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The aim of this study was to compare the external load of professional goalkeepers (GKs) in different training sessions of the microcycle. Three professional GKs (age: 28.1±6.9 years; stature: 190.1±1.9 cm; body mass: 84.8±1.1 kg) were monitored by GPS devices during different training sessions according to the days since/until the match day (MD) at MD+1, MD-4, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1. Different external load measures were calculated: total distance, distance covered at > 14 km· h −1 , acceleration load, player load, number of dives, dive load, number of explosive efforts of displacement, number of low intensity ( 0.4 m) and medium-high intensity jumps (> 0.3 m). The results showed that there is a decrease in the external load as the GKs’ training sessions approach the match, with the lowest value of external load observed at MD-1, and the highest external loads at MD+1 and MD-4. This analysis of the external load demands of professional soccer GKs provides new information that will be useful to inform professionals when planning and implementing training and/or recovery strategies for soccer GKs during the microcycle.

The aim of thisstudy wasto describe the team accumulated physical response per minute considering only the effective playing time (EPT) attending to different contextual and strategic variables in the Spanish Football First Division (LaLiga Santander). A sample of 2,959 performances was included in the analysis, considering a 4-year period of analysis (from 2016–17 to 2019–20). The physical variables were: total distance covered with (DTminPOS) and without (DTminNOpos) possession of the ball, and distance covered at > 21 km·h-1 with possession (DT21minPOS) and without (DT21minNOpos). Two contextual variables, i.e. Place (Home/Away) and Score (Lost/ Draw/Win), and two strategic variables, i.e. level of effective playing time (LevelETP) and level of possession of the ball (LevelPOS), were analysed. The teams ran more without possession of the ball than with possession; nevertheless, the teamsthat had less possession of the ball had higher values ​​in the distance covered at > 21 km·h-1 with possession of the ball and vice versa. Furthermore, the strategic variables also had influence on the physical response (DT and DT21) of the teams,LevelETP and LevelPOS, although with interactive effects: longer playing time, less accumulated distance, and greater possession, greater accumulated distance in the defensive phase, both per min. The findings of this study may offer important practical implications to practitioners in order to assess physical performances of the players in matches, because it is crucial to integrate in the analysis the different contextual and strategic variables where the match has taken place to assess performances of the teams.

The aim of this study was to compare weekly accumulative load during the in-season competitive period by professional soccer players according to the amount of time played in official matches (90-min, >60-min, 19.8 km·h-1), sprint meters (SPR; >25.2 km·h-1), high metabolic load distance (HMLD; >25.5 W·kg-1), number of accelerations (ACC; >3 m·s-2) and decelerations (DEC; 60-min vs.

The aim of this study was to design a tool to evaluate the level of specificity of Preferential Simulation Situations (PSS) in football. The level of specificity was evaluated from the own structural variables of the PSS themselves. One hundred PPS performed by a professional football team were analyzed during the 2016-17 and 2017-18 seasons. The statistical model generated a vector with 28 numerical components, then the distances of each vector with respect to the reference, in this case the match, was calculated, in order to normalize this value in a range between 1 and 10 (1 being low and 10 being high specificity related to the match). The results indicate that the specificity level assessment tool allows categorizing and grouping the PSS studied according to its internal logic. The use of this tool allows to objectify the level of specificity of the PSS, which could help coaches with programming, design and analysis intervention programs to optimize the players’ performance in formative and professional football.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las características cinemáticas durante partidos internacionales de hockey hierba masculino. Dieciséis jugadores (edad: 25.12 ± 3.66 años; altura: 177.12 ± 4.96 cm; peso: 72.45 ± 5.01 kg; internacionalidades: 79.12 ± 78.96) pertenecientes a la selección absoluta española, fueron monitorizados mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global y acelerometría durante 5 partidos del Campeonato de Europa de 2017. Los análisis se hicieron en función del cuarto de juego (C1, C2, C3 y C4), las demarcaciones (defensas, centrocampistas y delanteros), y los minutos jugados (por partido). Los datos analizados incluyeron distancias, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Los defensas presentaron menor actividad cinemática a alta intensidad (velocidades, número de esprints, metros/min) respecto a medios y delanteros. El análisis por cuartos mostró que en el C1 hubo actividad cinemática mayor para todas las demarcaciones. En cuanto a minutos jugados, el análisis clúster agrupó a los jugadores en 3 grupos (48 minutos). Aquellos que jugaron 21km/h) y de m/min en comparación con los otros grupos, mientras que los que disputaron entre 37-48 minutos, fueron los que más distancia a alta intensidad (>16km/h) recorrieron y mayor cantidad de esprints realizaron. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las demandas físicas de los jugadores de élite de hockey hierba, dependen de la demarcación en el campo, del tiempo de juego, con mayor actividad en el C1, y con una menor actividad cinemática de alta intensidad relativa en aquellos jugadores que acumulan más minutos durante el partido.

The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a decrease in the physical performance of the players in the most demanding passages (MDP) during periods of competition congestion. The study involved 15 under-19 players, belonging to a club in Spain’s first division (age: 18.1 ± 0.8 years, weight: 70.2 ± 4.9 kg and height: 1.78 ± 0.06 m), who were monitored during 23 national and international official matches in the 2018/19 season. The Youth League matches were played between two matches in the national championship in six different weeks. The league matches corresponded to the first 17 matches of the league championship, the period in which the 6 matches in the Youth League were played. The two physical variables analysed were total distance (TD) and distance at > 21 km·h-1 (TD21). Using the rolling average, four time windows were taken (1, 3, 5 and 10 min), and the values were relativized to the minute (m·min-1). The main results were that: there were more MDP in the first halves than in the second halves of all the time windows; 2) the central match in the week (Youth League) was the most demanding one; and 3) the players maintained the TD and TD21 in the MDP in the third match compared to the first. The results of this study could provide trainers with information on the need to design training tasks that simulate the demands of competition in relation to the TD and the TD21 according to different time windows.

