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Certain satellite sensors can be used for mineral identification and thus detection of alteration indicative of hydrocarbon microseepage. However, care must be taken when placing these results into context because alteration also can be due to other factors. The authors review the rationale for multiscale and multispectral image selection as well as the benefit of iterative processing, to highlight alteration within a given formation. The authors determine using remote sensing results integrated with other geologic information to confirm that alteration exists, compare results with a conceptual microseepage model, reconcile alteration pattern and extent with the geologic setting and trap timing, and appraise the potential that other factors may have caused alteration. The authors used geologic information from the well-studied Lisbon Field including, but not limited to, geochemistry, petrography and diagenetic studies, and paleo-structure reconstruction. We evaluated whether the alteration model made sense by assessing the thermal history and estimating volumetrics and seepage rate based on the geologic setting and extent of alteration. The results confirm that the alteration at the Lisbon Field is compatible with hydrocarbon microseepage as its principal cause, however, it cannot rule out the possibility that some of it may be due to hydrothermal fluid migration.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common childhood motor disability, yet its link to single-gene disorders is under-characterized. To explore the genetic landscape of CP, we conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) in a cohort of patients with CP.We performed comprehensive phenotyping and WES on a prospective cohort of individuals with cryptogenic CP (who meet criteria for CP; have no risk factors), non-cryptogenic CP (who meet criteria for CP; have at least one risk factor), and CP masqueraders (who could be diagnosed with CP, but have regression/progressive symptoms). We characterized motor phenotypes, ascertained medical comorbidities, and classified brain MRIs. We analyzed WES data using an institutional pipeline.We included 50 probands in this analysis (20 females, 30 males). Twenty-four had cryptogenic CP, 20 had non-cryptogenic CP, five had CP masquerader classification, and one had unknown classification. Hypotonic-ataxic subtype showed a difference in prevalence across the classification groups (p = 0.01). Twenty-six percent of participants (13/50) had a pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in 13 unique genes (ECHS1, SATB2, ZMYM2, ADAT3, COL4A1, THOC2, SLC16A2, SPAST, POLR2A, GNAO1, PDHX, ACADM, ATL1), including one patient with two genetic disorders (ACADM, PDHX) and two patients with a SPAST-related disorder. The CP masquerader category had the highest diagnostic yield (n = 3/5, 60%), followed by the cryptogenic CP category (n = 7/24, 29%). Fifteen percent of patients with non-cryptogenic CP (n = 3/20) had a Mendelian disorder on WES.WES demonstrated a significant prevalence of Mendelian disorders in individuals clinically diagnosed with CP, including in individuals with known CP risk factors.

(Action) is frequently a taken-for-granted aspect of educational action research. Proponents often focus on how research will benefit educational practice without explaining what is meant by educational practice or action. Here, the author reverses that emphasis: exploring his interest in how different conceptions of action lead to diverse relationships with research. He uses Arendt's tripartite division of human action into labour, work and action to show how each version of practice involves a different link to theory, knowledge and research. Educational labour research focuses on finding better means to achieve predetermined ends and educational work research concentrates on developing new ends. Arendtian educational action research, however, attempts to use research to understand how human freedom might be exercised in dialogue with others. The argument is illustrated with examples drawn from his own practice and from articles in one issue of Educational Action Research.

The difficulty of connecting the knowledge generated by educational researchers and the practice of classroom teachers is familiar. Academics write about the importance of research for understanding and improving classroom practices; classroom teachers dismiss the academics’ research knowledge as a poor substitute for actual experience. We argue for moving from debates between spectators and actors about knowledge and practice to discussions about how all educators can foster good judgment. We outline two major accounts of judgment in Western thought, Aristotle’s and Kant’s, which ultimately privilege the spectator over the actor. We then introduce the work of Hannah Arendt, who linked thinking and acting without privileging either in her conception of judgment. Focusing on how teachers and researchers might become better educational judges is a crucial, yet neglected, agenda that promises to link these communities.

Central to teaching is a grand dichotomy: public and private. Children need the protection of privacy to form their own identities: they try out new roles and need to be sheltered from some consequences of these attempts so that they feel confident to keep trying. Forming an identity, however, is also a public concern: the very roles that children try out have been defined by communities. Teachers are given special responsibility to determine public and private for children, but little guidance in making these judgements. Following Habermas, I contend that deciding public and private is especially difficult for teachers, because the bureaucratization of society in general and schooling in particular has eroded distinctions between private and public. I suggest that Habermas's discourse ethics with its typology of pragmatic, ethical and moral discourses each aimed at different goals--and requiring different conditions of communication--can help teachers create common and uncommon worlds for their students.

