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Nous analysons des donnees des cahiers PAM (Parlers des Alpes-Maritimes, Dalbera, 1994), provenant d’entrevues orales menees entre 1972 et 1981. Nous examinons les pronoms atones objets des differentes localites afin d’identifier les variations morphologiques a travers cette region ainsi que des systemes pronominaux distincts. Nous comparons nos donnees avec celles des etudes anterieures, notamment les resultats de Dalbera (1985-1986, 1994) et de Sumien (2006). Nous constatons aussi une forme distincte (non syncretique) pour le pronom datif a la troisieme personne du pluriel, lor, que les locuteurs emploient dans seulement une des localites pour lesquelles nous avons des donnees, ainsi qu’une forme opaque, n’i’n, qui represente la fusion du pronom datif avec le pronom genitif dans la partie occidentale des Alpes-Maritimes. Nous comparons la distribution geographique de cette forme opaque n’i’n avec celle des systemes pronominaux.

Faetar is an under-documented variety descended from Francoprovençal and spoken in two isolated Apulian villages in southern Italy as well as in the emigrant diaspora, especially in the Greater Toronto Area. Speakers use two series of subject pronouns (strong and weak pronouns), producing sentences with zero, one or two overt subject pronouns. The status of the overt forms as subject pronouns, emphatic pronouns, left- or right-dislocated pronouns, clitics, or affixes is not clear. Contrary to the predictions of the Null Subject Parameter hypothesis (Perlmutter 1971, Deep and surface structure constraints in syntax. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston; Chomsky 1981, Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris), these grammars have subject pronoun paradigms that are variable and conditioned by a number of linguistic factors (including person, tense, information status and subject type). This article delineates which aspects vary diachronically, spatially, or between individuals – a necessary prerequisite to constructing a theoretical model that accounts for this variation. By comparing the patterns of use in France, Italy, and Toronto, and using sources that span nearly a century, we see that despite the very small size of its speech community, Faetar shows little sign of accommodating to English’s virtually categorical presence of subject pronouns, nor to Italian’s high null subject (hereafter Ø-subject) rate, nor to the conditioning effects found in those languages.

Examining the processes and idiosyncrasies, which underpin value construction in furniture design, the chapter describes the tacit, subtle and often multiplex characteristics of design functions and design working, which conflict with economic institutions such as price and intellectual property. Against the backdrop of a powerful and lucrative design industry, the chapter problematises the key role of ‘silent design’, as a set of covert and tacit activities conducted by workers who are not considered to be designers or part of the design process, but who nevertheless play an instrumental role in constructing design value. The chapter argues that the economic imperative of design-led value creation calls for more suitable proxies of value creation, and more nuanced apparatus and research techniques, if it is not to be marginalised from the creative economy.

This paper is an analysis of micro grids and their dynamics with energy markets, as well as an examination of the challenges and opportunities to an increase in micro grid penetration to serve electricity consumers. Micro grid functions are analyzed with respect to management, interfacing with electricity and reserves markets. Challenges are considered including the incumbent industry, renewable penetration, and issues related to market and policy structure. Opportunities are also considered including cost and reliability advantages, energy storage, natural gas generation, consumer clustering, and virtual power plants.

Two methods are used to analyze latitudinal ranges of fish species: means of ranges of all species with a midpoint in the same 5⚬ latitude band plotted against latitude, and means of ranges of all species occurring in the same 5⚬ latitude band plotted against latitude. Application of the first method to data on 894 teleost species from the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic oceans showed that species with midpoints of latitudinal ranges near the equator have, on the average, much greater latitudinal ranges than species with midpoints at higher latitudes. Ranges of species were more or less the same when the second method was used, because of larger ranges and greater species numbers of low-latitude species. Rapoport's rule, according to which high-latitude species have greater latitudinal range than low-latitude species, therefore does not generally apply to marine teleosts. In contrast, the rule applies to North American (720 species) and North European (61 species) freshwater fish above a latitude of approximate...

Multilateral wells provide optimal recovery of reservoir pay and can become more prolific with stimulation or cleanout treatments. Downhole tools exist that index and allow the coiled tubing string to find and enter additional legs; however, they function using flow rate modulation. Any additional tool component beneath the multilateral tool that requires high pressure will suffer in performance because of the indexing multilateral tool. This technical paper addresses the performance of a new system that allows the indexing tool to find the lateral and then effectively treat the reservoir through the stimulation tool at the end. The entire cycle can be repeated for all laterals in the wellbore. The results of field tests using this multilateral jetting system were similar to what was seen in yard tests perform at test facilities in Rosharon TX. Field tests showed that operating parameters produced clear indications that the system was operating correctly. All legs were efficiently and effectively treated to improve well production. Additionally, this system reduced the number of trips into the well from three to one, resulting in a 50 % reduction of time at the client's well site.

Voici un survol des tendances depuis trente ans en syntaxe générative à propos des clitiques pronominaux. Perlmutter 1971 propose que des conditions de surface sont responsables de l’ordre interne des suites de clitiques et que l’absence de sujet obligatoire, en espagnol, serait liée à d’autres propriétés syntaxiques. Sont ensuite apparus : 1o les analyses par transformations ; 2o les débats entre déplacement et génération à la base, dus surtout aux données sur le redoublement clitique ; 3o l’étude de liens potentiels entre l’existence d’arguments nuls et les clitiques pronominaux, menant à des traitements morphologiques ; 4o l’application des travaux sur le rôle central des catégories fonctionnelles et des traits ; 5o les analyses de la structure interne des clitiques par la géométrie des traits et les variantes notationnelles des schèmes morphologiques sous forme de contraintes optimalistes hiérarchisées., This is a survey of the directions of the last thirty years in the treatment of pronominal clitics within the generative framework. Perlmutter 1971 suggested that surface constraints are responsible for the internal order of clitic strings, and that the absence of obligatory subjects, as in Spanish, is linked to other syntactic properties. Subsequent work showed the following stages : 1o transformational analyses ; 2o debate between movement and base-generation analyses, due mainly to the contributions of clitic doubling data ; 3o examinations of potential links between null arguments and pronominal clitics, leading to morphological treatments ; 4o extension of the central role played by functional categories and features ; 5o analyses of the internal structure of clitics with feature geometry and renewed interest in notational equivalents of surface templates based on ranked Optimality constraints.