This study aimed to investigate the variation in players’ physical demands profile during a major national men field hockey tournament which consisted of 3 matches on consecutive days. Ten Spanish National League hockey players participated in the study (age: 24.2 ± 2.6 years; body mass: 74.2 ± 5.7 kg; height 176.8 ± 5.1 cm). Participants´ physical demands were monitored using global positioning system devices (SPI Elite, GPSports). Activity was categorized into total distance (m), relative total distance (m·min-1), low speed running (LSR; 19 km·h-1 m·min-1), sprinting relative to minute played (SR; >23.0 km·h-1 m·min-1) and number of sprints (SN; >23.0 km·h-1/ n/min). The number of acceleration and deceleration efforts were analyzed using intensity thresholds (low: 1-1.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; moderate: 2-2.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; high: >3 m·s-2 n·min-1). The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA coupled with magnitude-based inferences. Players reduced distance covered at moderate- and high-speed running, sprints relative minute played and the number of moderate accelerations, and moderate and high decelerations per minute played in the third match compared to the first match. The results of this investigation show that intensity activity were the most affected variables with congestion schedule.

Measurement of external load in players provides objective information to optimise the weekly balance between training and recovery to improve performance and prevent injuries. Our aim was to evaluate the incidence of sports-related muscle injuries of the lower limb in relation to external load, measured by global positioning system (GPS), in football players. A descriptive study was carried out. Data were collected from 71 professional male football players (30 professionals and 41 youth players) from an elite football club competing in the Spanish and European League in the 2017-2018 season. As external load variables, we measured High Metabolic Load Distance (HMLD), High Speed Running (HSR), Player Load (PL), and Total Distance (TD) through GPS. Injury rate (IR) was calculated both in relation to such GPS load metrics and to load exposure time. We considered categories (youth and professional), playing positions (centre back, full back, midfielder, and forward), and training day with respect to match-day (-4MD, -3MD, -2MD, -1MD, MD, +1MD, +2MD). The GPS load metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD showed very similar patterns across categories and positions, but varied according to training session or MD. The highest loads were observed on MD and three days prior to the match (-3MD). Similarly, the overall IR, both calculated per load exposure time and per GPS load metrics, was highest on MD and -3MD. Again, no differences were observed between youth and professional players. Midfielders demonstrated the highest IR in all metrics, followed by the forwards. In conclusion, this study suggests that external load and incidence of muscle injuries are directly proportional. Therefore, the measurement of more external load variables other than load exposure time, such as the GPS metrics HMLD, HSR, PL, and TD may help to describe the pattern and magnitude of injuries. Future studies based on ours may help to further improve the understanding of the incidence of muscle injuries on the basis of external loads measurements in different football teams.

Objetivo. Comparar las demandas cinemáticas de jugadoras internacionales de hockey sobre hierba durante partidos de competición oficial. Material y métodos. Dieciséis jugadoras (edad: 24.7 ± 2.8 años; peso: 57.9 ± 5.9 kg; altura: 165.2 ± 4.9 cm) pertenecientes a la selección absoluta española fueron monitorizadas mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global (GPS) durante 5 partidos del Campeonato de Europa. Los análisis fueron llevados a cabo en función de la demarcación de las jugadoras (defensas, medias y delanteras), de los cuartos de juego (C1, C2, C3, C4), y en base a los minutos jugados. Los datos analizados incluyeron distancias, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Resultados. Las defensas presentaron menor actividad a alta intensidad (velocidades, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones) que medias y delanteras (9.4 ± 2.4%; TE: 0.78 con las medias y 33.1 ± 7.2%; TE: 2.1, con las defensas). El análisis por cuartos mostró que en el C4 la actividad fue mayor para todas las demarcaciones. En cuanto a minutos jugados, el análisis clúster agrupó a las jugadoras en 3 grupos en función de los minutos jugados ( 45 minutos). Las deportistas que jugaron 21 km/h) y distancia a alta intensidad (> 15 km/h) por minuto de juego en comparación con el grupo de > 45 min jugados. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las demandas físicas en jugadoras de élite de hockey dependen de la demarcación en el campo, con mayor actividad en el último cuarto y con menor actividad cinemática de alta intensidad relativa en las jugadoras que acumulan más minutos durante el partido.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the differences between halves in the most demanding passages of play in football players according to playing position and duration-specific activity. Global positioning system data were collected from twenty-three football players from a reserve squad of the Spanish La Liga. A total of 265 individual match half data were analysed across the competitive season. Players were categorised based on positional groups: full-back (FB), central defender (CD), midfielder (MF), offensive midfielder (OMF) and forwards (FW). The most demanding passage of match play was analysed using a rolling average method, where maximal values were calculated for five different time durations (1, 3, 5, 10 min and half completed) using distance (m•min -1 ), high metabolic load distance (HMLD; m•min -1 ) and average metabolic power (AMP; W•kg -1 ) as variables of interest. The differences between the first and second half increased as the rolling duration increased, reaching the greatest difference between halves in the complete half (45 min) in all the variables studied (ES = 0.54 ± 0.15, 0.75 ± 0.15 and 0.76 ± 0.15 in distance, HMLD and AMP). The CDs were the players that presented the greatest differences, and it was in the AMP variable where the greatest differences between the first and second half were found. Large decreases in AMP were found for CD (ES = -1.30 ± 0.36) and moderate decreases were found in AMP for FB (ES = -0.84 ± 0.30) and OMF (ES = -0.78 ± 0.37). These results provide insight into the most demanding passages of play to inform training practices for specific football playing positions.