Teacher research has been concerned with the generation of knowledge and voice for more than 70 years; teachers are invited to join the academic dialogue by becoming researchers themselves. Yet the promised fusion of communities seems as distant as ever. I want to suggest that for these two solitudes to be brought together, the emphasis needs to change from the generation of knowledge to dialogue about what counts as knowledge. Using the work of the Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975), I argue for dialogic research. In making my case, I present a research problem that was investigated by a group of school administrators and teachers, sketch the previous response of the research community to that issue, take a brief detour through Bakhtin's literary theory, and then show how each of the conceptual resources that he supplies–polyphony, chronoscope and carnival–affected the research project and the ensuing dialogue about knowledge and its relationship to practice.

In this brief and informal speech to senior executives representing a group of the bank's largest corporate clients, Bank of America's CEO and Chairman describes the bank's mission and the “necessary conditions” for achieving it. Besides mentioning a number of recent initiatives aimed at improving quality of service—including an extensive employee stock option plan—he also comments on the role of the bank's stock repurchase program in its overall attempt to maximize “economic profit” and shareholder value.

The molecular testing options available for the diagnosis of genetic disorders are numerous and include a variety of different assay platforms. The consultative input of molecular pathologists and cytogeneticists, working closely with the ordering clinicians, is often important for definitive diagnosis. Herein, we describe two patients who had long histories of unexplained signs and symptoms with a high clinical suspicion of an underlying genetic etiology. Initial molecular testing in both cases was negative, but the application of high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization technology lead to definitive diagnosis in both cases. We summarize the clinical findings and molecular testing in each case, discuss the differential diagnoses, and review the clinical and pathological findings of Mowat-Wilson syndrome. This report highlights the importance for those involved in molecular testing to know the nature of the underlying genetic abnormalities associated with the suspected diagnosis, to recognize the limitations of each testing platform, and to persistently pursue repeat testing using high-resolution technologies when indicated. This concept is applicable to both germline and somatic molecular genetic testing.

To compare the incidence of reported insertion problems with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (Mirena) with that of the copper device Multiload Cu 375.Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM) methodology, as used in the Intensive Medicines Monitoring Programme, was used to identify cohorts of women and record events associated with insertion.Data were analysed from 16 159 women receiving Multiload Cu 375 between 1991 and 2001, and 3452 women receiving Mirena between 1998 and 2001. Difficult insertion was reported more often with Mirena (RR= 2.7, 95% CI = 2.2--3.3, p0.0001). Stratified analyses suggested this was not explained by the presence of more nulliparous women in the Mirena cohort or the non-contraceptive indications for use of Mirena. Mechanical problems with the device were reported in about 1% of Mirena insertions compared with 0.01% of Multiload Cu 375 insertions and this difference was significant (p0.001). About 2% of Mirena insertions were performed under general anaesthetic compared with 0.1% of Multiload Cu 375 insertions. Adverse reactions to insertion, including pain and vaso-vagal reaction, were more frequent with Mirena than with Multiload Cu 375 (p0.001).During the period of study, insertion of Mirena was more difficult and was associated with more device problems and adverse reactions than insertion of Multiload Cu 375.

A freezing apparatus has been developed for bringing blocks of tissue into contact with a block of sapphire chilled to 17°K. A toggle linkage minimizes rebound by slowing the rate of approach of the tissue to the cold surface to a velocity of zero. A glove box limits condensation on the surface of the sapphire, and a miniature moist chamber protects the specimen from drying and premature freezing. About 50 blocks of tissue can be frozen in an hour and a half by using 5 liters of liquid helium. The tissue is then frozendried at controlled temperature, fixed with OsO4 vapor, and infiltrated with epoxy resin in a simple bench-top freeze-drier without breaking vacuum. About two-thirds of the blocks are useful for electron microscopy. Brain tissue frozen and dried by using these methods retains enough immunoreactivity for enkephalin in plastic sections to permit its detection with immunohistochemistry by using both the light microscope (with immunofluorescence) and the electron microscope (with colloidal gold).

Hemophilus influenzae type b systemic infection occurring in siblings or close family members has been reported infrequendy.1-4 Recent evidence suggests that genetically controlled host characteristics may determine risk for infection and perhaps type of disease due to H. influenzae type b.2,5 We have had the opportunity to study some of these factors in two cases of meningitis. This report describes H. influenzae type b meningitis in two identical members of a triplet sibship and discusses the implications of these cases in terms of host defense. CASE REPORT Case II-1 M.G., an 11-month-old male infant, was the second born of triplets and had been well except for two episodes of otitis media after 7 months of age.

