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This article presents a set of four multitext manuscripts made in Tabriz during the reign of the Safavid Shāh Sulaymān (r. 1666–1694). The texts are organized around one core abstruse text (lughuz) penned by the patron of the work, the vizier of Azarbayjan and mustawfī al-mamālik, Ẓahīr al-Dīn Ibrāhīm (d. 1102/1690). Analysis of these manuscripts, copied successively over a period of 12 years by the same hand, reveals the endeavours of the patron and the copyist to produce an artefact that was increasingly refined in terms of layout. The Sackler manuscript is the most recent and also the most accomplished. The amount of time and money put into this project is unusual for a non-royal patron. This editorial project might be linked to Ẓahīr al-Dīn’s political ambitions to find a position or to restore his reputation at the royal court at Isfahan.

At the end of the twentieth century, the Ayatollah Marʿashī Najafī Library (Qum) acquired a fourteenth-century manuscript of munshaʾāt previously held in a private collection. This composite multitext manuscript contains about two hundred letters sent by or to officials of the Rūm Saljūq sultanate in the thirteenth century. The letters include official (sulṭāniyyāt) and private (ikhwāniyyāt) correspondence as well as decrees of nomination (taqrīrāt al-manāṣib). They are all in Persian. This article is a first study of the codicological features, structure, and contents of this manuscript. It suggests a production process that unfolded in several stages over a period of seventy years, from the reign of Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw II (d. 644/1246) to the second decade of the fourteenth century. The Marʿashī manuscript expands considerably the volume of documents available on Saljūq Anatolia during the beginning of Mongol period. It is poised to become a major source on the political history of the period and will also help to understand the integration of Anatolia into the Persianate sphere.

Background The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections has caused great concern. Ciprofloxacin remains the empiric antimicrobial recommended to treat NG infections in Peru disregarding the susceptibility profile of circulating NG strains. We report the prevalence of individuals infected with NG strains presenting mutations in the gyrA gene that confers ciprofloxacin resistance. Methods We conducted a descriptive study assessing extragenital swab samples collected from a cohort of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru. Anal and pharyngeal NG positive swabs for Aptima Combo 2 assay (Hologic Inc., USA) were used for DNA extraction. We performed TaqMan real time PCR assays to detect a point mutation at codon Ser91 of the gyrase A ( gyrA) gene. Results From 156 individuals who had at least one positive sample for NG reported by the Aptima assay, 80 individuals had at least one amplified DNA for the gyrA gene. We found that 67 of them (84.0%) were infected with a gyrA-mutated NG strain at the Ser91 codon. Conclusions We report a high prevalence of gyrA mutation conferring ciprofloxacin resistance among individuals with extragenital NG infection. Empirical treatment of NG needs to be urgently updated in Peru in concordance with international guidelines.

Class 1 and Class 2 integrons are mobilizable elements able to carry a variety of antibiotic resistance determinants. In the present study, Class 1 and 2 integrons present in 355 pathogenic Escherichia coli (285 diarrheagenic, of these 129 were enteropathogenic, 90 enteroaggregative, 66 enterotoxigenic, and 70 bacteremic) isolated from healthy and ill children under age 5 from periurban areas of Lima, Peru, were characterized. The presence of integrase 1 and 2 was established by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and variable regions were grouped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and subsequent sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was established by disk diffusion. Ninety-seven isolates (27.3%) presented integrase 1, and 16 (4.5%) presented integrase 2 (P < 0.0001); in addition, seven (2.0%) isolates, six diarrheagenic and one bacteremic, presented both integrase genes. The presence of integrase 1 was more frequent among bacteremic isolates (P = 0.0004). Variable regions were amplified in 76/120 (63.3%) isolates with up to 14 gene arrangements. The most prevalent gene cassettes were those encoding dihydrofolate reductases as well as aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Of note, Class 1 integrons tended to be associated with the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). A variety of Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in diarrheagenic and bacteremic E. coli, demonstrating the heterogeneity of variable regions circulating in the area. The association of integrons with ESBLs is worrisome and has an impact on the development of multidrug resistance.

The Marʿashī Library of Qum owns an unstudied manuscript containing official documents from the Rum Saljuq dynasty. The manuscript includes an Arabic text for the foundation of a ribāṭ. Its patron was unmistakably the Georgian wife of Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw II (d. 644/1246), the unfortunate sultan beaten by the Mongols at Kösedağ. The building was a caravanserai, most probably located at the stage of Düden, immediately northeast of Antalya. Its construction can be dated to around 636/1238. It was part of a cluster of buildings erected with sultanic patronage on the road from Antalya to Konya. Gurjī Khātūn’s aim in founding the ribāṭ was to establish her son, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubād II, as indisputable heir apparent over the other (and older) offspring of the sultan. Beyond the light it casts on her long-term strategy to become wālida (Tk.valide, queen mother), the text allows us to refine our knowledge of women patrons, a subject that had been tackled so far mostly through the case of Māhparī Khātūn. Finally, the source in which this text was found proves that inscriptions (at least this one) were authored by personnel of the chancery, as supposed by van Berchem and by Redford after him.

