @S0163-1829~98!02502-8#

We present a detailed study of interactions in two alloys, Pt 3 V and Pt 8 V, and preliminary results on Pt 4 V. In situ neutron scattering experiments were performed in order to measure the short range order parameters in the disordered phase for the two concentrations. We will show the drastic effect of the concentration on the short range order (SRO), particularly in Pt 8 V, where the diffuse intensity maxima do not peak at special points of the fcc lattice. Using inverse Monte Carlo (IMC) simulations and the gamma expansion method (GEM), two sets of effective pair interactions (EPI) were deduced from the experimental SRO parameters within the Ising model. Surprisingly, despite quite different SRO patterns, the EPI seem nearly concentration independent. We will show, using MC simulation, that the two very different diffuse intensity maps are well reproduced with the same interaction set. The concentration independence of the EPI allowed us to describe also properties of the ordered states and more generally the whole phase diagram. In particular, we predict the existence, at very low temperature, of a new phase of stoichiometry A 5 B which has never been observed until now.

We present an inelastic x-ray scattering study of the quasi-one-dimensional blue bronze ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{MoO}}_{3}.$ The charge-density-wave (CDW) dynamics is studied as a function of the temperature down to 40 K. At temperature higher than 100 K, the CDW-phase and -amplitude modes are identified, and found consistent with the inelastic neutron scattering measurements. At 40 K, the phason is no longer observed. This is discussed in the framework of current theories on the low-temperature CDW dynamics.

A simple spinning process has been recently developed to assemble carbon nanotubes into long macroscopic fibers. Due to the high aspect ratio of the nanotubes, the fiber’s physical properties are expected to depend significantly on the nanotube orientation. The alignment of the nanotubes is studied by X‐ray scattering. It is characterized by the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the azimuthal intensity distribution. Our first studies gave FWHM≈75°. Treatments developed to improve nanotube alignment, such as solvent‐wetting or drawing of the fibers, are reported here. Results obtained from nanotubes synthesized by the arc‐discharge method and by the HiPCO process are discussed. Stretched fibers processed with HiPCO single‐wall nanotubes exhibit FWHMs as low as 32°. Moreover, the above‐mentioned treatments induce a substantial increase (by a factor 4) of their Young’s modulus. An example of electromechanical actuation is reported.

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been used to study the structures of mesoporous alumina membranes. These membranes, produced by anodic deposition, have an arrangement of parallel cylindrical pores centred on a disordered hexagonal lattice. The SAXS intensity profile varies over five orders of magnitude, and is a convolution of a structure factor for the 2D distribution of pore axes with a cylinder form factor for the pores. Rotation of the plane of the membrane changes the pattern from a ring structure for channels parallel to the X-ray beam to a set of vertical spots for channels perpendicular to the beam. The oscillatory pattern changes systematically with the anodic deposition voltage, confirming a linear relationship between voltage and pore separation. Initial results are also reported for alumina membranes containing cobalt nanowires in the pore volume. The SAXS technique complements and extends direct-imaging methods such as electron microscopy, which view only the surface structure for a limited area of the sample. The results indicate that the membranes show greater disorder than normally deduced from other techniques.

We present a detailed study of interactions in two alloys, Pt 3 V and Pt 8 V, and preliminary results on Pt 4 V. In situ neutron scattering experiments were performed in order to measure the short range order parameters in the disordered phase for the two concentrations. We will show the drastic effect of the concentration on the Short Range Order (SRO), particulary in Pt 8 V, where the diffuse intensity maxima do not peak at special points of the fcc lattice. Using inverse Monte Carlo (IMC) simulations, two sets of Effective Pair Interactions (EPI) were deduced from the experimental SRO parameters within the Ising Model. Surprisingly, despite quite different SRO patterns, the EPI seem nearly concentration independant. We will show, using MC simulation, that the two very different diffuse intensity maps are well reproduced with the same interaction set. The concentration independence of the EPI allowed us to describe also properties of the ordered states and more generally the whole phase diagram. In particular, we predict the existence, at very low temperature, of a new phase of stoechiometry A 5 B which has never been observed until now.