The main aim was to determine the differences between four training games and competitive matches (CM) according to position and compared to the most demanding passages (MDP) of competitive match play. Global Positioning System data were obtained from 21 football players belonging to the reserve squad of a Spanish La Liga club during the 2015/16 season. The training games were small-sided games (SSGs) with 5 and 6 and large-sided games with 9 and 10 outfield players per team. The players were categorized based on positional groups: full back (FB), central defender (CD), midfielder (MF), offensive midfielder (OMF), and forward (FW). The variables recorded were the distance covered (DIS), DIS at high speed (HSR; >19.8 km•h-1), DIS at sprint (SPR; >25.2 km•h-1), high metabolic load distance (HMLD; >25.5 W•kg-1) all in m•min-1, average metabolic power (AMP; W•kg-1) and number of high-intensity accelerations (ACC; >3 m•s-2) and decelerations (DEC;

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure of interrelationships among external (eT) and internal (iT) training intensity metrics and how these vary depending on game format in soccer. The variables were collected from 16 semi-professional players in seven types of small, medium, large-sided, and simulated games (SG). The eT variables were (per min): peak velocity (Vmax), total distance (DTmin), distance covered at velocities less than 60% (D < 60%min), between 60 and 80% (D > 60%min), and more than 80% (D > 80%min) of the maximal velocity, player load (PLmin), and distance covered accelerating at more than 2 m⋅s-2 (Daccmin) and decelerating at less than −2 m⋅s-2 (Ddecmin). The iT variables were: Edwards arbitrary units (EDWmin) and time spent at more than 80% of the maximal heart rate (T > 80% HRmin). All game formats were represented by three principal components (PC), explaining from 66.9 to 76.0% of the variance. The structure of the interrelationships among variables involved similar distributions in the PCs that are related to energetic production systems, such as the strength/neuromuscular dimension (PLmin and/or Daccmin and Ddecmin, complemented by DTmin and D < 60%min), the endurance/cardiovascular dimension (EDWmin), and the velocity/locomotion dimension (Vmax, D > 60%min, or D > 80%min). A particular combination of external and internal intensity measures is required to describe the training load of game formats.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar las demandas cinemáticas impuestas a los jugadores comodines y regulares, además de comparar la demanda impuesta a los comodines en diferentes juegos de posición (JP; 4v4+3, 5v5+3, 7v7+3 y 8v8+3). La demanda cinemática fue monitorizada a través de dispositivos GPS de 10 Hz. En el estudio participaron 25 jugadores de fútbol (20.5 ± 1.8 años, 178.4 ± 6.6 cm, 69.7 ± 6.1 kg) pertenecientes al equipo filial de un club de 1ª división española durante la temporada 2015-2016. Las variables analizadas fueron: distancia recorrida por minuto (m · min–1), distancia recorrida a alta velocidad (>19.8 km · h–1, m · min–1), distancia recorrida en esprint (>25.2 km · h–1, m · min–1), el número de aceleraciones de alta intensidad (>3 m · s2, n · min–1), el número de deceleraciones de alta intensidad (25.5 W · kg–1; m · min–1). Los jugadores comodines durante los JP estudiados experimentaron unas demandas con diferencias desde posibles hasta casi ciertas respecto a los jugadores regulares en todos los JP estudiados (d: –0.18 ± 0.27 a –2.49 ± 0.37). Los resultados de este estudio indican que la selección de jugadores para el rol de comodín debe realizarse de forma rigurosa, ya que se reducen las demandas respecto al jugador regular, y se modifican en función del JP realizado.

The aim of the present study was to describe the physiological and technical responses in young female during a basketball 3 vs. 3 small-sided games (SSG) with and without verbal coach encouragement and dribbling. Six young female basketball players (age: 14.3 ± 0.5 years; height: 167.8 ± 0.8 cm; body mass: 56.5 ± 5.7 kg) were recruited to participate in the present pilot study. The games were video recorded and afterwards the technical demands were notated with observational ad hoc software. The peak of maximum heart rate was increased from set 1 to set 3 during both the SSG with dribble and coach encouragement, as well as in the SSG without dribble and coach presence. With coach encouragement caused greater responses of heart rate and rate of perceived exertion than without both dribble and coach encouragement. There were no differences in technical actions, exception of the number of offensive rebounds showing a higher number in the coach encouragement task. In conclusion, the SSG with verbal encouragement should be selected to focus in physiological load, and SSG without might be useful to enhance collective behavior, without limitations in physiological load. Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las respuestas fisiológicas y técnico-tácticas en mujeres jóvenes durante juegos reducidos (SSG) de baloncesto 3 contra 3 con y sin el estímulo verbal del entrenador y el bote. Seis jugadoras de baloncesto (edad: 14.3 ± 0.5 años; altura: 167.8 ± 0.8 cm; peso: 56.5 ± 5.7 kg) tomaron parte del estudio piloto. Los juegos fueron grabados en video y después las demandas técnicas fueron registradas con software ad hoc de observación. El pico de frecuencia cardíaca máxima se incrementó de la serie 1 a la 3 durante el SSG con bote y estímulo del entrenador, así como en el SSG sin bote y presencia del entrenador. Con el estímulo del entrenador se produjo mayores respuestas de frecuencia cardíaca y esfuerzo percivido que sin bote y estímulo del entrenador. No hubo diferencias en las acciones técnicas, excepto en el número de rebotes ofensivos que fue mayor en la tarea con estímulo del entrenador. En conclusión, el SSG con estímulo verbal debería elegirse para centrarse en la carga fisiológica, mientras que el que se realiza sin él, puede ser útil para mejorar el comportamiento colectivo, sin limitaciones en la carga fisiológica.

