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Spaceborne spectrometers require spectral-temporal stability characterization to aid validation of derived data products. EO-1 began orbital precession in 2011 after exhausting onboard fuel resources. In the Libya-4 Pseudo Invariant Calibration Site (PICS) this resulted in a progressive shift from a mean local equatorial crossing time of ~10:00 AM in 2011 to ~8:30 AM in late 2015. Here, we studied precession impacts to Hyperion surface reflectance products using three atmospheric correction approaches from 2004 to 2015. Combined difference estimates of surface reflectance were < 5% in the visible near infrared (VNIR) and < 10% for most of the shortwave infrared (SWIR). Combined coefficient of variation (CV) estimates in the VNIR ranged from 0.025 – 0.095, and in the SWIR ranged from 0.025 – 0.06, excluding bands near atmospheric absorption features. Reflectances produced with different atmospheric models were correlated (R(2)) in VNIR from 0.25 – 0.94 and SWIR from 0.12 – 0.88 (p < 0.01). The uncertainties in all models increased with terrain slope up to 15° and selecting dune flats could reduce errors. We conclude that these data remain a useful resource over this period.

This paper presents a three dimensional array of contemporary challenges and opportunities for language and literacy researchers and educators. The challenges and opportunities result from dynamic human migration, widespread use of mobile digital technology, and the development of the internet. Recent publications are discussed that exemplify the challenges and opportunities. Particular attention is given to spaces as local contexts for language and literacy learning. Focusing discussion upon the challenges and opportunities is one way of building knowledge about how people use modes of communication to develop, use, and learn language and literacies.

The O/OREOS (Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses) nanosatellite is the first science demonstration spacecraft and flight mission of the NASA Astrobiology Small- Payloads Program (ASP). O/OREOS was launched successfully on November 19, 2010, to a high-inclination (72 deg), 650-km Earth orbit aboard a US Air Force Minotaur IV rocket from Kodiak, Alaska. O/OREOS consists of 3 conjoined cubesat (each 1000 cu cm) modules: (i) a control bus; (ii) the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) experiment; and (iii) the Space Environment Viability of Organics (SEVO) experiment. Among the innovative aspects of the O/OREOS mission are a real-time analysis of the photostability of organics and biomarkers and the collection of data on the survival and metabolic activity for microorganisms at 3 times during the 6-month mission. We report on the spacecraft characteristics, payload capabilities, and present operational phase and flight data from the O/OREOS mission. The science and technology rationale of O/OREOS supports NASA0s scientific exploration program by investigating the local space environment as well as space biology relevant to Moon and Mars missions. It also serves as a precursor for experiments on small satellites, the International Space Station (ISS), future free-flyers and lunar surface exposure facilities.