The application of an external perturbation in certain materials (such as temperature, pressure or light) often gives rise to the emergence of new macroscopic properties with their origin at the atomic level. Therefore, a detailed study of the atomic dynamics becomes essential to the understanding of processes such as chemical transformations or phase transitions. In the particular case of structural phase transitions, the symmetry of the crystal undergoes a transformation between two different states at a given critical value. The typical time scales of the structural dynamics occur on the order of few hundreds of femtoseconds to several picoseconds. The development of femtosecond laser pulses has enabled scientists to access the required time scales to explore the ultrafast dynamics of the lattice structure in the relevant time scales. More precisely, time-resolved diffraction has proven to be an ideal technique to track and unveil the out-of-equilibrium pathways followed by the lattice after a short laser pulse.This thesis presents experimental studies performed by time-resolved electron and X-ray diffraction techniques on two different structural phase transitions. In a first part, we demonstrate the capabilities of the ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experimental setup developed at Laboratoire d’Optique Apliquée. Our UED experimental results performed on high quality single crystal samples are presented along with a quantitative study of the implications of dynamical diffraction effects in UED experiments. In a second part, we present a set of pump-probe electron diffraction experiments performed on GdTe₃, a compound belonging to the rare-earth Tritellurides family which presents a charge density wave state. The arrival of an optical excitation triggers the phase transition non-thermally with the out-of-equilibrium relaxation dynamics of the charge density wave state characterized by slowing down that increases with incident fluence as well as with initial sample temperature. These results shed more light on current controversial interpretations involving the emergence of photoinduced topological defects. In a third part, we present time resolved X-ray diffraction experiments performed at CRISTAL beamline at SOLEIL synchrotron. In this case we have studied the A15 compound Nb₃Sn, which displays a displacive phase transition evolving from cubic to tetragonal symmetry at thermal equilibrium. Our pump-probe results present evidence of a different lattice response with respect to the thermal equilibrium transition, encouragingf uture investigations on the dynamics of this material.; L'application d'une perturbation externe à certains matériaux (tels que la température, la pression ou la lumière) provoque souvent l'émergence de nouvelles propriétés macroscopiques dont l'origine se situe au niveau atomique. Par conséquent, une étude détaillée de la dynamique atomique devient essentielle pour la compréhension de processus tels que les transformations chimiques ou les transitions de phase. Dans le cas particulier des transitions de phase structurales, la symétrie du cristal est soumise à une transformation entre deux états différents à une valeur critique. Les échelles de temps typiques de la dynamique structurale sont de l'ordre de quelques centaines de femtosecondes à plusieurs picosecondes. Le développement des impulsions laser femtosecondes a permis aux chercheurs d'accéder aux échelles de temps nécessaires pour explorer la dynamique structurale ultra-rapide. Plus précisément, la diffraction résolue en temps s'est révélée être une technique idéale pour suivre et dévoiler les voies hors équilibre suivies par le réseau après une courte impulsion laser. Cette thèse présente des études expérimentales réalisées par des techniques de diffraction d'électrons et de rayons X résolue en temps sur deux transitions de phase structurelles différentes. Dans une première partie, nous démontrons les capacités du montage expérimental de diffraction d'électrons ultra-rapide (UED) développé au Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée. Nos résultats expérimentaux réalisés sur des échantillons monocristallins de haute qualité sont présentés ainsi qu'une étude quantitative des implications des effets de diffraction dynamique dans les expériences UED. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons un ensemble d'expériences de diffraction d'électrons pompe-sonde réalisée sur GdTe₃, un composé appartenant à la famille des Tritellurides de terres rares qui présente un état d'onde de densité de charge. L'arrivée d'une excitation optique déclenche la transition de phase de manière non thermique. La dynamique de relaxation est caractérisée par un ralentissement qui augmente avec la fluence incidente ainsi qu'avec la température initiale de l'échantillon. Ces résultats éclairent les interprétations controversées actuelles concernant l’ émergence de défauts topologiques photo-induits.Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons des expériences de diffraction des rayons X en temps résolu réalisées à la ligne CRISTAL du synchrotron SOLEIL. Dans ce cas, nous avons étudié le composé A15 Nb₃Sn, qui présente une transition de phase d'une symétrie cubique à une symétrie tétragonale à l'équilibre thermique. Les résultats de notre expérience pompe-sonde mettent en évidence une réponse différente du réseau par rapport à la transition d’ équilibre thermique, ce qui encourage les futures recherches sur la dynamique structural de ce matériau.

