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In this book, David Lewis offers an original interpretation of the Russian political system that developed under Vladimir Putin as a new form of authoritarianism. Lewis argues that the Putinist worldview challenged liberal beliefs about concepts such as sovereignty, the state, and democracy, and instead promoted a set of illiberal norms and ideas that contributed to a global backlash against liberal politics. The book uses the political thought of Carl Schmitt, the Nazi jurist and anti-liberal political theorist, to explore political developments in Russia in the first two decades of the 21st century. Case-studies examine how ideas of sovereign decision-making and exceptionality undermined the rule of law in Russia, producing a system of politicised, selective justice. A striving for national unity degenerated into a search for external and internal enemies. Russia’s democratic institutions were gradually hollowed out as Russia developed a form of “illiberal democracy”. The second part of the book uses Schmitt’s theories of international relations to study Russian foreign policy, including a detailed case-study of the annexation of Crimea, a new interpretation of Russia’s search for a sphere of influence in the former Soviet space, and a study of messianic thinking in Russian policy in the Middle East. The book is a detailed study of contemporary Russian politics, but also draws parallels between developments in Russia and the global growth of right-wing populism and authoritarianism.

The conclusion discusses the relevance of Carl Schmitt’s thought for the 21st century. This section outlines five conceptual pillars that underpinned the Russian political system during two decades of Putinist rule. It explains how authoritarian responses to social and political challenges ultimately created serious systemic failings that began to undermine the legitimacy of the Putinist state in the late 2010s.

As the editor of H-Amlndian, a joint project between the History Department at Arizona State University and the Center for Humane Arts, Letters, and Social Sciences Online housed at Michigan State University, I have discovered that discussion threads go in cycles. Sometimes the listserv has a lively exchange of ideas between scholars on the subjects of American Indian history, culture, ideas, and professional behavior. Inexplicitly, for stretches of time the listserv is quiet, as if all subscribers are on vacation. In an effort to stimulate conversation during one of these silent periods, I asked each of my four graduate student editors to formulate a timely and provocative question that they would like to see discussed by the HAmIndian subscribers. Once I approved their questions, they all invited four scholars to respond to their queries. James Precht drew the short straw and was the first to undertake the challenge. After extensive discussions with fellow students and faculty, he settled on the following question: "To what extent do scholars have a responsibility to the Indigenous communities they study, and how can they fulfill this responsibility?" He invited Professor Devon Mihesuah of Northern Arizona University, Professor Clara Sue Kidwell of the University of Oklahoma, doctoral candidate Daniel Cobb of the University of Oklahoma, and doctoral student Matthew Makley of Arizona State University to write responses to the question. The discussion that followed illustrated that there are significant disputes between scholars and American Indian communities over scholarly research and Indigenous cultural heritage and intellectual property rights. Devon Mihesuah argued "Scholars absolutely do have a responsibility to the people they study" and "authors need to be accountable to

Synthetic ferrihydrite preparations are metastable and on oven-drying are shown to undergo significant transformation to more stable crystalline products the composition of which depends on the properties of the initial ferrihydrite. For a poorly ordered sample produced by rapid neutralization of a ferric nitrate solution, the dominant product was well-crystalline hematite (α-Fe2O3), the amount depending on the temperature at which drying was accomplished. Freeze-drying prevented alteration of the ferrihydrite to more crystalline forms and, compared with any of the oven dried samples, minimized the change in rate of dissolution in acid ammonium oxalate solution. For a more ordered ferrihydrite produced by slow neutralization, oven-drying caused the formation of some goethite (α-FeOOH) with little or no hematite. The different transformation pathway for the more ordered ferrihydrite is attributed to 1) formation of larger polymers by slow growth during neutralization, resulting in a limited supply of the very small polymers which transform readily to hematite on heating, and 2) the probability of concomitant growth of goethite nuclei within the ferrihydrite allowing preferred transformation to goethite during oven-drying. Veranderungen von Ferrihydrit durch Ofentrocknung Synthetische Ferrihydrite sind metastabil und werden wahrend der Trocknung im Ofen in stabilere, kristalline Produkte umgeformt, deren Zusammensetzung von den Eigenschaften des ursprunglichen Ferrihydrits abhangt. Bei einer schwach geordneten Probe, die durch eine schnelle Neutralisation einer Eisennitratlosung erstellt wurde, zeigte sich als Hauptprodukt gut kristalliner Hamatit (α-Fe2O3), dessen Menge von der Temperatur abhangig war, bei der die Trocknung durchgefuhrt wurde. Gefriertrocknung verhinderte die Umsetzung von Ferrihydrit in kristallinere Formen. Verglichen mit im Ofen getrockneten Proben war die Loslichkeit in saurer NH4-Oxalatlosung verringert. Fur geordneteren Ferrihydrit (erstellt durch langsame Neutralisation), verursachte die Ofentrocknung die Entstehung von etwas Goethit (α-FeOOH) neben wenig oder keinem Hamatit. Die Bildung von hoheren Anteilen besser geordneten Ferrihydrits wird verursacht durch 1. Bildung groser Polymere bei langsamem Wachstum wahrend der Neutralisation und einer nur begrenzten Anzahl von kleinen Polymeren, welche bei Erhitzung Hamatit bilden. und 2. die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines gleichzeitigen Wachstums von Goethitkeimen innerhalb des Ferrihydrits, welche wahrend des Ofentrocknens die Transformation in Goethit bevorzugen.