This research compared the physical and heart rate demands of three medium-sided games with the same number of players per team (six) but different playing areas throughout four successive working periods. The two games played in relatively larger areas (large and medium) were performed with regular goals and goalkeepers, so the most reduced game (short) was performed without goals. Nine professional soccer players participated in this study. Meaningful differences were found (p

The aim of the study was to examine whether the presence/absence of the head coach influenced soccer players´ heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and technical performance during a small-sided game (SSG). The participants in the study were 27 young male soccer players (age: 17.0 ± 1.0 years; height: 176.0 ± 5.2 cm; weight: 67.6 ± 7.9 kg; HRmax: 195.1 ± 0.7 bpm). The SSG were practiced with the presence (PHC) or absence (AHC) of the head coach. Each SSG had duration of 6 min followed by a 5 min rest period. Significant differences were observed for HRmax (PHC: 190.4 ± 10.8; AHC: 182.0 ± 11.9), HRmean (PHC: 175.3 ± 9.4; AHC: 167.0 ± 13.1), RPE (PHC: 7.6 ± 0.8; AHC: 5.8 ± 1.1) and >90% HRmax (PHC: 54.09 ± 33.14; AHC: 46.71 ± 35.61). Significant differences in 4 technical actions: % success in passing (PHC: 59.05 ± 23.11; AHC: 71.08 ± 18.69), % Unsuccessful Passes (UP) (PHC: 40.95 ± 23.11; AHC: 28.92 ± 18.69), Number of UP (PHC: 3.19 ± 1.69; AHC: 2.26 ± 1.58) and total number of control-conduction-passes (CCP) + Successful Passes (SP) (PHC: 0.81 ± 0.83, AHC: 0.52 ± 0.64). This study shows that the presence or not of the head coach during SSG significantly influences the intensity of the players and the technical/tactical actions. Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue examinar como la presencia/ausencia del entrenador, influyó sobre la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) y rendimiento técnico durante un juego reducido (JR). Participaron 27 jugadores jóvenes (edad: 17.0 ± 1.0 años; altura: 176.0 ± 5.2 cm; peso: 67.6 ± 7.9 kg; FCmax: 195.1 ± 0.7 ppm). El JR fue realizado en presencia (PE) /ausencia (AE) del entrenador. Cada JR tuvo una duración de 6 min seguida de 5 min de recuperación. Se observaron diferencias significativas en la carga interna: PE (FCmax:190.4 ± 10.8; FCmed:175.3 ± 9.4; PSE: 7.6 ± 0.8 y >90% FCmax: 54.09 ± 33.14) AE (FCmax:182.0 ± 11.9; FCmed:167.0 ± 13.1; PSE: 5.8 ± 1.1 y >90% FCmax: 46.71 ± 35.61). Diferencias significativas en acciones técnicas: % Pases correctos (PE: 59.05 ± 23.11; AE: 71.08 ± 18.69) % Pases incorrectos (PE: 40.95 ± 23.11; AE: 28.92 ± 18.69), Número de pases incorrectos (PE: 3.19 ± 1.69; AE: 2.26 ± 1.58) y número total de control-conducción-pase correcto (PE: 0.81 ± 0.83, AE: 0.52 ± 0.64). Este estudio demuestra que la presencia o no del entrenador durante un juego reducido tiene influencia significativa en la intensidad y rendimiento técnico-táctico de los jugadores.

El propósito de este trabajo fue conocer la repercusión sobre los aspectos fisiológicos y técnicos de tres situaciones diferentes de juegos en espacios reducidos (JR) en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Las diferentes situaciones estudiadas fueron 3 vs 3, 4 vs 4 y 5 vs 5 en un espacio de 30x30, donde participaron 10 jugadores jóvenes de fútbol varones (edad 9.3 ± 0.7 años; altura 138.5 ± 10.5 cm y peso de 41.9 ± 6 kg y una experiencia de 2.2 ± 1.4 años). Las acciones técnicas se cuantificaron a partir de las grabaciones en vídeo y la respuesta fisiológica fue medida a través de la frecuencia cardíaca (%Fcmed y %Fcmáx) y de la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE). Los resultados del análisis de varianza (ANOVA) reflejan diferencias significativas en las siguientes variables: pases buenos, pases malos, %Fcmed, %Fcmáx, tiempo entre 70-79 % y > 90 %Fcmáx y PSE. Los resultados encontrados ponen de relieve que la manipulación de la densidad en las tareas tiene efectos a diferentes niveles y por tanto debe ser tenido en cuenta por parte de los técnicos deportivos que trabajan con jugadores jóvenes a la hora de diseñar tareas de entrenamiento. La conclusión principal es que la utilización del formato 3 vs 3 parece ser más demandante tanto a nivel técnico como cardíaco. Abstract The purpose of this research was to find out the impact of the physiological and technical aspects of three different situations of small-sided games (SSG) on young football players. The different situations considered were 3 vs 3, 4 vs 4 and 5 vs 5 in a space of 30x30 m, implemented by 10 young male football players (age 9.3 ± 0.7; height 138.5 ± 10.5 cm, weight 41.9 ± 6 kg and 2.2 ± 1.4 years' experience). The technical actions were quantified out of video recordings and the physiological performance of the exercise was measured through the heart rate (%Fcmed and %Fcpico), and the subject perception of effort (PSE). The results of variance analysis (ANOVA) show significant differences in the following variables: good passes, bad passes, average FC, maximum FC; time 70-79% and between > 90% HRmáx and PSE. The results point out that the manipulation of the density of the tasks has effects on different levels and must therefore be taken into account by the coaches that work with young players when it comes to designing training tasks. The main conclusion is that the use of the 3 vs 3 format seems more demanding both for technical purposes and aerobic performance.