The application of an external perturbation in certain materials (such as temperature, pressure or light) often gives rise to the emergence of new macroscopic properties with their origin at the atomic level. Therefore, a detailed study of the atomic dynamics becomes essential to the understanding of processes such as chemical transformations or phase transitions. In the particular case of structural phase transitions, the symmetry of the crystal undergoes a transformation between two different states at a given critical value. The typical time scales of the structural dynamics occur on the order of few hundreds of femtoseconds to several picoseconds. The development of femtosecond laser pulses has enabled scientists to access the required time scales to explore the ultrafast dynamics of the lattice structure in the relevant time scales. More precisely, time-resolved diffraction has proven to be an ideal technique to track and unveil the out-of-equilibrium pathways followed by the lattice after a short laser pulse.This thesis presents experimental studies performed by time-resolved electron and X-ray diffraction techniques on two different structural phase transitions. In a first part, we demonstrate the capabilities of the ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experimental setup developed at Laboratoire d’Optique Apliquée. Our UED experimental results performed on high quality single crystal samples are presented along with a quantitative study of the implications of dynamical diffraction effects in UED experiments. In a second part, we present a set of pump-probe electron diffraction experiments performed on GdTe₃, a compound belonging to the rare-earth Tritellurides family which presents a charge density wave state. The arrival of an optical excitation triggers the phase transition non-thermally with the out-of-equilibrium relaxation dynamics of the charge density wave state characterized by slowing down that increases with incident fluence as well as with initial sample temperature. These results shed more light on current controversial interpretations involving the emergence of photoinduced topological defects. In a third part, we present time resolved X-ray diffraction experiments performed at CRISTAL beamline at SOLEIL synchrotron. In this case we have studied the A15 compound Nb₃Sn, which displays a displacive phase transition evolving from cubic to tetragonal symmetry at thermal equilibrium. Our pump-probe results present evidence of a different lattice response with respect to the thermal equilibrium transition, encouragingf uture investigations on the dynamics of this material., L'application d'une perturbation externe à certains matériaux (tels que la température, la pression ou la lumière) provoque souvent l'émergence de nouvelles propriétés macroscopiques dont l'origine se situe au niveau atomique. Par conséquent, une étude détaillée de la dynamique atomique devient essentielle pour la compréhension de processus tels que les transformations chimiques ou les transitions de phase. Dans le cas particulier des transitions de phase structurales, la symétrie du cristal est soumise à une transformation entre deux états différents à une valeur critique. Les échelles de temps typiques de la dynamique structurale sont de l'ordre de quelques centaines de femtosecondes à plusieurs picosecondes. Le développement des impulsions laser femtosecondes a permis aux chercheurs d'accéder aux échelles de temps nécessaires pour explorer la dynamique structurale ultra-rapide. Plus précisément, la diffraction résolue en temps s'est révélée être une technique idéale pour suivre et dévoiler les voies hors équilibre suivies par le réseau après une courte impulsion laser. Cette thèse présente des études expérimentales réalisées par des techniques de diffraction d'électrons et de rayons X résolue en temps sur deux transitions de phase structurelles différentes. Dans une première partie, nous démontrons les capacités du montage expérimental de diffraction d'électrons ultra-rapide (UED) développé au Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée. Nos résultats expérimentaux réalisés sur des échantillons monocristallins de haute qualité sont présentés ainsi qu'une étude quantitative des implications des effets de diffraction dynamique dans les expériences UED. Dans une deuxième partie, nous présentons un ensemble d'expériences de diffraction d'électrons pompe-sonde réalisée sur GdTe₃, un composé appartenant à la famille des Tritellurides de terres rares qui présente un état d'onde de densité de charge. L'arrivée d'une excitation optique déclenche la transition de phase de manière non thermique. La dynamique de relaxation est caractérisée par un ralentissement qui augmente avec la fluence incidente ainsi qu'avec la température initiale de l'échantillon. Ces résultats éclairent les interprétations controversées actuelles concernant l’ émergence de défauts topologiques photo-induits.Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons des expériences de diffraction des rayons X en temps résolu réalisées à la ligne CRISTAL du synchrotron SOLEIL. Dans ce cas, nous avons étudié le composé A15 Nb₃Sn, qui présente une transition de phase d'une symétrie cubique à une symétrie tétragonale à l'équilibre thermique. Les résultats de notre expérience pompe-sonde mettent en évidence une réponse différente du réseau par rapport à la transition d’ équilibre thermique, ce qui encourage les futures recherches sur la dynamique structural de ce matériau.