Satellite altimetry data have been processed by treating sea-surface topography measurements from each satellite track as being analogous to seismic reflection traces. We utilised the mature technology developed for manipulating and processing seismic data to sort the large volume (4.5 Gbytes) of altimetry data, convert to gravity and optimise its signal-to-noise characteristics. A wide range of pre-stack processes were tested with the most effective described below.

Receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone were solubilized by Triton X-100. Membrane fractions from GH3 pituitary tumor cells were incubated with thyrotropin-releasing hormone in order to saturate specific receptor sites before the addition of detergent. The amount of protein-bound hormone solubilized by Triton X-100 was proportional to the fractional saturation of specific membrane receptors. Increasing detergent:protein ratios from 0.5 to 20 led to a progressive loss of hormone . receptor complex from membrane fractions with a concomitant increase in soluble protein-bound hormone. The soluble hormone . receptor complex was not retained by 0.22 micron filters and remained soluble after ultracentrifugation. Following incubation with high (2.5--10%) concentrations of Triton X-100 and other non-ionic detergents, or following repeated detergent extraction, at least 18% of specifically bound thyrotropin-releasing hormone remained associated with particulate material. Unlike the hormone receptor complex, the free hormone receptor was inactivated by Triton X-100. A 50% loss of binding activity was obtained with 0.01% Triton X-100, corresponding to a detergent:protein ratio of 0.033. The hormone . receptor complex was included in Sepharose 6B and exhibited an apparent Stoke radius of 46 A in buffers containing Triton X-100. The complex aggregated in detergent-free buffers. Soluble hormone receptors were separated from excess detergent and thyrotropin-releasing hormone by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone dissociated from soluble receptors with a half-time of 120 min at 0 degrees C, while the membrane hormone . receptor complex was stable for up to 5 at 0 degrees C.

The interaction between TRH and GH3 pituitary tumor cells was studied in monolayer cultures or membrane-containing fractions. In intact cells, the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) was approximately 10 nM, and the total number of binding sites was approximately 1.4 pmol/mg protein at temperatures of 0-37 C. In broken cell preparations, the number of sites occupied at saturating TRH concentrations was reduced by half when the temperature was increased from 0 to 30 C. Linear Scatchard plots were obtained under all conditions. The rate of dissociation of TRH was temperature dependent, and first order plots were nonlinear. The half-times for dissociation at 0 C were over 240 min in cells and membranes, while at 37 C, the half-time values were 24 min (cells) and less than 0.5 min (membranes). Identical dissociation kinetics were obtained by dilution alone or dilution with excess unlabeled hormone. When cultures which had been incubated with TRH were lightly fixed with glutaraldehyde, dissociation at 37 C became immeasurably slow. However, TRH dissociated immediately when sodium dodecyl sulfate, ethanol, or acetone was added, indicating that the tripeptide was not covalently coupled to cell proteins. The data indicate that binding of TRH to high affinity GH3 receptors is not cooperative, and that the majority of TRH bound after short incubations is dissociable.

Iron oxides and hydrous oxides (oxyhydroxides and hydroxides) are ubiquitous in soils and weathered iron-containing material. In the weathering process iron is initially released to form aquated iron(II) and/or iron(III) ions in Solution. Under appropriate pH and redox conditions aquated iron(II) is readily oxidized to form iron(III) ions which may then lose proton(s) to form FeOH2+ and/or Fe(OH)+ 2 species as well as the dimer, Fe2(OH)2 4+. The true nature of these species are probably [Fe4+(H2O)6]3+, [Fe(H2O)5 OH)]2+, [Fe(H2O)4 (OH)2] , and [(H2O)4 Fe(OH)2 Fe(H2O)4]4+, respectively, but they are usually abbreviated to the former. Such species have been identified in Solution by spectrophotometric and Potentiometrie methods [1–9], and by magnetic methods [10]. However, in other than very acidic Solution, hydrolysis continues beyond these simple products and based upon ultracentrifuge analyses [11] large polymers form. Pathways for polymer formation have been suggested by Dousma and deBruyn [7]. With time, and a continued supply of monomeric species such polymers continue to grow and ultimately yield precipitates of iron oxides or hydrous oxides, [12,13] the nature of which can vary depending on the conditions in the hydrolyzing medium. Factors influencing the product distribution include pH, temperature, iron concentration, rate of hydrolysis and the nature and concentration of other solutes [12]. Possible pathways for the formation of the product iron oxides and hydrous oxides are shown in Figure 1 and the general characteristics of these oxides [14] are presented in Table I. In some cases previous workers have used the term iron oxides to include collectively both the oxides and hydrous oxides [14]. For simplicity this approach will be adopted here.