El fútbol es un deporte multifacético en donde los factores condicionales y antropométricos son pre-requisitos necesarios para competir a alto nivel. Especialmente la velocidad y la agilidad son necesarias para alcanzar el rendimiento en fútbol. En el estudio participaron 10 jugadores (21,2 ± 2,0 años; 1,81 ± 0,1 m; 73,7 ± 5,9 kg; 22,5 ± 0,8 kg.m-2) con 3 años de experiencia en categoría regional. La reproducibilidad del test de sprint 20 metros y los test de capacidad de cambiar de dirección (MAT) y test de sprint con cambios de dirección de 90ºS (90ºS) fue analizada mediante el diseñó de test-retest. La reproducibilidad se calculó mediante el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI). La representación de la concordancia entre sesiones mediante el método de Bland y Altman. Los resultados sugieren una reproducibilidad aceptable de los test analizados. Se ha obtenido una asociación moderada entre los dos test de capacidad de cambio de dirección (MAT y 90ºS, r = 0,74). Una baja entre el sprint 20 m y el 90ºS (r = 0,46) y una baja entre el sprint 20 m y el MAT (r = 0,53). Los test de 20 m, MAT y 90ºS mostraron buenos valores de reproducibilidad absoluta y relativa. Podemos afirmar, que se ha obtenido una asociación moderada entre los test de capacidad de cambio de dirección (MAT y 90ºS). Una baja asociación entre el sprint 20 m y el MAT y una asociación baja entre el sprint 20 m y el test de 90ºS. Abstract Soccer is a many-sided sport, where the conditional and anthropometrical factors are necessary pre-requirements to compete in high level. Especially the speed and the agility, they are necessary to reach the yield in soccer. In the study 10 players took part (21,2 ± 2,0 years; 1,81 ± 0,1 m; 73,7 ± 5,9 kg; 22,5 ± 0,8 kg.m-2) with 3 years of experience in regional category. The reproducibility of the 20 meters sprint test and the test of capacity to change direction (MAT) and test of sprint with way changes of 90ºS (90ºS), were analyzed by means of designed of test - retest. The reproducibility was calculated by means of the Intraclass Coefficient Correlation (ICC). The representation of the conformity between sessions by means of the method of Bland and Altman. The results suggest an acceptable reproducibility of the analyzed test. A moderate association has obtained between two test (MAT and 90ºS, r = 0,74). Low between the sprint 20 m and 90ºS (r = 0,46) and a low between the sprint 20 m and the MAT (r = 0,53). The test of 20 m, MAT and 90ºS showed good values of absolute and relative reproducibility. We may affirm that a moderate association has been obtained between the test of capacity of way change (MAT and 90ºS), and a low association between the sprint 20 m and the MAT and an association low between the sprint 20 m and the test of 90ºS.

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of external and internal training load (TL) indicators with the objective and subjective fatigue experienced by 15 semi-professional football players, over eight complete weeks of the competition period in the 2015–2016 season, which covered microcycles from 34th to 41st. The maximum heart rate (HRmax) and maximum speed (Vmax) of all the players were previously measured in specific tests. The TL was monitored via questionnaires on rating of perceived exertion (RPE), pulsometers and GPS devices, registering the variables: total distance (TD), player load 2D (PL2D), TD at >80% of the Vmax (TD80), TD in deceleration at < -2 m⋅sec-2 (TDD 2 m⋅sec-2 (TDA >2), Edwards (ED), time spent at between 50 and 80% (50–80% HRmax), 80–90% (80–90% HRmax), and >90% of the HRmax (>90% HRmax), and RPE both respiratory/thoracic (RPEres) and leg/muscular (RPEmus). All the variables were analyzed taking into account both the absolute values accumulated over the week and the normalized values in relation to individual mean competition values. Neuromuscular fatigue was measured objectively using the countermovement jump test and subjectively via the Total Quality Recovery (TQR) scale questionnaire. Analytical correlation techniques were later applied within the general linear model. There is a correlation between the fatigue experienced by the player, assessed objectively and subjectively, and the load accumulated over the week, this being assessed in absolute and relative terms. Specifically, the load relative to competition correlated with the physical variables TD (-0.279), PL2D (-0.272), TDD < -2 (-0.294), TDA >2 (-0.309), and sRPEmus (-0.287). The variables related to heart rate produced a higher correlation with TQR. There is a correlation between objectively and subjectively assessed fatigue and the accumulated TL of a player over the week, with a higher sensitivity being shown when compared to the values related to the demands of competition. Monitoring load and assessing fatigue, we are closer to knowing what the prescription of an adequate dose of training should be in order for a player to be as fresh as possible and in top condition for a match. Normalizing training demands with respect to competition could be an appropriate strategy for individualizing player TL.