The main subject of this manuscript is the X-ray diffraction of charge density wave (CDW) materials. We studied the quasi-1D NbSe3 crystal and the quasi-2D TbTe3. Several large instruments facilities were used for this study, the ESRF synchrotron in Grenoble on the ID01 line and the LCLS free electron laser in Stanford. First, thanks to the coherence of the X-beam at LCLS, we were able to observe a loss of transverse coherence in NbSe3 when applying an electrical current above a certain threshold as well as a longitudinal compression of the CDW. Then, at the ESRF, we used an X-ray beam focused on the micrometer scale by a Fresnel zone plate to scan the CDW locally by diffraction on NbSe3 and on TbTe3. When a current is applied to the sample, we observed a transverse deformation indicating that the CDW is pinned on the sample surface in NbSe3. In the case of TbTe3, the CDW rotates under current showing a hysteresis cycle when one is continuously changing from positive to negative current. We have also observed in several regions, in TbTe3, the creation of localized irradiation defects inducing a compression-dilation of the CDW. In a last theoretical part, we show how the theory of electric transport in the CDW state by a train of charged solitons, as well as taking into account the CDW pinning on the surface of the sample that we have seen experimentally, allows us to understand several resistivity measurements, found in the literature, made on samples with different dimensions. Finally, we present several ideas for an explanation of the CDW pinning at the surfaces on a microscopic level and propose the hypothesis of a commensurate CDW on the surface (and incommensurate in volume)., Ce manuscrit a pour sujet principal la diffraction par rayons X des matériaux ondes de densité de charges (ODC). Nous avons étudié le cristal quasi-1D NbSe3 ainsi que le quasi-2D TbTe3. Plusieurs grands instruments ont été utilisés pour cette étude, le synchrotron ESRF de Grenoble sur la ligne ID01 ainsi que le laser à électron libre LCLS à Stanford. Premièrement, grâce à la cohérence du faisceau X à LCLS, nous avons pu observer une perte de cohérence transverse dans NbSe3 lors de l’application d’un courant électrique au-dessus d’un certain seuil ainsi qu’une compression longitudinale de l’ODC. Ensuite, à l’ESRF, nous avons utilisé un faisceau X focalisé au micromètre par une Fresnel zone plate pour scanner l’ODC localement par diffraction sur NbSe3 puis ensuite sur TbTe3. Lorsqu’un courant est appliqué sur l’échantillon, nous avons observé une déformation transverse indiquant que l’ODC est bloquée au niveau de la surface de l’échantillon dans NbSe3. Dans le cas de TbTe3, l’ODC tourne sous courant présentant un cycle d’hystérésis lorsque le courant passe continument de positif à négatif. Nous avons aussi pu constater dans plusieurs régions, toujours pour TbTe3, la création de défauts d’irradiation localisés induisant une compression-dilatation de l’ODC. Dans une dernière partie théorique, nous montrons comment la théorie du transport électrique de l’ODC par un train de solitons portants chacun une charge ainsi que la prise en compte du blocage de l’ODC sur la surface de l’échantillon que nous avons vu expérimentalement permet de comprendre plusieurs mesures de résistivité en fonction des dimensions de l’échantillon trouvées dans la littérature. Nous présentons ensuite plusieurs idées pour expliquer du blocage de l’ODC sur les surfaces au niveau microscopique et proposons l’hypothèse d’une ODC commensurable en surface (et incommensurable dans le volume).

Charge Density Wave (CDW) compounds have been extensively studied during the 80s for their remarkable transport properties. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions. The use of new experimental techniques can address some of these issues.After presenting the basic principles of Coherent X-ray diffraction (CXRD), we show, using as an example the study of dislocation loops in silicon, how this experimental technique allows probing phase faults present in crystals.We continue with studies on CDW in the canonical compounds NbSe3 and K0.3MoO3. We study with DCRX the influence of defects in the sliding of a CDW in the compound NbSe3.Finally we present experiments on coexistence between CDW and spin density wave in Chromium and the coexistence of CDW and superconductivity in the compound NbSe2. These preliminary experiments suggest that superconductivity increases the coherence of CDW and that the spin-flip transition, present in Chromium, has effects on CDW.; Les matériaux à Onde de Densité de Charge (ODC) ont été très étudiés durant les années 80 pour leurs propriétés de transport remarquables. Pourtant il reste plusieurs questions sans réponse. L’utilisation de nouvelles techniques expérimentales permet de répondre à certaines de ces questions. Après avoir présenté les principes de base de la Diffraction Cohérente des Rayons X (DCRX), nous montrons, en prenant comme exemple l’étude des boucles de dislocation dans le silicium, comment cette technique expérimentale permet de sonder les défauts de phase présents dans les cristaux.Nous poursuivons par des expériences sur les composés NbSe3 et K0.3MoO3 qui se trouvent être des systèmes canoniques pour l’étude des ODC. Nous montrons notamment grâce à la DCRX l’influence des défauts dans le glissement d’une ODC dans le composé NbSe3.Pour finir nous présentons des expériences sur la coexistence entre les ODC et onde de densité de spin dans le Chrome ainsi que la coexistence des ODC et de la supraconductivité dans le composé NbSe2. Ces expériences préliminaires laissent à penser que la supraconductivité augmente la cohérence de l’ODC et que la transition de spin flip, présente dans le Chrome, a des effets sur l’ODC.