International audience

Academic and policy domains are increasingly constructing ‘migration as adaptation’ as a policy ideal against alarmist, security-oriented approaches to the climate-migration nexus. However, our knowledge of how development actors in national contexts view and use migration as adaptation in practice remains limited. Based on 90 interviews with development stakeholders, this paper demonstrates the limited reach of the migration asadaptation policy ideal in Senegal’s development sector. It is considered too vague a concept to operationalise and is in tension with the wider discursive context on migration and development, marked by sedentary bias which requires ‘addressing the root causes of migration’, including environmental change, to ‘fix populations in place’. A dominant discourse accommodates sedentary bias. It allows for a narrow application of migration as adaptation through ‘return migration’ and ‘diaspora mobilisation’ projects. These target only existing migrants, avoiding new mobility solutions. A minority counter-discourse rejects sedentary bias, emphasising freedom of movement., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Stunting, defined as height-for-age Z score equal to or lower than -2, is associated with increased childhood mortality, cognitive impairment, and chronic diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between linear growth, intestinal damage, and systemic inflammation in infants at risk of stunting. We followed up 78 infants aged 5-12 months living in rural areas of Peru for 6 months. Blood samples for biomarkers of intestinal damage (intestinal fatty-acid-binding protein [I-FABP] and zonulin) and systemic inflammation (interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], soluble CD14, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) and fecal samples for microbiome analysis were collected at baseline and closure of the study. The children's growth and health status were monitored through biweekly home visits by trained staff. Twenty-one percent of the children became stunted: compared with non-stunted children, they had worse nutritional parameters and higher levels of serum I-FABP at baseline. The likelihood of becoming stunted was strongly associated with an increase in sCD14 over time; LBP and TNF-alpha showed a trend toward increase in stunted children but not in controls. The fecal microbiota composition of stunted children had an increased beta diversity compared with that of healthy controls throughout the study. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus 1 and 2, Clostridium sensu stricto, and Collinsella increased in children becoming stunted but not in controls, whereas Providencia abundance decreased. In conclusion, stunting in our population was preceded by an increase in markers of enterocyte turnover and differences in the fecal microbiota and was associated with increasing levels of systemic inflammation markers.

En Japon no da dos oportunidades (1994), Augusto Higa Oshiro narra su experiencia laboral en Japon, de la cual brinda un duro testimonio que critica a la sociedad capitalista japonesa y muestra su proceso de decepcion y exclusion marcado por la irrupcion de rasgos paranoicos. Este texto permite evidenciar el conflicto entre el Japon idealizado por los padres (japoneses de origen) —es decir, una sociedad llena de valores tradicionales y anhelada por los hijos— y una sociedad competitiva, homogenea, excluyente y racista, que es la que Higa encuentra. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el funcionamiento de esaexclusion, marcada principalmente por el valor del trabajo y la alienacion que surge de esta, proceso que Higa no puede cumplir del todo, a pesar de todos los intentos que narra a lo largo del libro, en los que descubre su condicion de latinoamericano y peruano. Resalta la sensacion de persecucion y locura que lo llevan al delirio y que rompen el ansiado proceso de identificacion, marcado a su vez por un regreso al Peru.

This article deals with the history of Isfahan during the five centuries between the arrival of the Turks and the beginning of the Safavid period. It attempts to identify the continuities and ruptures from three different perspectives: To what extent can we speak of an urban decline? What was the relationship of the Isfahanis with the imperial rulers? How did the general context impact the makeup and the organisation of the society? It appears that Isfahan demonstrated remarkable resilience over the period, and that it is only beginning with the Timurid period that we can speak of a decline. Likewise, there is remarkable continuity in the ways in which the local elites collaborated with or resisted the imperial players. The role of the Ṣāʿid family, which held the cadial function over four centuries, is emblematic in this respect. Conversely, under special circumstances, the imperial players were able to exert great substantial influence on the local communities, and it is this political backing which explains the strengthening of the Hanafis in the sixth/twelfth century, and that of the Shiis in the following. One of the main accomplishments of this synthesis view of Isfahan history is that it assesses the effects of the Mongol domination relative to that of other periods.