The purpose of this study was to determine the motor response of soccer players training in different tasks measures through GPS devices and to estimate the variability and reproducibility. 12 amateurs players made in three training sessions three small-sided game situations those changed only the orientation of the field. The physical profile was analyzed using the distance covered from five intensities (0-6.9, 7.0-12.9, 13.0-17.9, 18.0-20.9 and >21 km∙h-1) and total distance (TD). Within the General Linear Model it was performed an analysis of the variance and the accuracy of generalization with a design of three facets: participant, session and orientation. The results showed that changing the orientation of the space in the task influenced the DT and displacement to low intensity, but not to high intensity. We found low variability and high reproducibility in variables as DT and distances covered to low speed, although they reduced when increased the intensity of the displacement. The study suggests lines to optimize training from the variable field orientation.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar la influencia del número de contactos permitidos por posesión individual en las demandas físicas y fisiológicas durante situaciones de juegos reducidos (JR) de 6 vs. 6 + 2 comodines donde el objetivo fue mantener la posesión de balón, alterándose únicamente el número de contactos autorizados por posesión (1 contacto, 2 contactos y contactos libres). Catorce jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol (edad: 23.1 ± 4.5 años; altura: 176.9 ± 3.3 cm; peso: 73.4 ± 5.2 kg) fueron monitorizados con dispositivos GPS a 10 Hz y bandas de frecuencia cardiaca. Se registraron las siguientes variables: frecuencia cardiaca media y máxima, distancia total recorrida, distancia recorrida en diferentes rangos de velocidad, player load, velocidad máxima, ratio trabajo:descanso y número de aceleraciones. Los resultados mostraron que la variable número de contactos afecta a las demandas fisiológicas y físicas. Específicamente, mayores valores cardiacos fueron observados durante los JR realizados a dos contactos máximo con respecto a contactos libres, mientras que un mayor número de aceleraciones de intensidad baja fueron estimadas para el formato de 2 contactos en comparación al contacto libre. No se observaron diferencias significativas para el resto de variables estudiadas. Estos resultados proporcionan información a los entrenadores para entender cómo la modificación de diferentes variables en los JR afecta a las demandas físicas y fisiológicas de los jugadores y, por tanto, atender a ellas para modular su intensidad en función de los objetivos de entrenamiento.Abstract The aim of this investigation was to examine the influence of the number of contacts allowed by individual possession in the physical and physiological demands during situations of small-sided games (SSG) 6 vs. 6 + 2 floaters where the aim was to support the ball possession, there being altered only the number of authorized contacts by possession (1 contact, 2 contacts and free contacts). Fourteen semiprofessional soccer players (age: 23.1 ± 4.5 years; height: 176.9 ± 3.3 cm; I weight: 73.4 ± 5.2 kg) were monitored by GPS devices (10 Hz) and bands of heart rate. The following variables were registered: heart rate average and maximum heart rate, distance, covered distance at different ranges of speed, player load, maximum speed, ratio work: rest and number of accelerations. The results showed that variable number of contacts concerns the physiological and physical demands. Specifically, major heart rate responses were observed during the SSG realized to two contacts maximum with regard to free contacts, whereas a major number of low intensity accelerations were estimated for the format of two contacts in comparison to the free contact. Significant differences were not observed for the rest of studied variables. These results provide information to the coaches to understand how the modification of different variables in the SSG concerns the physical and physiological demands of the players and, therefore, to attend to them to modulate his intensity depending on the aims of training.

The aim of the present study is to analyse the influence of different large-sided games (LSGs) on the physical and physiological variables in under-12s (U12) and -13s (U13) soccer players. The effects of the combination of different number of players per team, 7, 9, and 11 (P7, P9, and P11, respectively) with three relative pitch areas, 100, 200, and 300 m(2) (A100, A200, and A300, respectively), were analysed in this study. The variables analysed were: 1) global indicator such as total distance (TD); work:rest ratio (W:R); player-load (PL) and maximal speed (Vmax); 2) heart rate (HR) mean and time spent in different intensity zones of HR (90%), and; 3) five absolute (16 Km h(-1)) and three relative speed categories (60% Vmax). The results support the theory that a change in format (player number and pitch dimensions) affects no similarly in the two players categories. Although it can seem that U13 players are more demanded in this kind of LSG, when the work load is assessed from a relative point of view, great pitch dimensions and/or high number of player per team are involved in the training task to the U12 players. The results of this study could alert to the coaches to avoid some types of LSGs for the U12 players such as: P11 played in A100, A200 or A300, P9 played in A200 or A300 and P7 played in A300 due to that U13>U12 in several physical and physiological variables (W:R, time spent in 84-90%HRmax, distance in 8-13 and 13-16 Km h(-1) and time spent in 40-60%Vmax). These results may help youth soccer coaches to plan the progressive introduction of LSGs so that task demands are adapted to the physiological and physical development of participants.

El estudio examinó demandas físicas y fisiológicas de 15 jugadores amateurs de fútbol 7: defensa central (DC), medio banda (MB), medio centro (MC), delantero (DEL), que participaron en 7 partidos. Se monitorizó la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) con pulsómetros y desplazamientos con dispositivos GPS. Se registraron variables físicas: distancia total (DT), distancia recorrida (absoluta y relativa) en diferentes rangos de velocidad, n° aceleraciones realizadas en diferentes rangos de intensidad e indicadores de carga globales (ratio trabajo:descanso, velocidad máx y carga del jugador), y variables fisiológicas: FC máx y media (valores absolutos y relativos). Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (pMC, DC>MB y DC>DEL; a 7,0-12,9 km·h-1 MB>DC; a 13,0-17,9 km·h-1 MB>DC y DEL>DC; y a 18,0-20,9 km·h-1MB>DC, y DEL>DC), nº de aceleraciones (a 1,0-1,5 m·s-2DC>DEL; a 1,5-2,0 m·s-2 DC>DEL), ratio trabajo:descanso (DEL>DC), carga jugador (DEL y MB>DC) y la FC (80-90% Fcmáx, DC>MC, DC>DEL; y >90% Fcmáx, MC>DC,MB>DC, y DEL>DC). La FC en 7 vs. 7 alcanzó intensidades mínimas recomendadas por ACSM para promover la salud cardiovascular, presentando exigencias similares a las del 11, pudiendo ser utilizado para estimulo neuromuscular, cardiovascular y metabólico.