Charge Density Wave (CDW) compounds have been extensively studied during the 80s for their remarkable transport properties. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions. The use of new experimental techniques can address some of these issues.After presenting the basic principles of Coherent X-ray diffraction (CXRD), we show, using as an example the study of dislocation loops in silicon, how this experimental technique allows probing phase faults present in crystals.We continue with studies on CDW in the canonical compounds NbSe3 and K0.3MoO3. We study with DCRX the influence of defects in the sliding of a CDW in the compound NbSe3.Finally we present experiments on coexistence between CDW and spin density wave in Chromium and the coexistence of CDW and superconductivity in the compound NbSe2. These preliminary experiments suggest that superconductivity increases the coherence of CDW and that the spin-flip transition, present in Chromium, has effects on CDW., Les matériaux à Onde de Densité de Charge (ODC) ont été très étudiés durant les années 80 pour leurs propriétés de transport remarquables. Pourtant il reste plusieurs questions sans réponse. L’utilisation de nouvelles techniques expérimentales permet de répondre à certaines de ces questions. Après avoir présenté les principes de base de la Diffraction Cohérente des Rayons X (DCRX), nous montrons, en prenant comme exemple l’étude des boucles de dislocation dans le silicium, comment cette technique expérimentale permet de sonder les défauts de phase présents dans les cristaux.Nous poursuivons par des expériences sur les composés NbSe3 et K0.3MoO3 qui se trouvent être des systèmes canoniques pour l’étude des ODC. Nous montrons notamment grâce à la DCRX l’influence des défauts dans le glissement d’une ODC dans le composé NbSe3.Pour finir nous présentons des expériences sur la coexistence entre les ODC et onde de densité de spin dans le Chrome ainsi que la coexistence des ODC et de la supraconductivité dans le composé NbSe2. Ces expériences préliminaires laissent à penser que la supraconductivité augmente la cohérence de l’ODC et que la transition de spin flip, présente dans le Chrome, a des effets sur l’ODC.

In the present work, coherent x-ray diffraction has been used to highlight various physical phenomena. In most cases, the detection of topological defects allows drawing conclusions about the order or disorder in the periodic arrangements, and coherent x-ray diffraction is well suited for their detection. First of all, the notion of coherence will be exposed, and the main characteristics of the profiles obtained by coherent x-ray diffraction when a topological defect is present in the illuminated volume will be exposed through measurements carried out in a silicon sample containing well-known dislocation loops. This technique was then used for the study of electronic crystals, such as incommensurate Charge DensityWave (CDW) and Spin Density Wave (SDW) compounds. Several systems were studied : pure monocrystalline chromium, blue bronze K0.3MoO3, and NbSe3. In the case of chromium, our results show that the SDW and the CDW behave differently, and are not organized the same way, which raises the question of the link between these two modulations. Besides, an isolated bulk magnetic dislocation was detected, and allowed to extract the SDW force constants of chromium. Blue bronze and NbSe3 were studied under electric field, in the sliding CDW state. A very long range order was observed in this regime. A description in terms of a soliton-like lattice is proposed.; Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit a pour fil conducteur l'utilisation de la diffraction cohérente des rayons X pour mettre en lumière différents phénomènes physiques. La détection de défauts topologiques, auxquels les faisceaux cohérents sont très sensibles, permet de tirer des conclusions sur l'ordre ou le désordre trouvés dans les systèmes étudiés. La notion de cohérence des rayons X est tout d'abord exposée, puis la caractérisation de profils de diffraction cohérente en présence de défauts topologiques est présentée à travers une étude des boucles de dislocation dans le silicium. Cette technique a ensuite été appliquée à l'étude de composés présentant des ordres électroniques incommensurables, tels que les Ondes de Densité de Charge (ODC) et les Ondes de Densité de Spin (ODS). Plusieurs systèmes ont été étudiés : le chrome pur monocristallin, le bronze bleu K0.3MoO3, et NbSe3. Dans le cas du chrome, les résultats obtenus posent la question du lien réel existant entre ODC et ODS. Par ailleurs, une dislocation magnétique isolée en volume a été détectée, et a permis de soulever la question des constantes de force de l'ODS du spin. Le bronze bleu et NbSe3 ont été étudiés sous champ électrique. Un ordre à très grande distance a été observé dans les ODC du bronze bleu et de NbSe3, dans le régime de glissement. Nous proposons une description en termes de phase, à l'aide d'un modèle de type réseau de solitons.