It has become increasingly common to argue that climate change will lead to mass migrations. In this chapter, we examine the largenumbers often invoked to underline alarming climate migration narratives. We outline the methodological limitations to theirproduction. We argue for a greater diversity of knowledges about climate migration, rooted in qualitative and mixed methods. Wealso question the usefulness of numbers to progressive agendas for climate action. Large numbers are used for rhetorical effect tocreate fear of climate migration, but this approach backfires when they are used to justify security-oriented, anti-migrant agendas. Inaddition, quantification helps present migration as a management problem with decisions based on meeting quantitative targets,instead of prioritising peoples’ needs, rights, and freedoms., 0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

People’s movements say a lot about their activities. Whether it concerns sports, music (playing an instrument), at work, in re-education, each domain has its own specific moves. However, some of it, such as sports competition, need high-precision movements. Tools are available to measure movements in all sectors. First, sensors are placed on different strategic points on the person’s body that allow us to retrieve temporal data from the body of the user. In this work, no camera is used for motion recognition in order to let the user free to go in different spaces. A considerable number of algorithms help for movement recognition such as deep learning, convolutional neural networks or dynamic modelling, but in most cases, cameras are used. So, our approach consists of two phases. First, model the users thanks to whole-body sensors and save characteristic movements. Second, we still use sensors, to model the test person to find characteristic movements depending on the activity.

This article aims to contribute to the wider debate on the historicity of the Shāh-nāmah by focusing on the way Firdawsī uses the word khargāh. The word, which is first attested in Rūdakī poetry, has not been dealt with adequately in previous scholarship dedicated to the Shāh-nāmah. An analysis of all the occurrences in the text provides results consistent with those obtained from contemporary sources: the khargāh appeared in Central Asia (here, Tūrān); it was the standard dwelling of Turkic-speaking pastoral nomads (here, Tūrānians), whatever their social rank; and it was adopted later as a status symbol by non-Turkish elites (here, during Kay-Khusraw’s reign). In Firdawsī’s Shāh-nāmah khargāh should therefore also be understood as the type of framed tent known as “trellis tent” (the so-called yurt).

The purpose of this article is to study the effect of the administration of multiple IV doses of gadolinium-based contrast agent on the intrinsic T1 hyperintensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).A retrospective review of imaging in patients with relapsing-remitting MS was performed. Images of 20 patients who received four or more doses of gadolinium-based contrast agent were reviewed. Patients received the linear agent gadopentetate dimeglumine before 2011 and the macrocyclic agent gadobutrol from 2011 onward. Dentate nucleus-to-pons and globus pallidus-to-thalamus signal intensity (SI) ratios were evaluated. SI ratios were compared over time with multiple injections of gadolinium. Similar SI ratios were evaluated for six patients who received gadopentetate dimeglumine and then underwent multiple subsequent MRI studies without contrast agent administration.The increase in the dentate nucleus-to-pons SI ratio after multiple administrations of the linear agent gadopentetate dimeglumine (mean = 1.44; SD = 2.50) was significantly higher than that with the macrocyclic agent gadobutrol (mean = -0.11; SD = 2.33) (p0.001). The globus pallidus-to-thalamus and dentate nucleus-to-CSF ratios also increased with multiple contrast injections over time, but the changes were not found to be statistically significant. The increase in SI in the dentate nucleus was not observed in patients who stopped receiving contrast injections, after showing a previous increase over time with gadolinium.In patients with MS, SI within the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus increased on unenhanced T1-weighted images and was significantly greater with the administration of a linear agent than with a macrocyclic agent. This increase in SI over time is likely a reflection of gadolinium deposition and not due to intrinsic disease, as previously postulated.

To determine the utility of cervical spine MRI in blunt trauma evaluation for instability after a negative non-contrast cervical spine CT. A review of medical records identified all adult patients with blunt trauma who underwent CT cervical spine followed by MRI within 48 h over a 33-month period. Utility of subsequent MRI was assessed in terms of findings and impact on outcome. A total of 1,271 patients with blunt cervical spine trauma underwent both cervical spine CT and MRI within 48 h; 1,080 patients were included in the study analysis. Sixty-six percent of patients with a CT cervical spine study had a negative study. Of these, the subsequent cervical spine MRI had positive findings in 20.9%; 92.6% had stable ligamentous or osseous injuries, 6.0% had unstable injuries and 1.3% had potentially unstable injuries. For unstable injury, the NPV for CT was 98.5%. In all 712 patients undergoing both CT and MRI, only 1.5% had unstable injuries, and only 0.42% had significant change in management. MRI for blunt trauma evaluation remains not infrequent at our institution. MRI may have utility only in certain patients with persistent abnormal neurological examination. • MRI has limited utility after negative cervical CT in blunt trauma. • MRI is frequently positive for non-specific soft-tissue injury. • Unstable injury missed on CT is infrequent.