ResumenEl objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar si diferentes formatos de juegos reducidos (JR) producían variaciones en la demanda fisiológica de los jugadores. Para ello se escogió una situación con el espacio no orientado o de mantenimiento (JRM), y dos situaciones con espacio orientado: una con porteros y porterías reglamentarias (JRP), y otra con porterías pequeñas y sin porteros (JRpp). El resto de las variables se mantuvieron constantes: dimensiones del terreno de juego, número de jugadores y reglas. Además se estudió si existían diferencias para las diferentes demarcaciones ocupadas por los jugadores. 18 jugadores de fútbol aficionados pertenecientes al mismo equipo de categoría senior participaron en el estudio, completando 3 sesiones, con 3 JR en cada una de ellas (JRM, JRpp y JRP). Se cuantificó la frecuencia cardiaca media (Fcmed) obtenida en cada JR, la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (Fcmáx) y sus valores porcentuales. Además se estudió el porcentaje de tiempo en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Los resultados indican que la modificación de la orientación del espacio en el juego afecta a la intensidad del mismo, obteniéndose valores de Fcmed (%) más elevadas en el JRM y en JRpp que en el JRP (pAbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate whether different small-sided game (SSG) formats produced small variations in the physiological demand to the players. To do this we selected a situation with no oriented space or maintenance (JRM), and two space-oriented situations: one with goalkeepers and regulatory goals (JRP), and another with small goals and no goalkeepers (JRpp). All other variables remained constant: the pitch size, number of players and rules. Also, we studied whether there were differences for different demarcation occupied by the players. 18 amateur soccer players from the same team of senior category participated in the study, completing 3 sessions, reduced with 3 games each of them (JRM, JRpp and JRP). We quantified the average heart rate (HRmean) obtained in each SSG, maximum heart rate (HRmax) and percentage values. In addition, we studied the percentage of time in different ranges of intensity. The results indicate that changing the orientation of the space in the game affect the intensity, producing values of HRmean (%) higher in the JRM and JRpp than the JRP (pdoi:10.5232/ricyde2011.02306

The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of a MinimaxX GPS device (Team Sport 2.5, Catapult Innovations) operating with a sampling frequency of 5 Hz. Were measured distances made for 10 football players (age, 22.5 ±2.9 years, height 174 ±7 cm. and weight 72.6 ±3.4 kg) in the specific Yo-Yo Endurance Test level 1. The test ended when the players completed the first 10 levels of speed test (from 2.22 to 3.48 m·s-1). Four of the 10 participants took two simultaneously GPS, what allowed to value the reliability of the devices. In the validity study comparing the values obtained by the GPS with the actual values obtained by tape before performing the test. Statistical analysis were: coefficient of variation (1 – 17 %), standard error (2.3 – 136 m), standard error estimated, (5 – 11 %) and means difference (-0.7 – 89.2 m). The results indicate that although the reliability and validity showed satisfactory results at moderate intensities, almost all levels and for the total distance, although the distance was overestimated