A dependable method for freeze-drying tissues for electron microscopy has been developed. Thin slices of fresh tissue were frozen by bringing them into direct contact with a polished copper bar at liquid nitrogen temperature. The tissue was transferred to a copper specimen block equipped with a thermocouple and heating circuit for accurate control of the environmental temperature of the tissue, and evacuated in a glass freeze-drier using clean high vacuum techniques for keeping the system free of hydrocarbons. The tissue was dried by increasing the temperature of the specimen block 10 degrees C each hour while monitoring the rate of water removal from the tissue with a partial pressure analyzer. The dry tissue was fixed with OsO4 vapor, vacuum embedded in a low viscosity epoxy resin, sectioned, stained, and viewed with the electron microscope. Tissue processed in this manner exhibits excellent morphological preservation at both cellular and organellar levels without prefixation or the use of cryoprotective agents. The results of the experiments using the partial pressure analyzer indicate that small blocks of tissue can be dried in a short time at low temperature.

Enkephalin and neurophysin immunoreactivity have been co-localized in terminals of frozen-dried cat posterior pituitary, using two methods of immunocytochemistry--the protein A-gold procedure and the PAP method. Absorption controls show reduced staining in all cases. Intermediate lobe cells are negative using the enkephalin and neurophysin antisera, but with alpha-MSH antiserum, posterior lobe terminals are negative and intermediate lobe cells are positive. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that inhibition of release of oxytocin and vasopressin by the pituitary opioid system is accomplished by an autoregulatory mechanism in which the release of enkephalin with oxytocin or vasopressin serves to inhibit release of the neurohormones.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some aspects of the distribution of presently characterized neuropeptides revealed by immunohistochemical techniques. The distribution of neuropeptides as revealed by immunohistochemical techniques suggests two varieties of neural circuits in which the peptides play a role. The first of these generalized systems is thought to participate in neuroendocrine regulation, as the peptides are found in high concentrations in terminals adjacent to vascular elements that drain either to the anterior pituitary or to systemic circulation. Peptides released from such neurohemal sites may act as hormones upon target cells. Alternatively, they may act via axo-axonic interactions with other peptidergic terminals that liberate “true” hormones. Neuropeptides are also found in circuits of neurons engaged in interneuronal communication.

Improved cutting qualities of Epon 812 and Araldite 502 can be obtained by adjusting the anhydride:epoxy ratio to 0.60. Fixed biological tissues can be rapidly dehydrated and infiltrated with resin in a vacuum, and resin can be polymerized at 95°C without apparent damage to the tissue. Processing time can be reduced to 1 hour.

Recent improvements in methods of rapid freezing have revived interest in the use of freeze-drying as a viable alternative to aqueous fixation for transmission electron microscopy. Previous work by the authors using partial pressure analysis of water sublimed from drying tissue has led to the design of an improved freeze-drier. The advantages of this apparatus include speed and ease of operation, accuracy of temperature control, and the fact that the tissue can be dried, fixed, and embedded without breaking vacuum. The primary components of the freeze-drier are shown assembled in Figure 1 at one-fifth actual size. The operational procedure is outlined in detail below.1) Disconnect the pumping chamber from the apparatus at 0-ring joint G. Remove the valve stem H and preheat the chamber for at least 12 hours at 150° C. Insert the valve stem, close the valve, place the pumping chamber in a 7 inch O.D. Dewar filled with liquid nitrogen (LN), and allow the pump to equilibrate for 4-24 hours.

An inexpensive and dependable method for freeze-drying biological tissue for transmission electron microscopy has been developed. Reproducible results can be attained if the following procedure is carefully followed.1) The primary components for the freeze-drier are shown assembled in figure 1. Preheat the 1000 ml pumping chamber containing 5 Å molecular sieve for at least 12 hours at 150° C. Connect the isolation valve to the chamber, close the valve, and stopper the flask with a #8 Neoprene stopper. Supporting the chamber with a ring stand clamp, place it in a Dewar filled with liquid nitrogen and allow it to equilibrate. Connect the drying chamber to the isolation valve and set it up in another Dewar without liquid nitrogen. Remove the #7 Neoprene stopper with its thermometer and specimen block and suspend it apart from the drying chamber with a ring stand clamp. The bulb of the thermometer is not tightly positioned in the specimen block at this time but is about ” above it.