Este estudio describe las demandas físicas de la competición en jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol, en función de su demarcación, y el grado de similitud de éstas con el entrenamiento que realizan. Durante la temporada 2010-11, 32 jugadores de fútbol fueron estudiados tanto en competición (n = 67) como en entrenamiento (n = 206) durante el mismo periodo de la temporada.Los registros del perfil físico fueron realizados con dispositivos GPS. Comparado con el entrenamiento (E), los partidos amistosos (C) mostraron diferencias significativas en las demandas físicas, presentando valores superiores en todas las variables estudiadas excepto en la distancia recorrida a baja intensidad (0¿6.9 km·h-1), que fue superior en E. Durante la C los jugadores recorren más distancia total por minuto (112.9 vs. 73.5 m·min-1) y a velocidades de 7.0-12.9, 13.0-17.9, 18.0-20.9 y >21 km·h-1. Con relación a los sprints, en C se dan con mayor frecuencia por hora de juego (15.3 vs. 3.2), son más largos (15.2 vs. 9.4 m), de mayor duración (2.3 vs. 1.5 s) y de velocidad máxima superior (27.1 vs. 23.5 km·h-1). Finalmente, y con relación a los indicadores establecidos, en C se da una mayor Carga del jugador·min-1 (13.4 vs. 8.6 UA) y un ratio trabajo:descanso también mayor (2.4. vs. 0.9 UA). Los resultados de este estudio deberían ayudar al desarrollo de tareas específicas de E, aumentando la calidad y cantidad del trabajo, que permitieran acercarse a las demandas físicas de C.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la disminución de la altura de salto en el test CMJ antes, durante y después de la competición en nueve jóvenes jugadores internacionales de baloncesto. Del mismo modo, se analizó la relación entre los minutos que cada jugador permanecía en cancha y la disminución de la capacidad de salto. Para ello, se evaluó la altura de salto mediante el CMJ en 8 momentos diferentes (antes y después del calentamiento, durante el descanso, inmediatamente después del partido y en los minutos 1’, 3’, 5’ y 7’ tras la finalización del encuentro) utilizando una plataforma de contacto. Para estimar la presencia de diferencias significativas entre los momentos se utilizó el análisis de la varianza (ANOVA) de una cola. Los resultados demuestran que la capacidad de salto empeoró progresivamente durante la competición (F = 89.29, p = 0), descendiendo durante el descanso de 52.7 cm a 50.2 cm (p < 0.05) y con valores de salto tras la finalización del partido de 49.0 cm (p < 0.05). Así mismo, la altura de salto fue disminuyendo después del final del partido, alcanzándose en la última toma (7’ después del final del partido) el peor resultado (42.2 ± 2.4 cm), lo cual supuso un descenso del rendimiento del 19.8 ±4.8 %. Por otro lado, no se observaron correlaciones significativas entre el tiempo en pista y la disminución de la capacidad de salto. La capacidad de salto de los jugadores se deteriora progresivamente durante y después de la competición.abstract The main aim of this study was to assess the decrease in jump height in CMJ test before, during and after competition in international youth basketball. Equally, we examined the relationship between minutes played and the decline in jump capacity during the course of the match. To do this, we evaluated the jump height in CMJ by eight different times (before and after warm up, at rest, immediately after the game and within minutes 1', 3', 5 'and 7' after completion of the competition) using a contact platform. To estimate the presence of significant differences between the times we used a one – way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed, that the jumping capacity decreased during competition (F = 89.29, p = 0), decrease during the rest of 52.7 cm to 50.2 cm (p < 0.05) and after completion of the match from 49.0 cm (p < 0.05). Similarly, jump height was decreased after the end of the match, reaching at the last measurement (7 'after the end of the competition) the worst result (42.2 ± 2.4 cm), which was a yield decrease of 19.8 ± 4.8 %. On the other hand, there was not correlation between play time and performance decline. The maximal jump capacity decreased during and after competition.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la fiabilidad intra-participante de tres modelos de GPS (Global Positioning System) MinimaxX (Catapult Innovations, Australia), SPI10 y WiSpi (GPSports, Australia) que operan a una frecuencia de 5,1 y 1 Hz, respectivamente. Se midieron distancias recorridas a distintas intensidades a 5 jugadores de fútbol (edad, 20,1 ± 1,2 años; altura, 176,3 ± 9,9 cm; peso, 63,5 ± 8,4 kg) en un partido de entrenamiento de 33 min, en un campo de fútbol-7 (6 jugadores de campo y 1 portero). La distancia total recorrida (DT) media fue de 3.288,8 m para los modelos MinimaxX, 3.050,3 m para el WiSPI y de 3.247,5 m para el SPI10. La velocidad máxima obtenida por cada modelo fue de 30.3 km·h-1 en los dispositivos MinimaxX, y de 25,1 y de 25.2 km·h-1 en los dispositivos WiSPI y SPI10, respectivamente. Se estimó el coeficiente de variación (CV) entre los 3 modelos estudiados para la distancia recorrida en cada uno de los 4 niveles de velocidad, así como para la distancia total recorrida, y la velocidad media y máxima, siendo el tamaño de la muestra la principal limitación. En base a los resultados podemos concluir que los diferentes dispositivos presentan una alta fiabilidad para medir la distancia total recorrida y las recorridas en categorías de baja velocidad. Sin embargo la velocidad de los desplazamientos realizados durante el partido condiciona la fiabilidad de los diferentes dispositivos, aumentando la dispersión de las medidas obtenidas (CV) a medida que se incrementa la velocidad de carrera; especialmente cuando se supera la velocidad de 13 km·h-1.

La aplicación de la tecnología al control del rendimiento deportivo es un hecho cada vez más extendido, siendo numerosas las técnicas e instrumentos utilizados para tal fin. La reciente incorporación de la tecnología GPS al control del entrenamiento permite la monitorización de nuevas variables físicas hasta ahora no contempladas. El objetivo general del presente trabajo fue evaluar el entrenamiento y la competición en fútbol a través de la utilización de la tecnología GPS, constituyéndose dicho trabajo por 10 capítulos, donde se han realizado diferentes estudios agrupados en 4 bloques.

El baloncesto es un deporte intermitente en el que se combinan acciones de intensidad leve, moderada y alta y por tanto el metabolismo aeróbico y anaeróbico se presentan conjuntamente. Una de las acciones más determinantes durante la competición es la capacidad de salto, dado que es utilizada por los jugadores para ejecutar, a su vez, diferentes situaciones específicas del juego como tirar o entrar a canasta, etc., sugiriéndose así, que dicha Expresión de la fuerza es un factor principal en el éxito en este deporte. Por ello, el entrenamiento del salto vertical en el jugador de baloncesto es una cuestión determinante en el rendimiento final del juego.

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the external load of amateur male players during 4 consecutive training microcycles (M) at the beginning of the in-season according to the training session in absolute external load demands and in relation to the competition demands. Methods: Regional-level players (n = 10; age, 20.8 ± 1.7 years; height, 175.5 ± 3.8 cm; body mass, 69.7 ± 2.9 kg; soccer experience, 13.2 ± 2.5 years) were monitored using GPS devices during training sessions and matches. The external load variables measured were: duration (min); total distance covered (TD); distance covered at high-speed (HID, 14.4-19.8 km/h); distance covered at sprinting (SPD; >19.8 km/h); and distance covered in high intensity acceleration (ACD; >2.5 m/s2) and deceleration (DECD;